{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | taxon = Carangoides ciliarius | authority = ([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1830) }}
'''''Carangoides ciliarius''''' is a dubious [[species]] of [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] in the jack and horse mackerel family, [[Carangidae]]. The validity of the species has been questioned by a number of authors, with many concluding it is a [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of the similar ''[[Carangoides armatus]]'', commonly known as the longfin trevally. However, this synonymy has not been accepted by all authorities, with [[Fishbase]] and [[ITIS]] both recognising it as a valid species. Like ''Carangoides armatus'', the species is occasionally referred to as the 'longfin kingfish'.
==Taxonomy== The species, as it is currently recognised, was scientifically described and named by the [[Germany|German]] naturalist [[Eduard Rüppell]] in 1830, based on the [[holotype]] specimen taken from Massawa in the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite web | last = California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology | title = ''ciliaria, Citula'' | work = Catalog of Fishes | publisher = CAS | date = April 2008 | url = http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=34499 | access-date = 2008-08-06 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rüppell named the fish ''Citula ciliaria'', placing the species in what was at the time a valid genus of jacks. As the classification of the carangids was reviewed, ''Citula'' was synonymised with ''[[Pseudocaranx]]'', with ''C. ciliaria'' transferred to ''Carangoides'', and the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] changed from ''ciliaria'' to ''ciliarius'', leading to the currently accepted combination. There is a possibility that [[Peter Forsskål]] described and named the species earlier, in 1775, which would make him the correct author under [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] rules. He named a species ''Sciaena armata'', but the description has been too vague to make any certain conclusions, and this name is considered a ''[[nomen dubium]]'' that cannot hold priority, and placed in synonymy with ''C. ciliarius''.<ref name = "smith">{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Margaret M. | title = Identity of ''Caranx armatus'' (Pisces: Carangidae) | journal = Copeia | volume = 1973 | issue = 2 | pages = 352–355 | year = 1973 | doi = 10.2307/1442982| jstor = 1442982 | publisher = American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists }}<!--| accessdate = 2008-07-29 --></ref>
[[Georges Cuvier]] independently renamed the species as ''Caranx citula'' in 1833, also making reference to the name ''Caranx cirrhosus'' as a synonym of his new name. This name<!--C. citula or C. cirrhosus?--> was apparently coined by [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]], although never properly published.<ref name = "smith"/> These two names are considered to be [[junior synonym]]s under ICZN naming rules and are no longer valid.
===Synonymy with ''Carangoides armatus''=== There has been extensive confusion in the [[ichthyology|ichthyological]] literature between ''C. ciliarius'' and ''C. armatus''. Rüppell described both 'species' in the same volume, and a 1973 paper by Margret Smith concluded he merely described both a young and an old individual of the same species.<ref name = "smith"/> She recommended that ''C. ciliarius'' be given priority due to the fact it appears first in the book. A similar mistake involving misidentification of age stages apparently occurred in a 1937 analysis of carangids by Yojiro Wakiya, who divided ''C. armatus'' into four separate species, one of them being ''C. ciliarius''.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Nichols | first = J. T. | title = On ''Citula ciliaria'' Rüppell | journal = Copeia | volume = 1940 | issue = 3 | pages = 201–202 | year = 1940 | doi = 10.2307/1437985 | jstor = 1437985 | publisher = American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists}}<!--| accessdate = 2008-07-30 --></ref> The most recent investigation into this taxonomic problem occurred in 1980, when Williams and Venkataramani confirmed synonymy between ''C. armatus'' and ''C. ciliarius'', but recommended the name ''Carangoides armatus'' be kept.<ref name = "Williams">{{cite journal | last = Williams | first = F. |author2=Venkataramani, V.K. | title = Notes on Indo-Pacific carangid fishes of the genus ''Carangoides'' Bleeker II. The ''Carangoides armatus'' group | journal = Bulletin of Marine Science | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 501–511 | year = 1980 }}</ref>
Most modern publications now list ''C. ciliarius'' as a synonym of ''C. armatus'', with the last major revision of Indo-Pacific carangids also reaffirming this.<ref name = "FAO">{{cite book |editor-last = Carpenter |editor-first = Kent E. |editor2=Volker H. Niem | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) <!--| publisher = FAO--> | year = 2001 | location = Rome |pages= 2694 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf | isbn = 978-92-5-104587-9 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Nevertheless, two major taxonomic authorities, Fishbase and ITIS, list the species as valid based on an older version of [[California Academy of Sciences]] Catalog of Fishes,<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Carangoides | species = ciliarius | year = 2008 | month = January}}</ref><ref>{{ITIS | id = 641944 | taxon = ''Carangoides ciliarius'' | accessdate = 29 March 2008 }}</ref> which now treats ''C. ciliarus'' as synonymous with ''Carangoides armatus''.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record|spid=34499|title=''Citula cilaria''|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref> This name is occasionally used in non-scientific literature such as fishing publications, although the common name given to the fish, 'longfin kingfish', is also applied to ''Carangoides armatus''.<ref name = "SAfrica">{{cite book | last = van der Elst | first = Rudy |author2=Peter Borchert | title =A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa | publisher = New Holland Publishers | year = 1994 | pages = 142 | isbn = 978-1-86825-394-4 }}</ref>
==See also== *[[Longfin trevally]], ''Carangoides armatus'', for a description of the species appearance and distribution
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
==External links== *[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=53230 ''Carangoides ciliarius'' at Fishbase]
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[[Category:Carangoides]] [[Category:Controversial taxa]] [[Category:Fish described in 1830]]