{{Short description|Group of Senegambian languages spoken in Senegal}} {{more footnotes|date=March 2013}} {{Infobox language family | name = Cangin | region = Senegal, the Gambia | ethnicity = Serer | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = Atlantic–Congo | fam3 = (Senegambian) | glotto = cang1245 | glottorefname = Cangin | child1 = Saafi-Saafi | child2 = Lehar–Noon | child3 = Palor–Ndut | protoname = Proto-Cangin | fam4 = Fula–Wolof? }}
The '''Cangin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ae|ŋ|I|n}}) languages are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of Dakar, Senegal. They are the languages spoken by the Serer people who do not speak the Serer language (''Serer-Sine''). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language. However, they are not closely related; Serer is closer to Fulani than it is to Cangin.
==Languages== The Cangin languages are:
{{clade |1={{clade |1= Safen, or ''Saafi-Saafi'', the language of the Saafi people. Spoken inland from the Petite Côte, an area southeast of Dakar. The largest Cangin language, with over 100,000 speakers and growing (2007). |2={{clade |1=Lehar (Laalaa), the language of the Serer-Laalaa (or Serer-Lehar), spoken in a small area north of Thiès. |2=Noon, the language of the Serer-Noon, spoken around Thiès. }} }} |2={{clade |1=Palor, the language of the Palor people, spoken in a small area between Rufisque and Thies. |2=Ndut, the language of the Serer-Ndut people, spoken in the Mont-Roland, an area northwest of Thies and in the Kingdom of Biffeche on the Senegal River. }} }}
Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut.
==Reconstruction== Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.<ref>Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. ''[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qn4m0bh The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages]''. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Cangin !! Noon !! Lehar !! Safen !! Ndut !! Palor |- | eye || *ɣi̟d/ɣad || has || kuu-koas || has || i̟l || ’i̟l |- | tongue || *pe-ɗem || peɗim p- || pi̟ri̟m || peɗem || pereem || pereem |- | eat || *ñam || ñam || ñam || ñaam || ñam || ñam |- | breast || *ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ || (w)ɓip || ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ |- | four || *nixiid || nikiis || || nikis || iniil || iniil |- | dog || *ɓuh || || ɓu̟u || ɓuh f- || ɓuh f- || ɓux f- |- | intestine || *loox || look || look || rook || loo || loo |- | wing || *paɓ || paɓ || || paɓ || (d)pab || pap |- | cow || *-noɣ || enoh f- || enoh || ’inoh || fana f- || fana’ f- |- | blow = nose || *ñii̟nd || ñii̟d-uk || ñii̟d-uk || || || ñii̟d~ñii̟n |- | pound || *hoɗ || oɗ || oɗ || ’oɗ || || xoɗ |- | jaw || *kaɓaɓ ? || || kaaɓ ‘cheek’ || kaɓaɓ k- || || kabaap |- | new || *has || as || as || ’as || has || xas |- | see || *ɣot || hot || hot || hot || ot~ol- || od~ol- |- | swallow || *hon || on || on || ’on || (d)hon || xon |- | bury || *hac || ac || ac || ’ac || hac || xac |- | bear child || *li̟m || li̟m || li̟m || (w)rim || || li̟m |- | dance || *ɣam || ham || ham || || || |- | hold in teeth || *ŋaɓ || ŋaaɓ || ŋaɓ || ŋaɓ || ŋaɓ || |- | year || *kV-(h)id̟ || kii̟s k- || kii̟s || kiis k- || kii̟l || kii̟l |- | tree || *ki-rik || kedik k- || kedek || kiɗig k- || kilik || kilik k- |- | bird || *sel || sel || sel || sel || || |- | bury || *hu̟umb || u̟ub~u̟um || || uumb || || |- | be able || *mi̟n || mi̟n || || min || mi̟n || min |- | resemble || *mand || mad~man || man || || mad~man || mad~man |- | be short || *luH- || looƴ (lohoƴ) || looƴ || (s)rohoƴ || (d)luh || lux |- | leaf/bark || *huɓ || to̟oɓ t-, oɓ || po̟o || (w)’op || huɓ || |- | sun || *noɣ || noh || noh || noh || (d)na’ || na’ |- | ear || *nuf || nof || nof || (w)noef || nuf || nuf |- | head || *ɣaf || haf || haf || haf || ’af || ’af |- | liver || *keeñ || keeñ || keeñ || keeñ k- || (d)keeñ || |- | star || *Hul || hol || ol || hor || hul || xul |- | rain || *toɓ || toɓ || toɓ || toɓ || tooɓ || |- | pestle || *kuɗ || koɗ k- || koɗ || || kuɗ k- || kuɗ k- |- | goat || *pe || pe’ f- || peɗ || peh f- || pe f- || pe f- |- | cloth/rag || *lii̟l || lii̟l || lii̟l || || lii̟l || lii̟l |- | baobab || *ɓoɣ || ɓoh || ɓoh || ɓoh || ɓa || ɓa’ |- | finger || *kun || jokun j- || jokon || ndukun || kun || kun |- | sneeze || *ti̟s || tes || ti̟s || (s)tisoh || (d)ti̟s || ti̟s |- | ant || *ñii̟ñ || ñii̟ñ || ñii̟ñ || ñiñoh f- || (d)ñii̟ñ f- || ñii̟n f- |- | rear/raise || *koɗ || koɗ || || koɗ || koɗ || kod |- | honey || *kV-(C)u̟m || ku̟um k- || ku̟um || || (d)ku̟um k- || ku̟um k- |- | horse || *panis̟ || pen̟is̟ f- || pan̟is̟ || panis || pan̟is̟ f- || |- | causative || *-iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ |- | anticausative || *-ox || -uk || -ok || -uk || -oh || -ox |- | reversive || *-i̟s || -i̟s || -i̟s || -is || -i̟s || -i̟s |- | negative || *-ɗii || -ɗii || || -ɗi || || |}
==See also== *Serer language *List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions (Wiktionary)
==Footnotes== {{reflist}}
==References== *Walter Pichl, ''The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal'', Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20 *Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180907/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431 "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'"]. ''Language Isolates in Africa'' workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4
{{Languages of the Gambia}} {{Atlantic languages}} {{Serer topics|state=collapsed}} {{Portal bar|Senegal|Gambia|Mauritania}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cangin Languages}} Category:Cangin languages languages Category:Languages of Senegal Category:Languages of the Gambia Category:Languages of Mauritania