Cape St. Vincent

{{Short description|Southwesternmost point of Portugal}} {{other uses}} {{Infobox cape | name = Cape St. Vincent | native_name = {{native name|pt|Cabo de São Vicente}} | other_name = | etymology = Vincent of Saragossa | image = SaoVicente.JPG | caption = North shore of Cape St. Vincent as seen from the lighthouse | image_size = 235 | location = Portugal, Algarve, Faro, Sagres | part_of = Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park | coordinates = {{coord|37|1|30|N|8|59|40|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | pushpin_map = Portugal | map_caption = Location of the Cabo de São Vicente in continental Portugal }} '''Cape St. Vincent''' ({{langx|pt|Cabo de São Vicente}}, {{IPA|pt|ˈkaβu ðɨ sɐ̃w viˈsẽtɨ}}) is a headland in the municipality of Vila do Bispo, in the Algarve, southern Portugal. It is the southwesternmost point of Portugal and of mainland Europe.

== History == Cape St. Vincent was already sacred ground in Neolithic times, as standing menhirs in the neighborhood attest. The ancient Greeks called it Ophiussa (Land of Serpents), inhabited by the Oestriminis and dedicated here a temple to Heracles. The Romans called it ''Promontorium Sacrum'' (or Holy Promontory). Strabo, in his ''Geography'' calls this cape the most western tip of the known world and reports the place was considered magical. Common people believed the sun sank here hissing into the ocean, marking the edge of their world, which Strabo qualifies as "common and vulgar reports" and attributes to Posidonius<ref>Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D3 Geography, III]</ref>

According to legend, the current name of this cape is linked to the story of a martyred fourth-century Iberian deacon St. Vincent whose body was brought ashore here. A shrine was erected over his grave; according to the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi, it was always guarded by ravens and is therefore named by him كنيسة الغراب (''Kanīsah al-Ghurāb'', meaning "Church of the Raven"). King Afonso Henriques (1139–1185) had the body of the saint exhumed in 1173 and brought it by ship to Lisbon, still accompanied by the ravens. This transfer of the relics is depicted on the coat of arms of Lisbon. All existing buildings—including the ''Vila do Infante'' of Henry the Navigator—fell into ruins because of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. The Franciscan friars who cared for the shrine stayed on until 1834, when all monasteries were disbanded in Portugal.

===Naval battles=== Numerous sea battles have been fought off the cape: * In 1337, a Castilian fleet defeated a Portuguese fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1337). * In 1606, a Spanish fleet defeated a Dutch fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606). * In 1641, a Spanish fleet fought with a Dutch fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641). * In 1681, a Spanish fleet defeated a Brandenburger fleet in the action of 30 September 1681. * In 1693, a French fleet defeated an Anglo-Dutch squadron in the Battle of Lagos (1693). * In 1719, a Spanish fleet defeated a British squadron in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1719). * In 1751, a Spanish fleet defeated an Algerian fleet in the action of 28 November 1751. * In January 1780, a British fleet defeated a Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780). * In August 1780, a Spanish fleet (along with French ships), defeated a British convoy in the action of 9 August 1780. * In 1797, a British fleet defeated a Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/14012/page/474|title = Page 474 | Issue 14012, 23 May 1797 | London Gazette | the Gazette}}</ref> * In 1833, a Loyalist fleet defeated a Miguelite fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833).

==Geography==

This cape is the southwesternmost point in Portugal. It forms the southwestern end of the E9 European Coastal Path, which runs for {{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} to Narva-Jõesuu in Estonia. Approximately six kilometers from the village of Sagres, the cape is a landmark for a ship traveling to or from the Mediterranean. The cliffs rise nearly vertically from the Atlantic to a height of {{convert|75|m|sigfig=2}}. The cape is a site of exuberant marine life and a high concentration of birds nesting on the cliffs, such as the rare Bonelli's eagle, peregrine falcons, kites, rock thrushes, rock pigeons, storks and herons.

{{main|Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente}} The present lighthouse is {{convert|24|m|ft}} high and was built over the ruins of a 16th-century Franciscan convent in 1846.<ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=16894 |title=Fortaleza do Cabo de São Vicente/Convento do Corvo/Convento de São Vicente do Cabo/Farol de São Vicente (IPA.00002891/PT050815040005) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=pt |first1=João |last1=Neto |first2=António |last2=Xavier |year=1998 |access-date=2 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075259/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=16894 |archive-date=18 August 2016 }}</ref> The statues of St. Vincent and St. Francis Xavier had been moved to church of Nossa Senhora da Graça on Point Sagres {{convert|3|km|mi|sigfig=1}} away.<ref name=SIPA/> This lighthouse, guarding one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, is among the most powerful in Europe (the most powerful being Phare du Creach on the French island of Ushant, off the coast of Brittany); its two 1,000-watt lamps can be seen as far as {{convert|60|km|mi|sigfig=1}} away.<ref name=SIPA/>

===Climate=== Cape St. Vincent has a Mediterranean climate with very low seasonal variation and high occurrence of fogs.

{{Weather box | location = Cape St. Vincent, 1931-1960, elevation: {{convert|67|m|abbr=on|disp=or}} | metric first = yes | single line = yes

| source 1 = IPMA<ref>{{cite book |last1=Font Tullot |first1=Inocencio |title=Climatología de España y Portugal |date=2000 |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |location=[Salamanca] |isbn=9788478009442 |page=341 |edition=Nueva versión |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf46Uka-ViAC}}</ref> }}

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==Gallery== <gallery> File:Cape St. Vincent (1879) - TIMEA.jpg|An 1879 sketch of the St. Vincent lighthouse File:Cabo Sao Vicente (25581534256).jpg|The cliffs of the St. Vincent coast File:Algarve_coast.jpg|An aerial view of the southwestern St. Vincent coast File:Cape St. Vincent Lighthouse.jpg|Cape St. Vincent lighthouse </gallery>

==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources=== * {{citation |title=The Rough Guide to Portugal |edition=11th |date=March 2005 |isbn=1-84353-438-X|last1=Ellingham |first1=Mark |last2=Brown |first2=Jules |last3=Fisher |first3=John |last4=Kenyon |first4=Graham |last5=Hancock |first5=Matthew }} * {{citation |last=Rentes de Carvalho |first=J. |title=Portugal, um guia para amigos |language=pt |publisher=Arbeiderspers |location=Amsterdam |edition=9th |date=August 1999 |isbn=90-295-3466-4}}

Category:Geography of Faro District Sao Vicente, Cabo de Sao Vicente, Cabo de Category:Places in Greek mythology Category:Tourist attractions in Faro District