{{Short description|United States Army general (1890–1976)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox military person |name=Carlos Brewer |nickname= |image=General Carlos Brewer.jpg |caption= |birth_date={{birth date|1890|12|5|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1976|9|29|1890|12|5|df=y}} |birth_place=Golo, Kentucky, United States |death_place=Columbus, Ohio, United States |burial_place=Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United States |burial_label= |allegiance= {{flag|United States}} |branch= {{army|United States}} |service_years=1913–1950 |rank= 25px Major General |unit= 25px Field Artillery Branch |service_number=0-3539 |commands=2nd Battalion, 25th Field Artillery Regiment<br>7th Field Artillery Regiment<br>12th Armored Division |battles=World War I<br>World War II |awards= Legion of Merit<br />Bronze Star }} Major General '''Carlos Brewer''' (5 December 1890 – 29 September 1976) was a United States Army officer who commanded the 12th Armored Division during World War II. After training the 12th Armored Division, he was not permitted to command the division in combat due to his age, so he requested his rank be reverted from major general to Colonel so that he could become an artillery officer in the European Theater of Operations (ETO).<ref name=Bradstreet>{{cite book|last1=Bradstreet|first1=Ken|title=12th Armored Division History Book Vol. 1|date=1987|publisher=Turner Publishing Company|location=Paducah, Kentucky|isbn=0-938021-09-5|page=11|url=http://12tharmoredmuseum.com/view_books.asp?book=56&folder=HCVolOne&image=11&max=266|access-date=25 March 2016|format=PDF}}</ref> He innovated the method of field artillery targeting used in World War II, and implemented triangular organization of divisions.
==Early life== thumb|left|150px|At West Point in 1913
Carlos Brewer was born on 5 December 1890 in Golo, Kentucky<ref name="Eulogy">{{cite news|last1=Brewer|first1=Ted|title=Memorial Service for Maj. Gen Carlos Brewer|url=http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth410055/m1/5/?q=%22Carlos%20Brewer%22|access-date=28 March 2016|volume=31|issue=3, Ed. 1|publisher=Hellcat News|location=Kirkland, Wash.|page=5}}</ref> and attended West Kentucky College in Mayfield, Kentucky, until he entered United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York in 1909, graduating 15th in his class in 1913.<ref name="Cullum 1940">{{cite book|last1=Cullum|first1=George Washington|title=Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment, in 1802 : [Supplement, volume VIII 1930–1940|date=1940|publisher=R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, The Lakeside Press Chicago, Illinois, and Crawfodsville, Indiana|page=261|url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/19424/show/18236/rec/4}}</ref>
After graduation, Brewer went onto the Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army.<ref name="WPO">{{cite web|title=Carlos Brewer 1913|url=http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5127/|website=West Point Association of Graduates|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826024454/https://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5127/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Military career== Upon graduation from West Point in 1913, Brewer was commissioned as a second lieutenant and was assigned to the 3rd Field Artillery at Fort Sam Houston, serving along the Texas border until 1916 during the Mexican Revolution. In March 1916, he went with the 4th Field Artillery to the Panama Canal Zone. From August 1916 through 1921, he taught in the Department of Mathematics at the USMA, missing out combat during World War I.<ref name="WPO"/> In 1920, he was promoted to major and, from 1921 through to 1924, he went to the 8th Field Artillery in Hawaii.<ref name="WPO"/>
Brewer studied at the Advanced Course at the United States Army Field Artillery School at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, in 1926–1927, and then graduated at the top of his class at the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth (1927–1928). He went back to the Field Artillery School in 1928 and taught in the Gunnery Department, becoming the Director of the department.<ref name="Cullum 1940"/><ref name="WPO"/> His immediate predecessor as head of the Department of Gunnery, who was also an instructor when Brewer took advanced coursework there, was Jacob L. Devers, who would remain a lifelong friend and later prove providential in the course of his career.
The Artillery School's most innovative work came with the creation of the fire direction center during the 1930s under the leadership of its Director of Gunnery, Carlos Brewer and his instructors, who abandoned massing fire by a described terrain feature or grid coordinate reference. They introduced a firing chart, adopted the practice of locating battery positions by survey, and designated targets with reference to the base point on the chart. In the spring of 1931, the Gunnery Department successfully demonstrated massing battalion fire using this method.<ref name="Fires">{{cite journal|last1=Dastrup|first1=Boyd|title=History of the US Army Field Artillery School from birth to the eve of World War II: Part I of II|journal=Fires. A Joint Publication for U.S. Artillery Professionals|date=January 2011|pages=7–11|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a559882.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414225702/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a559882.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=April 14, 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
<blockquote>During his period as Director of the Department of Gunnery, [Brewer] developed the technique of fire direction with a central fire direction center in the battalion which proved very effective in World War II. This procedure permitted the massing of fire of all the divisional artillery on a target that one battery had adjusted on, or on a target that the division commander had designated, in a matter of minutes. One big advantage of this central fire control is that a few specialists can perform the necessary technical operations for the entire battalion. As a result of this development, the division commanders were generally well pleased with the artillery support in World War II.<ref name="WPO"/></blockquote>
Brewer graduated from the Army War College in 1934 with a superior rating. While his wife was convalescing due to tuberculosis, he became head of the Military Science Department of the ROTC Program at Purdue University, the largest field artillery unit in the Army at the time. On 1 August 1935 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.<ref name="Generals of World War II">{{cite web|url=https://generals.dk/general/Brewer/Carlos/USA.html|title=Biography of Major General Carlos Brewer (1890−1976), USA|website=generals.dk}}</ref> In 1939, he was assigned to command the 25th Field Artillery Battalion at Madison Barracks, NY. In 1941, he was then transferred to Fort Benning, GA to command the 7th Field Artillery Regiment, where he developed the triangular division organization that was adopted during World War II. After 2 months of courses at the Naval War College, he served as Assistant, then Chief of Staff (G-3) for the newly activated 9th Infantry Division, now commanded by his mentor, Major General Jacob L. Devers, at Fort Bragg, NC from August 1940 to February 1942. On 26 June 1941, he was promoted to the temporary rank of colonel<ref name="WPO"/><ref name="Generals of World War II"/> Brewer planned and implemented the triangular division organization for the 9th Infantry Division consisting of 3 infantry regiments and 4 artillery battalions, constituting 9,000 soldiers, with an additional 5,000 draftees completing the ranks, beginning in 1941.<ref name="Wheeler2015">{{cite book|author=Wheeler, James Scott |title=Jacob L. Devers: A General's Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t-OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=21 September 2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-6603-2|pages=143–}}</ref>
On 16 February 1942, Brewer was promoted to temporary brigadier general and given command of a unit of the 6th Armored Division.<ref name="Generals of World War II"/> On 7 August 1942, he was promoted to temporary major general,<ref name="Generals of World War II"/> and assumed command of the new 12th Armored Division on 19 August 1942, which was activated at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, on 2 September 1942. He oversaw their training through the Tennessee Maneuvers, from September into November 1943 and re-organization from a heavy to a medium tank division. He continued to supervise the training of the 12th Armored Division at Camp Barkeley, near Abilene, Texas, from November 1943, until August 1944 when the Division prepared to depart for the European Theater of Operations.<ref name=Bradstreet/>
Despite the 12th Armored Division receiving excellent ratings in its final evaluation of readiness for combat service, Brewer was relieved of command and assigned to training replacement troops at Camp Wheeler, Georgia.<ref name=Bradstreet/><ref name="WPO"/><ref name="Generals of World War II"/> General George C. Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, informed Brewer that the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied forces in Western Europe, General Dwight D. Eisenhower had requested that only commanders of divisions younger than 50 years old be sent to command soldiers in the European Theater of Operations, and Brewer was 53 years old at the time.<ref name=Bradstreet/> Brewer was replaced as Commanding General of the 12th Armored Division by Douglass T. Greene, who had been in his 1913 graduating class at West Point.<ref>{{cite web|title=Douglass T. Greene 1913|url=http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5153/|website=West Point Association of Graduates|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406104930/http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5153/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===World War II combat=== Brewer had missed combat duty during World War I because he had been on the faculty teaching at West Point and was not enamored with having a non-combat command again. He requested termination of his rank of major general and permanent reversion to the rank of colonel,<ref name=Bradstreet/><ref name="Generals of World War II"/> then he wrote to Devers who had been his instructor at Field Artillery School, whom he replaced as its director, and for whom he served as Chief of Staff with the 9th Infantry Division. Devers was by now in command of the newly formed Sixth United States Army Group leading the Allied invasion in the south of France, which consisted of the U.S. Seventh Army, under Lieutenant General Alexander Patch, and the First French Army under Gen. Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. His former command, the 12th Armored Division was assigned to Patch's Seventh Army. Brewer asked Devers if as a colonel he could command the newly formed 46th Group Heavy Army Artillery assigned to the Seventh Army, commanded by Patch who had been in the same graduating class at West Point and with whom he served under Jacob Devers with the 9th Infantry Division.<ref name="Wheeler2015"/> The 46th Field Artillery Group under Col. Brewer began its combat operations in January 1945 in the Vosges Mountains, providing heavy artillery support for the VI Corps, commanded by Major General Edward H. Brooks. They continued support of the Corps through its advance into Germany through the Siegfried Line, across the Rhine river, through the Black Forest and into Bavaria. Their combat ended at Garmisch when the Germans surrendered on 8 May 1945, which brought the end of World War II in Europe.
===Post-World War II=== Brewer served in the Army of Occupation under the command of Lieutenant General Geoffrey Keyes, another West Point classmate, as the Seventh Army Artillery Officer and as Headquarters Commandant & Commander of the Heidelberg Area Command in Germany from 1946 to 1947.<ref name="Cullum 1940"/> From 1947 to 1950, he was Professor of Military Science & Tactics at Ohio State University where he ran the ROTC Program. He retired from the military in 1950, but continued working for the Ohio State Research Foundation from 1950 to 1960 as a consultant on classified military research contracts.<ref name="Eulogy"/><ref name="WPO"/>
==Personal life== [[File:ANCExplorer Carlos Brewer grave.jpg|thumb|left|The grave of Major General Carlos Brewer at Arlington National Cemetery]]
He married Grace Moore (1891–1956) on 20 December 1913. They had four children: Carlos Jr., Sherman (Ted), Robert (Bob), and Grace Elizabeth (Betty) Brewer Schulten.<ref name="Eulogy"/> After the death of his first wife from tuberculosis in 1956, he married Mary Taylor Williams in 1959.<ref name="WPO"/>
At West Point, he was on the polo team, was an expert marksman, and was on the broadsword team.<ref name="Hellcat">{{cite news|title=Major General Carlos Brewer|url=http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth410259/m1/18/zoom/|access-date=28 March 2016|work=Hellcat News|agency=The Portal to Texas History|issue=1|date=September 1978|volume=33|location=Springfield, Ill.|page=18}}</ref>
He also was an avid chess player, and was one of twenty players at West Point who played simultaneous games against nine-year old Polish chess prodigy Samuel Reshevsky in 1920. Reshevsky won 19 of the 20 games, including the game against Brewer, which lasted just under two hours.<ref name="CassellHelms1920">{{cite book|author1=Hartwig Cassell|author2=Hermann Helms|title=American Chess Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2R8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169|year=1920|publisher=H. Cassell and H. Helms.|pages=169–}}</ref>
He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZicmV3ZXISBmNhcmxvcw--/ |title=Burial Detail: Brewer, Carlos (Section 30, Grave 876) |work= ANC Explorer|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery |id=(Official website)}}</ref>
==Awards== Major General Brewer's ribbon bar<ref name="Cullum 1940"/><ref name="TWS">{{cite web|title=Brewer, Carlos, MG|url=https://army.togetherweserved.com/army/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=219173|website=Together We Served|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |- | |{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106px}} | |- |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star Medal ribbon with "V" device, 1st award.svg{{!}}border|width=106px}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106px}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106px}} |- |}
==See also== * 12th Armored Division (United States) * 6th Armored Division (United States) * Sixth United States Army Group * Seventh United States Army
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== *Brewer, Carlos [https://sill-www.army.mil/firesbulletin/archives/1931/JUL_AUG_1931/JUL_AUG_1931_FULL_EDITION.pdf "Flash-Sound Ranging"] The Field Artillery Journal, vol. XXI, no. 4: 345–53, July–August 1931 *Brewer, Carlos "Recommendations for Changes in Gunnery Instruction and Battalion Organization," June 2, 1932, Field Artillery School Archives, Morris Swett Technical Library, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 1.316 *Calhoun, Mark T. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415215357/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10437/Calhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1 "General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army"] Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of History, University of Kansas, 2012 *Walker, John R. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415053808/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/kent1248041184/inline "Bracketing the Enemy: Forward Observers and Combined Arms Effectiveness During The Second World War"] Ph.D. Dissertation, Kent State University, August 2009, p. 67 et. seq. *[https://generals.dk/general/Brewer/Carlos/USA.html Generals of World War II] *[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_B01.html#Brewer_C United States Army Officers 1939−1945]
{{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=Newly activated organization}} {{s-ttl|title=Commanding General 12th Armored Division|years=1942–1944}} {{s-aft|after=Douglass T. Greene}} {{s-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brewer, Carlos}} Category:1890 births Category:1976 deaths Category:United States Army Field Artillery Branch personnel Category:Military personnel from Kentucky Category:People from Graves County, Kentucky Category:Military personnel from Columbus, Ohio Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Category:United States Military Academy alumni Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Ohio State University faculty Category:United States Army personnel of World War I Category:United States Army generals of World War II Category:United States Army generals Category:Naval War College alumni Category:United States Army War College alumni Category:United States Military Academy faculty Category:Purdue University faculty