{{Short description|SS and Police leader in occupied France}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Carl Albrecht Oberg | image_name = SS-General-Karl-Albrecht-Oberg1945.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Oberg in 1945 | birth_date = {{Birth-date|27 January 1897|27 January 1897}} | birth_place = Hamburg, German Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|6|3|1897|1|27}} | death_place = Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany | cause = | alias = | charge = | conviction = '''British Military'''<br>War crimes<br>'''French Military'''<br>Crimes against humanity | conviction_penalty = '''British Military'''<br>Death; commuted to life imprisonment<br>'''French Military'''<br>Death; commuted to life imprisonment; further commuted to 20 years imprisonment with hard labour | conviction_status = Deceased | occupation = | module = {{Infobox military person |embed = yes |embed_title = SS service |service_years = 1933–1945 |nickname = The Butcher of Paris |allegiance = Nazi Germany |branch = ''Schutzstaffel'' |rank = SS-''Obergruppenführer'' |unit = |commands = {{Plainlist}} *SS and Police Leader<br>Radom, General Government, German-occupied Poland<br>(August 1941 – May 1942) *Higher SS and Police Leader<br>French State<br>(May 1942 — November 1944) {{Endplainlist}} }} }}
'''Carl Albrecht Oberg''' (27 January 1897 – 3 June 1965) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He served as Senior SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) in occupied France, from May 1942 to November 1944, during the Second World War, Oberg came to be known as the '''Butcher of Paris'''. From May 1942, under orders from Reinhard Heydrich, Oberg ordered the execution of hundreds of hostages and the roundup and deportation of over 40,000 Jews from France to extermination camps, most infamously during the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup with the assistance of the Vichy French police.
Arrested by American military police in Tyrol in July 1945, Oberg was sentenced to death by two different courts: British and French before being handed over to the French. In 1958 his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and later reduced to 20 years at hard labour. Oberg was eventually released on 28 November 1962 and pardoned by President Charles de Gaulle. He died in West Germany on 3 June 1965.
==Early life== Carl Albrecht Oberg was born in Hamburg on 27 January 1897, the son of a physician and professor of medicine Prof. Dr. Carl Joseph Gustav Alexander Oberg. In August 1914, he volunteered for the army with the Holsteinisches Feld-Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 24. His enlistment was postponed, he then achieved his war Abitur in August 1915 and was subsequently assigned to the artillery, serving as battery officer with Lauenburgisches Feld-Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 45. On 21 September 1916,<ref>''Dienstalters-Liste der Offiziere der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des XIII. (Königlich Württembergischen) Armeekorps'', 1918, p. 182</ref> he was commissioned as a ''Leutnant'' fighting on the Western Front and was awarded the Iron Cross in both classes. He worked in manufacturing as a branch manager after the war until he was laid off in 1930.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=103}}
== Nazi career == [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H25719, Paris, Ministerpräsident Pierre Laval und SS-Obergruppenführer Carl Oberg.jpg|thumb|300px|Oberg (centre) with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval and SS-''Sturmbannführer'' Herbert Hagen, German Police Headquarters in Paris, 1 May 1943]] Oberg joined the Nazi Party on 1 April 1931 and the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) on 7 April 1932. After meeting Reinhard Heydrich in May 1933, he asked Heydrich for a job and joined the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (SD). Oberg was later promoted to an SS-''Oberführer'' and made the police administrator for Hanover. He served in that capacity from September 1938 until January 1939, then serving as police president of Zwickau until late 1941. He was ''SS-und Polizeiführer'' (SS and Police Leader – SSPF), "Radom" from August 1941 to May 1942. Oberg received a promotion to SS-''Brigadeführer'' on 20 April 1942.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=103}}
From 5 May 1942 to 28 November 1944,{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=51}} Oberg served as Higher SS and Police Leader ({{Lang|de|Höherer SS-und Polizeiführer}}, HSSPF) "Frankreich" (France) over all German police forces in France, including the SD and the Gestapo. He was the supreme authority in France for managing anti-Jewish policy and the battle against the French Resistance. In 1942, shortly after his arrival, he issued the Jewish badge decree for identification,{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=103}} supported the roundup of 13,152 Jews in the Paris Vélodrome d'Hiver (Vel' d'Hiv Roundup), and ordered mass execution of hostages in retribution for acts of the French resistance.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=631}} He earned condemnation as the "Butcher of Paris".{{sfn|Mitchell|2013}} On Heydrich's orders, Oberg deported over 40,000 Jews from the country with the assistance of the Vichy France police force headed by René Bousquet.{{sfn|Fox|1996}}{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=51, 103}}{{sfn|Marrus|Paxton|1995}}
On 18 January 1943, Himmler demanded a "cleansing" of Marseille with 100,000 arrests and explosive demolition of the city's crime district. Working with the French police, Oberg supervised a lesser response of 6,000 arrests, 20,000 people displaced, and partial destruction of the harbour area.{{sfnp|Longerich|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GBQchepZ-7EC&pg=PA651 p. 651]}} In 1944, Oberg blocked an attempt to establish an ''Einsatzkommando'' of the Waffen-SS in France.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=650–3}} On 10 March 1945, he became a ''General der Waffen-SS''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=51}}
== Post-war trial, sentence, and reprieve == Oberg was captured in June 1945 in the mountains near Kitzbuhel by the U.S. military. He had been disguised as a private in the Austrian Army. He was sentenced to death by a British court before receiving another death sentence from the French in October 1954. On 10 April 1958, the sentence was commuted to life by French President Vincent Auriol, whose successor René Coty then reduced it further to 20 years hard labor in 1959.{{sfnp|Time 5 May 1958|}} On 20 November 1962, Oberg was pardoned by President Charles de Gaulle and set free on 28 November 1962.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=103}}{{efn|According to former French Premier Pierre Mendes France the pardon of Oberg (and Helmut Knochen) was a demand of German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.{{sfn|''L'Obs''|2015}}}} Oberg then was repatriated to Flensburg, in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, at the time, according to ''Die Zeit'', a stronghold of former Nazis and SS cadres.{{sfn|''Zeit Online''}} <!-- * introduced jewish badge decree * involved with deporting over 40,000 jews on personal orders from reinhard heydrich * pardoned 1962 * died 1965 <ref>Yerger, p 103. </ref> --><!-- * execution of more than 1,000 French hostages * execution of underground resistance fighters at Mont Valérien and at the Cascade in Paris' beautiful park, the Bois de Boulogne * extermination of hundreds of the Maquis * destruction of the old port of Marseille * deportation of the faculty of the University of Strasbourg * deportation from France of 120,000 Jews and 80,000 other Frenchmen, at least half of whom died in Nazi concentration camps or gas chambers. Frenchmen called Carl Oberg "the Butcher of Paris." * Santé prison * in 1958 death sentence commuted to life in prison <ref>Time, May 5 1958, ''Sparing the Butcher's Life''</ref> -->
==Notes== {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
===Sources=== * {{in lang|de}} Birn, Ruth Bettina, ''Die höheren SS- und Polizeiführer. Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den besetzten Gebieten'' Düsseldorf 1986 (Seite 252ff, 341) * {{in lang|de}} Lappenküper, Ulrich ''Der "Schlächter von Paris". Carl-Albrecht Oberg als Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer in Frankreich (1942–1944)'' in: ''Deutschland und Frankreich im Krieg (Nov. 1942 – Herbst 1944). Okkupation, Kollaboration, Résistance'' Hg. S. Martens, M. Vaisse, Bonn: Bouvier, 2000 (Seite 129–143) * {{cite book |last= Fox |first= John P. |year= 1996 |chapter= How far did Vichy France 'sabotage' the imperatives of Wannsee? |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1LeGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |editor-last= Cesarani |editor-first= David |title= The Final Solution – Origins and Implementation |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 0415152321 |page=[https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionori0000unse/page/198 198] |url=https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionori0000unse/page/198 }} * {{cite book |last= Longerich |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Longerich |year=2012 |title=Heinrich Himmler |url=https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965174-0 }} * {{cite book |last1= Marrus |first1= Michael Robert |last2= Paxton |first2=Robert O. |year=1995 |title=Vichy France and the Jews |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804724999 |pages=244–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7ORlIpHKLEC&pg=PA244}} * {{cite book |last= Mitchell |first= Allan |year= 2013 |title= Nazi Paris: The History of an Occupation, 1940–1944 |publisher= Berghahn Books |page=159}} * {{cite book |editor-last= Weiß |editor-first= Hermann |year=2002 |title=Biographisches Lexikon zum Dritten Reich |publisher=Fischer |location=Frankfurt |language=de |isbn=3596130867 }} * {{cite book |last= Yerger |first=Mark C. |year=1997 |title=Allgemeine-SS: Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |location= Atglen, PA |isbn=0-7643-0145-4}} * {{in lang|de}} ''Die faschistische Okkupationspolitik in Frankreich (1940–1944)'' Dokumentenauswahl. Hg. und Einl. Ludwig Nestler. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1990 (Orts-, Personenregister) {{ISBN|3-326-00297-1}} (zahlreiche Einträge im Index) * {{cite web |title= Flensburg comrades |website= Zeit Online |date= February 2001 |url= https://www.zeit.de/2001/06/Flensburger_Kameraden |language= de |ref= {{sfnref|Zeit Online}}}} * {{cite web |title= Quand la France graciait deux SS de haut rang |website= L'Obs |date= 2015-08-05 |url= https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20150805.OBS3750/quand-la-france-graciait-deux-ss-de-haut-rang.html |language= fr |ref= {{sfnref | L'Obs | 2015}}}} * {{cite magazine |title= Sparing the Butcher's Life |date=5 May 1958 |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863320,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226060137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863320,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 26, 2009 |access-date=17 September 2011 |ref=CITEREFTime 5 May 1958 }}
==Further reading== * {{cite book |last= Drake |first= David |year= 2015 |title= Paris at War, 1939-1944 |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher= The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |type= Hardcover |isbn= 978-0-674-50481-3}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184948/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/pages/t056/t05678.html Wiesenthal Center]
{{Holocaust France}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberg, Carl}} {{Portal bar|Germany|biography}} Category:1897 births Category:1965 deaths Category:20th-century Freikorps personnel Category:SS and police leaders Category:Holocaust perpetrators in France Category:German perpetrators of prisoner-of-war massacres in World War II Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States Category:Recipients of French presidential pardons Category:Military personnel from Hamburg Category:German people imprisoned abroad Category:German police officers convicted of crimes against humanity Category:German prisoners sentenced to death Category:Nazis convicted of war crimes Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by the British military Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by the French military Category:SS-Obergruppenführer Category:Kapp Putsch participants