{{Short description|Genus of lichens}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = | image_caption = | taxon = Carbacanthographis | authority = Staiger & Kalb (2002) | type_species = ''Carbacanthographis chionophora'' | type_species_authority = (Redinger) Staiger & Kalb (2002) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivisions = }}
'''''Carbacanthographis''''' is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Graphidaceae.<ref name="CoL"/> The genus was circumscribed by the German lichenologists Bettina Staiger and Klaus Kalb in 2002.<ref name="Staiger 2002"/> An updated worldwide key to the genus was published in 2022 that added 17 new species.<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> This revision allowed for further identification of undescribed species from other collections, and subsequently, 14 species were added in 2023 from the Amazonian lowland forests of Brazil and the Guianas.<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/>
==Description== Genus ''Carbacanthographis'' bears a strong resemblance to the genera ''Allographa'' and ''Graphis'', with which it shares several characteristics, such as ''Trentepohlia''-like {{lichengloss|photobionts}}, a typically {{lichengloss|carbonised}} (blackened) {{lichengloss|lirelliform}} excipulum, and colourless, transversely septate or {{lichengloss|muriform}} ascospores.<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/>
One of the main distinguishing features of ''Carbacanthographis'' is its unique apical structure of the {{lichengloss|excipulum}}. Unlike in ''Allographa'' and ''Graphis'', where the excipulum's two lips close and the {{lichengloss|hamathecium}} extends into the fissure, in ''Carbacanthographis'', the excipulum extends above the hamathecium, leaving an open fissure. This fissure's walls are covered at the tips by warty {{lichengloss|periphysoids}}, which are challenging to observe and rarely seen. Additionally, the excipulum may have somewhat radiating and apically emergent, smooth hyphae.<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/>
The growth pattern of the carbonised excipulum in ''Carbacanthographis'' results in less evident striate lirellae compared to many species of ''Graphis'' and ''Allographa''. Clearly striate lirellae in ''Carbacanthographis'' are typically visible only when the excipulum is abraded, as seen in species like ''C. latispora''.<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/>
The {{lichengloss|ascospores}} in ''Carbacanthographis'' also show notable differences. While in ''Allographa'' and ''Graphis'', the spore {{lichengloss|lumina}} become rounded to {{lichengloss|lentiform}} with a strong I+ blue-violet reaction due to {{lichengloss|endospore}} deposition, in ''Carbacanthographis'', some species have rounded to lentiform lumina without a positive I-reaction. In other species, there is little or no endospore formation, and the septa remain thin, with ascospores that may or may not exhibit a positive I-reaction.<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/>
The hamathecium's inspersion in ''Carbacanthographis'' consists of minute droplets approximately 0.5–1 μm wide, in contrast to the larger, unevenly sized oil-like droplets found in ''Graphis'' and ''Allographa''. This difference in inspersion further aids in distinguishing ''Carbacanthographis'' from its close relatives.<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/>
==Species== {{As of|2024|May}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 43 species in ''Carbacanthographis''.<ref name="CoL"/>
{{div col}} *''C. acanthoamicta'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Papua New Guinea *''C. acanthoparaphysata'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Papua New Guinea *''C. aggregata'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Peninsular Malaysia *''C. albolirellata'' {{au|B.O.Sharma & Khadilkar (2011)}}<ref name="Sharma 2011"/> – Tamil Nadu *''C. alloafzelii'' {{au|(A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2007)}} – South Solomons *''C. amazonica'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – French Guiana *''C. amicta'' {{au|(Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} *''C. aptrootii'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Yunnan, China *''C. brasiliensis'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – São Paulo, Brazil *''C. bulbosa'' {{au|Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Brazil *''C. candidata'' {{au|(Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} *''C. chionophora'' {{au|(Redinger) Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} *''C. clandestinospora'' {{au|Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Brazil *''C. cleitops'' {{au|(Fée) Lücking (2009)}} *''C. coccospora'' {{au|(Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)}} *''C. crassa'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} *''C. cristata'' {{au|Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Brazil *''C. denudata'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. garoana'' {{au|(Nagarkar & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2020)}} *''C. granulosa'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. halei'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Sarawak *''C. hertelii'' {{au|Kalb & Staiger (2004)}}<ref name="Kalb 2004"/> – Australia *''C. hillii'' {{au|(A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2007)}} *''C. indica'' {{au|B.O.Sharma & Khadilkar (2011)}}<ref name="Sharma 2011"/> – Meghalaya *''C. induta'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Lücking (2009)}} *''C. inspersa'' {{au|Staiger (2002)}} – Brazil *''C. inspersomarcescens'' {{au|Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Brazil *''C. iriomotensis'' {{au|(M.Nakan.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)}} *''C. isidiata'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. latispora'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Venezuela *''C. latisporoides'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. lucidocleitops'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. megalospora'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Espírito Santo *''C. minutissima'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. multiseptata'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Venezuela *''C. multiseptatoides'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. muriformis'' {{au|E.A.Tripp & Lendemer (2010)}} – Florida, USA *''C. nematoides'' {{au|(Leight.) Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> *''C. nigra'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. nitida'' {{au|Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Brazil *''C. novoguineensis'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Papua New Guinea *''C. protocristata'' {{au|Sipman (2023)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023"/> – Guyana *''C. pseudorustica'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Sarawak *''C. salazinica'' {{au|(A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)}} – Australia *''C. salazinicoides'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Papua New Guinea *''C. sipmaniana'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}} – Sabah *''C. sorediata'' {{au|B.O.Sharma, Makhija & Khadilkar (2010)}} – Tamil Nadu *''C. spongiosa'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Sergipe *''C. stictica'' {{au|Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} – Amazonas *''C. subalbotecta'' {{au|Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} – Brazil *''C. subchionophora'' {{au|Feuerstein & Lücking (2022)}}<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022"/> – Papua New Guinea *''C. submultiseptata'' {{au|Lücking, N.Marín & B.Moncada (2023)}}<ref name="Lücking et al. 2023"/> – Colombia *''C. tetrinspersa'' {{au|Aptroot (2022)}}<ref name="Aptroot et al. 2022"/> – Brazil *''C. triphoroides'' {{au|(M.Wirth & Hale) Lücking (2009)}} *''C. uniseptata'' {{au|Kalb & Aptroot (2018)}}<ref name="Kalb & Aptroot 2018"/> – Australia *''C. violaceospora'' {{au|Kukwa & Flakus (2013)}}<ref name="Kukwa 2013"/> – Bolivia {{div col end}}
Former species;<ref>{{cite web |title=Carbacanthographis - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Carbacanthographis |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> * ''C. chilensis'' {{Au|(Zahlbr.) Lücking (2013)}} = ''Redonographa chilensis'', Redonographaceae * ''C. marcescens'' {{Au|(Fée) Staiger & Kalb (2002)}} = ''Graphina marcescens'', Graphidaceae * ''C. saxiseda'' {{Au|(Zahlbr.) Bungartz (2010)}} = ''Redonographa saxiseda'', Redonographaceae * ''C. saxorum'' {{Au|(Egea & Torrente) Lücking & Bungartz (2010)}} = ''Redonographa saxorum'', Redonographaceae
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Aptroot et al. 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=de Souza |first2=Maria Fernanda |last3=dos Santos |first3=Lidiane Alves |last4=Junior |first4=Isaias Oliveira |last5=Barbosa |first5=Bruno Micael Cardoso |last6=da Silva |first6=Marcela Eugenia Cáceres |title=New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest |journal=The Bryologist |volume=125 |issue=3 |year=2022 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.433 |pages=435–467}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=3HB2 |title=''Carbacanthographis'' |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Feuerstein et al. 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Feuerstein | first1=Shirley Cunha |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |last3=Borges da Silveira |first3=Rosa Mara |title=A worldwide key to species of ''Carbacanthographis'' (Graphidaceae), with 17 species new to science |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=54 |issue=1 |year=2022 |doi=10.1017/s002428292100044x |pages=45–70}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalb 2004">{{cite journal |last=Kalb |first=K. |year=2004 |title=New or otherwise interesting lichens. II |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=88 |pages=301–329}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalb & Aptroot 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kalb |first1=K. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |year=2018 |title=Six new lichen species from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=82 |pages=84–91 |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/AL82.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Kukwa 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Kukwa |first1=M. |last2=Schiefelbein |first2=U. |last3=Flakus |first3=A. |year=2013 |title=A contribution to the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropales, Ascomycota) of Bolivia |journal=Herzogia |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=231–252|doi=10.13158/heia.26.2.2013.231 }}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Álvaro-Alba |first2=Wilson Ricardo |last3=Moncada |first3=Bibiana |last4=Marín-Canchala |first4=Norida Lucia |last5=Tunjano |first5=Sonia Sua |last6=Cárdenas-López |first6=Dairon |title=Lichens from the Colombian Amazon: 666 taxa including 28 new species and 157 new country records document an extraordinary diversity |journal=The Bryologist |volume=126 |issue=2 |year=2023 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-126.2.242 |pages=242–303}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharma 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Bharati |last2=Khadilkar |first2=Pradnya |year=2011 |title=Two additional new species of ''Carbacanthographis'' from India |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=293–297 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000223}}</ref>
<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Sipman |first1=Harrie |last2=Aptroot |first2=André |year=2023 |title=Fourteen new ''Carbacanthographis'' species from the Neotropics, with ecological observation |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=320–334 |doi=10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Staiger 2002">{{cite book |last1=Staiger |last2=B. |year=2002 |title=Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung |trans-title=The lichen family Graphidaceae: studies towards a natural organization |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=85 |page=98 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Berlin/Stuttgart |language=de |isbn=978-3-443-58064-3}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5037827}}
Category:Carbacanthographis Category:Lichen genera Category:Graphidales genera Category:Taxa described in 2002 Category:Taxa named by Klaus Kalb Category:Taxa named by Bettina Staiger