{{Short description|Guerrilla conflict in Brazil in 1966–1967}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Caparaó Guerrilla | place = Serra do Caparaó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | partof = armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship | date = June, 1966 – April, 1967<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ape.es.gov.br/Media/ape/PDF/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20e%20Teses/Hist%C3%B3ria-UFES/UFES_PPGHIS_DINOR%C3%81H_LOPES_RUBIM_ALMEIDA.pdf|title=A GUERRILHA ESQUECIDA: Memórias do Caparaó (1966-67), o primeiro foco guerrilheiro contra a Ditadura Militar no Brasil|first=Dinoráh|last=Almeida|publisher=Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo|date=2014}}</ref> | result = Brazilian Government Victory *All MNR members arrested. | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Brazil (1960–1968).svg}} Brazilian military government *{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Brazilian Armed Forces.svg}} Brazilian Armed Forces *{{flagicon image|Brasão PMMG.svg}} Minas Gerais Military Police | combatant2 = MNR<br>'''Supported by:'''<br />{{Flag|Cuba}}<br>AP | casualties1 = None | casualties2 = None | image = Guerrilheiros do Caparaó no STM - Deodato Fabricio.tif | caption = Caparaó Guerrillas being extended to the Superior Military Court, April 20, 1967. | strength2 = 17 militants<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ape.es.gov.br/Media/ape/PDF/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20e%20Teses/Hist%C3%B3ria-UFES/UFES_PPGHIS_DINOR%C3%81H_LOPES_RUBIM_ALMEIDA.pdf|title=A GUERRILHA ESQUECIDA: Memórias do Caparaó (1966-67), o primeiro foco guerrilheiro contra a Ditadura Militar no Brasil|first=Dinoráh|last=Almeida|publisher=Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo|date=2014}}</ref> | strength1 = Unknown }}
The '''Caparaó Guerrilla''' was the second armed insurgency attempt against the Brazilian military dictatorship made by impeached former soldiers.<ref name="filme">{{Cite web |title=Caparaó - Press Release do filme |url=http://www.caparaoofilme.com.br/pressbook.pdf |access-date=30 May 2015}} Ver seção Contexto Político</ref> Inspired by the Sierra Maestra guerrilla, it took place in the Serra do Caparaó, on the border between the states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, from 1966 to 1967.<ref name="uol">{{Cite web |title=Entre Cabras e Ratos - José Caldas da Costa - História Viva |url=http://www2.uol.com.br/historiaviva/reportagens/entre_cabras_e_ratos_imprimir.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605075936/http://www2.uol.com.br/historiaviva/reportagens/entre_cabras_e_ratos_imprimir.html |archive-date=2015-06-05 |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-comandante revê história do 1º foco guerrilheiro contra ditadura - O Estado de Minas |date=25 March 2014 |url=http://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2014/03/25/interna_politica,511459/ex-comandante-reve-historia-do-1-foco-guerrilheiro-contra-ditadura.shtml |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alto Caparaó e a Guerrilha |url=http://www.picodabandeiratur.tur.br/guerrilha.htm |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523110416/http://www.picodabandeiratur.tur.br/guerrilha.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=História da Guerrilha na Serra do Caparaó |url=http://www.hospedagenssomdasaguas.com.br/Guerrilha.aspx |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605060024/http://www.hospedagenssomdasaguas.com.br/Guerrilha.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was connected to the Três Passos Guerrilla, which occurred earlier.
== History ==
=== Background === In April 1964, a coup d'état overthrew João Goulart's Government, starting the Military Dictatorship in Brazil, Leonel Brizola was the only political leader to support the president, sheltering him in Porto Alegre and hoping a bid to rouse the local army units towards the restoration of the toppled regime could be made. But later, he was defeated and exiled in Uruguay.<ref>Robert Jackson Alexander, Eldon M. Parker, ''A history of organized labor in Brazil''. Westport, CN: Praeger, 2003, {{ISBN|0-275-97738-2}}, page141</ref> In March 1965, Leonel Brizola, would first try to form an insurrection in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul state, with ex-military members, forming the Três Passos Guerrilla, making 2 attempts, but he later would be defeated again.<ref name="fsp">{{cite web|access-date=October 3, 2015 |title=Exército prende chefe e 17 dos Guerrilheiros - Almanaque Folha de S.Paulo - Publicado em segunda-feira, 29 de março de 1965 |url=http://almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/brasil_29mar1965.htm}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
Later the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), inspired by Brizola, would start a guerrilla in the Serra do Caparaó.
=== Guerrilla === Promoted by the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), an organization initially based in Montevideo, the guerrilla had financial support from Cuba, obtained through negotiations between Leonel Brizola, assisted by the A.P (Popular Action), and the Cuban government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frederico |first=Flavio |date= |title=Caparaó – Um filme de Flavio Frederico. |url=http://www.caparaoofilme.com.br/pressbook.pdf}}</ref> According to Denise Rollemberg, some members of the group - mostly made up of ex-soldiers, expelled from the armed forces - also received training in Cuba.
In June, 1966, the MNR establish themselves in the Sítio de Criação de Cabras ('Goat Breeding Site'), in São João do Principe, Iuna, Espirito Santo. Militants were slowly coming to the area. Operations in Serra do Caparaó started in November, when they started entering the interior of the mountain range.<ref name="dinorah" />[[File:Pico_da_bandeira.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px|Pico da Bandeira, where the Caparaó Guerrilla took place.]][[File:Brizola.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px|Leonel Brizola, political figure who stood out at this event.]] Later, the Cuban government would have preferred to support Carlos Marighella's ALN. The movement lost its financial support and the guerrillas were practically abandoned at the top of the mountains.
''The attempt to establish a guerrilla movement in the Caparaó mountain range was frustrated before the movement even took action. Its members remained there for a few months, carrying out training and reconnaissance of the region and were arrested by the Minas Gerais Military Police after being reported by the population themselves.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guerrilha de Caparaó, o medo da população e as táticas adotadas pelas tropas de repressão ao movimento para conquistar a simpatia popular (1966-1967) |url=https://www.ufjf.br/lahes/files/2010/03/c1-a57.pdf |website=Lahes.ufjf.br}}</ref> Speak by one of the guerrilla members.[[File:Parque_nacional_do_caparao.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px|Caparaó National Park.]]Discovered by the intelligence services, the movement was rejected in April 1967, by a group from the Military Police of the State of Minas Gerais. According to sources, there was practically no exchange of fire. The guerrillas, around twenty exhausted and hungry men - some seriously weakened by the bubonic plague - were arrested at the site where they were sheltering or in neighboring cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-05 |title=Entre Cabras e Ratos |url=http://www2.uol.com.br/historiaviva/reportagens/entre_cabras_e_ratos_imprimir.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605075936/http://www2.uol.com.br/historiaviva/reportagens/entre_cabras_e_ratos_imprimir.html |archive-date=2015-06-05 }}</ref> Residents of the region were also detained for investigation. Later, with all the guerrillas arrested, the armed forces began to question whether those men were really revolutionaries or just common criminals. Then, the Minas Gerais police photographed them and also photographed their documents, which proved that they were ex-military. A large joint operation between the Army and the Air Force was then set up, with support from the police, to eliminate other guerrillas who might be hiding in the mountains. However, there was no one else and the operation was nothing more than a show of force with the aim of discouraging other outbreaks of armed resistance across the country.<ref name="dinorah">{{cite web |title=A Guerrilha Esquecida: Memórias do Caparaó (1966-67), o primeiro foco guerrilheiro contra a Ditadura Militar no Brasil - Dinoráh Lopes Rubim Almeida |url=http://repositorio.ufes.br/bitstream/10/1297/1/Dissertacao.Dinorah%20Rubin.pdf |access-date=2024-05-05 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195830/https://repositorio.ufes.br/bitstream/10/1297/1/Dissertacao.Dinorah%20Rubin.pdf |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="denise">{{cite web |title=O Apoio de Cuba à luta armada no Brasil: o treinamento guerrilheiro - Denise Rollemberg |url=http://www.historia.uff.br/nec/sites/default/files/O_apoio_de_Cuba_a_luta_armada.pdf |access-date=2024-05-05 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030358/http://www.historia.uff.br/nec/sites/default/files/O_apoio_de_Cuba_a_luta_armada.pdf |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
== See also ==
* Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Brazil)
== References == {{reflist }}
== Sources == * Boiteux, Bayard Demaria. ''A Guerrilha do Caparaó e outros relatos.'' Rio de Janeiro: Inverta, 1998. il. * Botosso, Marcelo. A Guerrilha de Caparaó: A Sierra Maestra Tupiniquim. Ensaios de História (Franca), Franca-SP, v. 4, p. 131-137, 1999 * Costa, José Caldas da. ''Caparaó - a primeira guerrilha contra a ditadura''. Prefácio de Carlos Heitor Cony. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2007. {{ISBN|978-85-7559-095-9}} * Kuperman, Esther. ''A guerrilha do Caparaó (1966-1967).'' Rio de Janeiro, 1992. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro * Rebello, Gilson. ''A Guerrilha de Caparaó''. São Paulo: Alfa-Omega, 1980.
==External links== *[http://caparaoofilme.com.br Caparaó]. - Documentário de Flávio Frederico, vencedor do Festival É Tudo Verdade de 2006
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guerrilha Caparao}} Category:Military dictatorship in Brazil Category:Rebellions in Brazil Category:Guerrilla wars Category:Socialism in Brazil