Canadian peacekeeping

{{Short description|None}} {{good article}} [[File:UN-Marty.jpg|upright=1|thumb|alt=a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet |Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctive flag of Canada and UN blue helmet]] Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every United Nations peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.<ref name="Rudderham 2008 pp. 359–384">{{cite journal | last=Rudderham | first=M. A. | title=Canada and United Nations Peace Operations: Challenges, Opportunities, and Canada's Response | journal=International Journal | publisher=[Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] | volume=63 | issue=2 | year=2008 | issn=0020-7020 | jstor=40204368 | pages=359–384 | doi=10.1177/002070200806300210 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40204368| url-access=subscription }}</ref> More than 125,000 Canadians have served in international peacekeeping operations, with approximately 130 Canadians having died during these operations.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796">{{cite web | title=Canada and Peacekeeping | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Jun 30, 2023 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peacekeeping | access-date=Mar 14, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226043915/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peacekeeping | url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's support for multilateralism and internationalism has been closely related to its peacekeeping efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sens |first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Global Politics |last2=Stoett |first2=Peter |publisher=Nelson Education |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-17-648249-7 |edition=5th |page=6 |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233508/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plans at a glance and operating context | work=GAC |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/priorities-priorites.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=August 4, 2020 |publisher=Global Affairs Canada |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925025404/https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/priorities-priorites.aspx?lang=eng | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref><ref name="Munton Keating 2001 pp. 517–549">{{cite journal | last1=Munton | first1=Don | last2=Keating | first2=Tom | title=Internationalism and the Canadian Public | journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique | publisher=Canadian Political Science Association | volume=34 | issue=3 | year=2001 | issn=0008-4239 | jstor=3233002 | pages=517–549 | doi=10.1017/S0008423901777992 | s2cid=154625162 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3233002 | access-date=March 5, 2024 | archive-date=September 22, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922070235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3233002 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Canada actively promotes its domestically shared values through its foreign affairs engagements.<ref>{{cite book | last=James | first=Patrick | title=Religion, Identity, and Global Governance | publisher=University of Toronto Press | date=January 1, 2011 | isbn=978-1-4426-4066-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW0-afj9KNkC&dq=Canada+promotes+its+domestically+shared+values+through+its+its+foreign+relations&pg=PA284 | page=284}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=How Should Canada Promote Democracy and Good Governance Internationally? | website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute | date=August 1, 2018 | url=https://www.cgai.ca/how_should_canada_promote_democracy_and_good_governance_internationally | access-date=March 18, 2025}}</ref>

Canada's role in the development of and participation in peacekeeping during the 20th century led to its reputation as a positive middle power.<ref name="Chapnick2011a">{{Cite book |last=Chapnick |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2 |title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1 |pages=2–5 |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233503/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabryś Soroka 2017 p. 39">{{cite book | last1=Gabryś | first1=M. | last2=Soroka | first2=T. | title=Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 | publisher=Neriton, Wydawnictwo | series=Societas | year=2017 | isbn=978-83-7638-792-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | page=39 | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226190900/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's successful role in mediating the 1956 Suez Canal Crisis gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the common good of all nations.<ref name="Donaghy 2016 pp. 313–327">{{cite journal | last=Donaghy | first=Greg | title=The politics of accommodation: Canada, the Middle East, and the Suez Crisis, 1950–1956 | journal=International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis | volume=71 | issue=2 | date=2016 | issn=0020-7020 | doi=10.1177/0020702016643261 | pages=313–327}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gaffen|first=Fred|title=In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping|year=1987|publisher=Deneau & Wayne Publishers |page=43}}</ref> The Canadian public came to identify the nation's peacekeeping role as the country's top contribution in international affairs.<ref name="Anker 2005 j845">{{cite web | last=Anker | first=Lane | title=Peacekeeping and Public Opinion | publisher=Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy | date=June 20, 2005 | url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no2/public-eng.asp | access-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 10, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210170912/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no2/public-eng.asp | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176">{{cite journal | last=Carroll | first=Michael K | title=Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future? | journal=International Journal | publisher=[Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] | volume=71 | issue=1 | year=2016 | issn=0020-7020 | jstor=44631172 | pages=167–176 | doi=10.1177/0020702015619857 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 | access-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Murray Gecelovsky 2021 p. 187">{{cite book | last1=Murray | first1=R.W. | last2=Gecelovsky | first2=P. | title=The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Canada and International Affairs | year=2021 | isbn=978-3-030-67770-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBcsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |pages=187–189}}</ref>

Canada faced controversy over its involvement in some peacekeeping efforts resulting in a military reassessment in the late 1990s.<ref name="United Nations 2008 v869">{{cite web | title=Honouring 60 Years of United Nations Peacekeeping | publisher=United Nations | date=May 29, 2008 | url=https://www.un.org/en/events/peacekeepersday/2008/60years.shtml | access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> By the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts greatly declined, with its military participation reallocated to UN-sanctioned operations through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).<ref name="McQuaig2010bt">{{cite book|author=Linda McQuaig|title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50|year=2010|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0-385-67297-9|page=50}}</ref> This military reallocation resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions, rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<ref name="James Michaud OReilly 2006 p. 177">{{cite book | last1=James | first1=P. | last2=Michaud | first2=N. | last3=O'Reilly | first3=M. | title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 | page=177}}</ref>

==Foreign relations context== {{Further|Foreign relations of Canada}} [[File:Global Peace Index 2023.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Global Peace Index 2023. Countries appearing with a deeper shade of green are ranked as more peaceful, countries appearing more red are ranked as more violent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Global Peace Index Map » The Most & Least Peaceful Countries |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Vision of Humanity |language=en-US}}</ref>]] Canada's foreign policy of peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peacemaking, and peacebuilding has been intertwined with its tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions since the end of World War II.<ref name="Edgar 2002 pp. 107–117">{{cite journal | last=Edgar | first=Alistair D. | title=Canada's changing participation in international peacekeeping and peace enforcement: What, if anything, does it mean? | journal=Canadian Foreign Policy Journal | volume=10 | issue=1 | date=2002 | issn=1192-6422 | doi=10.1080/11926422.2002.9673309 | pages=107–117}}</ref><ref name="Keating 2002 p.">{{cite book | last=Keating | first=T.F. | title=Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-19-541529-2 | pages=108, 112}}</ref><ref name="Whitworth 2004 p. 91">{{cite book | last=Whitworth | first=S. | title=Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis | publisher=Lynne Rienner Pub. | series=Critical security studies | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58826-296-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82TxOTLCMK4C&pg=PA91 | page=91 | access-date=2024-03-05 | archive-date=2024-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030635/https://books.google.com/books?id=82TxOTLCMK4C&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabryś Soroka 2017 p. 40">{{cite book | last1=Gabryś | first1=M. | last2=Soroka | first2=T. | title=Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 | publisher=Neriton, Wydawnictwo | series=Societas | year=2017 | isbn=978-83-7638-792-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 | page=40}}</ref> Canada's central role in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in late 1940s,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights |last=Schabas |first=William |journal=McGill Law Journal |page=403 |volume=43 |year=1998 |url =https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/5890478-43.Schabas.pdf}}</ref><ref name="g398">{{cite web | last=McPhail | first=Brenda | title=Canada & The UN: Past And Present | website=CCLA | date=2016-05-18 | url=https://ccla.org/uncategorized/canada-the-un-past-and-present/ | access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref> and peacekeeping in the mid-1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fred Gaffen|title=In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping|year=1987|publisher=Deneau & Wayne Publishers|page=[https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/43 43]|isbn=978-0-88879-160-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/43}}</ref> Canada has since been engaged with the United Nations, NATO and the European Union (EU) in promoting its middle power status into an active role in world affairs.<ref name="c733">{{cite book | last=McKercher | first=B.J.C. | title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge handbooks | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-66437-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGypAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 | access-date=June 17, 2024 | page=131}}</ref><ref name="Juneau Momani 2022 p. 131">{{cite book | last1=Juneau | first1=T. | last2=Momani | first2=B. | title=Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-4875-2847-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izRjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 | page=131}}</ref>

The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-twentieth century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts.<ref name="s080">{{cite book | last1=Harris | first1=C. | last2=Matthews | first2=G.J. | last3=Kerr | first3=D. | last4=Holdsworth | first4=D.W. | last5=Gentilcore | first5=R.L. | title=Historical Atlas of Canada: Addressing the twentieth century, 1891-1961 | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-8020-3448-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pD7vTXLqkugC&pg=PA118 | access-date=Jun 5, 2024 | page=118}}</ref> In the early Cold-War years, Canada served as a mediator in international conflicts.<ref name="o407">{{cite book | last1=Courtney | first1=J. | last2=Courtney | first2=J.C. | last3=Smith | first3=D. | title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics | publisher=OUP USA | series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-533535-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA363 |page=363}}</ref> The notion of peacekeeping became deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its closest ally, the United States.<ref name="Gutiérrez-Haces 2018 s015">{{cite book | last=Gutiérrez-Haces | first=Maria Teresa | title=Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy | series=Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes &#124; International Canadian Studies Series | date=Nov 6, 2018 | pages=231–250 | publisher=University of Ottawa Press | isbn=978-0-7766-2722-9 | url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en | access-date=March 4, 2024 | archive-date=March 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065237/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176"/><ref name="Anon. u211">{{cite web| title= Canada's Current Role in World| url= https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4| publisher= Environics Institute for Survey Research| access-date= 2024-03-04| archive-date= 2024-03-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065232/https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4| url-status= live}}</ref>

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are lacking UN Security Council approval,<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63">{{cite book | last1=Mingst | first1=K. | last2=Karns | first2=M.P. | title=The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-000-30674-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk2fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63| page=63}}</ref> such as the Vietnam War, the 2003 Iraq War and 2026 Iran war.<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63"/> Canada has participated in US-led, UN-sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, in Afghanistan and Libya.<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63"/> The country also participates with its NATO allies in UN-sanctioned missions, such as the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti.<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594">{{cite journal | last=Massie | first=Justin | title=Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions | journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=52 | issue=3 | date=2019-04-30 | issn=0008-4239 | doi=10.1017/s0008423919000040 | pages=575–594}}</ref><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63"/>

==History == {{See also|Military history of Canada|United Nations peacekeeping}}

===Inception of modern peacekeeping === {{further|History of United Nations peacekeeping}} {{external media |width =180px | float =right | video1 ='''[https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/educational-videos/record-of-service/record-of-service-peace-operations "Peace Operations "]''' – Historica Canada - Record of Service. (2:45)}} {{external media |width =180px | float =right | video1 ='''[https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/minutes/dextraze-congo The Lost Heritage Minute - “Lester B. Pearson” (variously called “Cyprus” and “Peacekeepers”)"]''' – Historica Canada. - Heritage Minutes (1:02)}} Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during the Suez Crisis.<ref name="LoweRoberts2008">{{cite book|author1=Alan Vaughan Lowe|author2=Adam Roberts|author3=Jennifer Welsh|title=The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROlQUFZIpoC&pg=PA280|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-953343-5|page=280|author1-link=Alan Vaughan Lowe}}</ref> Pearson and Canada found themselves mediating a conflict involving their closest allies when the United States opposed the British, French, and Israeli invasion of Egypt.<ref name=pearson>{{cite book|author=Andrew Cohen|title=Lester B. Pearson|url=https://archive.org/details/lesterbpearson0000cohe|url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Canada|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lesterbpearson0000cohe/page/116 116–125]|isbn=978-0-14-317269-7}}</ref> During United Nations meetings, Pearson proposed to the security council that a United Nations police force be established to prevent further conflict in the region, allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution.<ref name="Gaffen1987fvbnj">{{cite book|author=Fred Gaffen|title=In the eye of the storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping|year=1987|publisher=Deneau & Wayne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/40 40–41]|isbn=978-0-88879-160-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/40}}</ref> Pearson's proposal would intercede and divide the combatants, and form a buffer zone or 'human shield' between the opposing forces, offering to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war.<ref name=pearson/><ref name="o667">{{cite journal | last=Bligh | first=Alexander | title=The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), 1956–67: Past Experience, Current Lessons | journal=Middle Eastern Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. | volume=50 | issue=5 | year=2014 | issn=0026-3206 | jstor=24585888 | pages=796–809 | doi=10.1080/00263206.2014.934815 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24585888 | access-date=Sep 13, 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Pearson would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 and be called "the father of modern peacekeeping" for his role during the Suez Crisis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holloway |first=Steven Kendall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&pg=PA102 |title=Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55111-816-1 |pages=102–103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mays |first=Terry M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVR1vPCXObsC&pg=PA218 |title=Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping |date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7516-6 |pages=218–}}</ref><ref name="Durch 2006 p. 12">{{cite book | last=Durch | first=W.J. | title=Twenty-first-century Peace Operations | publisher=United States Institute of Peace and the Henry L. Stimson Center | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-929223-91-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MkNHrHMMukC&pg=PR12 | page=12 | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030706/https://books.google.com/books?id=2MkNHrHMMukC&pg=PR12#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> He would go on to serve as the 14th Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968 overseeing the creation of the distinctly Canadian flag that is worn by Canadian peacekeepers.<ref name="Heritage 2017 l661">{{cite web | last=Heritage | first=Canadian | title=The history of the National Flag of Canada | website=Canada.ca | date=Aug 28, 2017 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-history.html#a4 | access-date=Mar 26, 2024}}</ref> During the Suez Crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government originally objected to Canadian forces as the Canada's Red Ensign contained the same symbol (the Union Flag) used by the United Kingdom, one of the belligerents.<ref name="Internet Archive 2023 y459">{{cite web | title=A country nourished on self-doubt : documents in post-confederation Canadian history : Thorner, Thomas : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=March 25, 2023 | url=https://archive.org/details/countrynourished00thor/page/12/mode/2up|page=48| access-date=April 1, 2024}}</ref> Pearson in 1967 summarized Canadian foreign policy as "based on Canadian considerations, Canadian values and Canadian interests."<ref name="w742">{{cite book | last=Spencer | first=R.A. | title=Canadian Foreign Policy, Conservative Style | publisher=Canadian Institute of International Affairs | series=Behind the headlines | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpYTAAAAIAAJ | language=de | access-date=2025-03-18 | page=14}}</ref>

===Peacekeeping efforts ===

Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.<ref name="Rudderham 2008 pp. 359–384"/> Prior to the creation of the formal UN peacekeeping system, Canada had engaged in UN intervention operations, notably the 1948 mission in the second Kashmir conflict.<ref name="Cohen2011c">{{cite book|author=Andrew Cohen|title=While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U916ZPBzengC&pg=PT82|year= 2011|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-1-55199-587-8|page=82}}</ref> Since 1953 Canada has been involved in the first international unified command (UNCMAC) in support of the ongoing armistice between North and South Korea,<ref name="Defence 2019 p580">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) | website=Canada.ca | date=March 14, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-command-military-armistice-commission.html | access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref> and played a central role in the International Control Commission (ICC), which tried to broker peace in Vietnam beginning in 1954.<ref name="Preston 2003 pp. 73–111">{{cite journal | last=Preston | first=Andrew | title=Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965 | journal=Diplomatic History | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0145-2096 | jstor=24914431 | pages=73–111 | doi=10.1111/1467-7709.00340 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24914431 | access-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163750/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914431 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{external media |width =180px | float =right | video1 ='''[https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/minutes/dextraze-congo" Dextraze in the Congo"]''' – Historica Canada. - Heritage Minutes (1:01 min) }} High-profile UN peacekeeping missions involving Canada include those in Congo (1961), Cyprus (1964), Lebanon (1978), Angola (1989), Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1993), East Timor (1999), Haiti (2004), Mali (2013), and observation missions in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights during the mid-1970s.<ref name="Fleitz2002">{{cite book|author=Frederick H. Fleitz|title=Peacekeeping fiascoes of the 1990s: causes, solutions, and U.S. interests|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2SVdcTND_AC&pg=PA54|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97367-4|pages=54–55}}</ref> Canada also participated in multiple missions in the Balkans with the UN, NATO and the EU in Croatia from 1991 to 1995; Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 2010; Kosovo from 1998 to 1999; and the former Republic of Macedonia in 2001.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 f991">{{cite web | title=Balkans | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=March 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/caf-operations/balkans | access-date=Mar 23, 2024}}</ref>

Since 1989, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) have been involved in peacekeeping missions related to training law enforcement personnel,<ref name="Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada 2019 i056">{{cite web | title=The International Police Peacekeeping and Peace Operations Program | website=Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada | date=January 11, 2019 | url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/ntrntnl-plc-pckpng-en.aspx | ref={{sfnref | Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada | 2019}} | access-date=March 5, 2024 | archive-date=March 5, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305042515/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/ntrntnl-plc-pckpng-en.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> notably the United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) from 1997 to 2000<ref name="Antonini 2015 p.">{{cite book | last=Antonini | first=Blanca | editor-first1=Joachim A. | editor-first2=Thierry | editor-first3=Norrie | editor-first4=Paul D. | editor-last1=Koops | editor-last2=Tardy | editor-last3=MacQueen | editor-last4=Williams | title=United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2015-07-09 | doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.53 | page=12}}</ref><ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 q842">{{cite web | title=The RCMP and overseas service | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=March 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/art-hub/rcmp-overseas-service | access-date=Mar 14, 2024 | archive-date=February 15, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215145741/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/art-hub/rcmp-overseas-service | url-status=live }}</ref> and the NATO led missions in Afghanistan for over a decade.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 q842"/>

===Personnel contributions === {{further|List of countries by number of United Nations peacekeepers contributed}} [[File:DFC Adrian Foster and Deputy Police commissioner Mike Aubry (6115919480)~2-crop.jpg|alt=a person in a police uniform wearing a United Nations blue beret|upright|thumb|Royal Canadian Mounted Police peacekeeper in 2011 wearing the distinctive UN blue beret]] Canada provided the most amount of UN peacekeepers during the Cold War with approximately 80,000 personnel{{Snd}}equivalent to 10 percent of total UN forces.<ref name="Dorn Libben 2018 pp. 257–281">{{cite journal | last1=Dorn | first1=A. Walter | last2=Libben | first2=Joshua | title=Preparing for peace: Myths and realities of Canadian peacekeeping training | journal=International Journal | publisher=[Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] | volume=73 | issue=2 | year=2018 | issn=0020-7020 | jstor=26499686 | pages=257–281 | doi=10.1177/0020702018788552 | s2cid=149978007 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686 | access-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229165415/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="NAOC 2019 v753">{{cite web | title=The Fall of Canadian Peacekeeping: Should It Be Revived? | website=NAOC | date=2019-07-31 | url=https://natoassociation.ca/the-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived/ | access-date=2024-03-14 | quote=This event began the era of Canadian domination of peacekeeping. Canada ranks first in the amount of peacekeepers provided during the Cold War. During this time, Canada was also the only country to be a part of every UN peacekeeping operation. Canada provided 80,000 peacekeepers (10 percent of the UN total) before UN peacekeepers won the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. All these accomplishments show that Canada used to be a world leader in peacekeeping. | archive-date=2024-03-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314001819/https://natoassociation.ca/the-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In all, more than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomats{{Snd}}including over 4,000 Canadian police officers{{Snd}}have served in peacekeeping operations.<ref name="Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2024 f342">{{cite web | title=The benefits of policing beyond Canadian borders | website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police | date=2024-01-15 | url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/the-benefits-policing-canadian-borders | access-date=2024-02-29 | archive-date=2024-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229203408/https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/the-benefits-policing-canadian-borders | url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 130 Canadians have died in service of peacekeeping operations, with 123 of these deaths occurring during UN missions.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796"/>

Canada's ongoing participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (Operation Snowgoose) that began in 1964, has seen over 33,000 Canadians serve with 28 deaths.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2023 l150">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Dec 5, 2023 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-cyprus | access-date=Mar 13, 2024 | archive-date=March 13, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313061647/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-cyprus | url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's largest contribution of approximately 40,000 personnel and resulting in 23 deaths, took place from 1992 to 2010 in multiple operations in the Balkans during and after the Yugoslav Wars.<ref name="Defence 2016 d710">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 25, 2016 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/canadian-armed-forces-operations-bosnia-herzegovina.html | access-date=Mar 23, 2024}}</ref> The death of nine Canadian Armed Forces personnel when their Buffalo 461 was shot down over Syria on August 9, 1974, remains the largest single death toll in Canadian peacekeeping history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/10/archives/9-killed-in-un-plane-downed-in-syria-denial-in-tel-aviv-israel.html |title=9 Killed in U.N. Plane Downed in Syria |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 August 1974 |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217050229/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/10/archives/9-killed-in-un-plane-downed-in-syria-denial-in-tel-aviv-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://undof.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/Golan%20Journal%20100%2C%20July%20-%20September%202004.pdf |title=Canadian Remember Lost Peacekeepers |journal=Golan: The UNDOF Journal |date=July–September 2004 |issue=100 |page=11 |access-date=2024-02-27 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217045349/https://undof.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/Golan |url-status=live }}</ref> The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti saw the death of two Canadian RCMP peacekeepers as a result of the 2010 earthquake.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 f623">{{cite web | title=Haiti | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=2009-03-25 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/caf-operations/haiti | access-date=2024-03-05 | archive-date=2024-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305040748/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/caf-operations/haiti | url-status=live }}</ref>

Canada's "high point" of participation took place in April 1993, when there was 3,336 Canadian UN peacekeepers,<ref name="Home 2023 j921">{{cite web | authorlink=Walter Dorn | title=Tracking the Promises -- Canada's Current Contributions to UN Peacekeeping | publisher=Canadian Forces College | first=Dr. Walter | last=Dorn | date=September 30, 2023 | url=https://www.walterdorn.net/256 | access-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226163446/https://www.walterdorn.net/256 | url-status=live }}</ref> with a record low number of 17 UN designated CAF members and 9 police officers deployed in July 2024.<ref name="Home 2023 j921"/> Canada's military in the same period had over 3,000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple non-peacekeeping operations.<ref name="Defence 2015 t917">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list | website=Canada.ca | year=2024 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html | access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref> Canada has been criticized domestically and internationally for its non-fulfillment of UN personnel commitments in the 21st century.<ref name="Murray Gecelovsky 2021 p. 187"/><ref name="Berthiaume 2020 y410">{{cite web | last=Berthiaume | first=Lee | title='Promises were made and not kept,' former Liberals slam failure on peacekeeping | website=CP24 | date=Dec 13, 2020 | url=https://www.cp24.com/news/promises-were-made-and-not-kept-former-liberals-slam-failure-on-peacekeeping-1.5229276?cache=baaosfalzs | access-date=Mar 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Vanderperre 2017 t997">{{cite web | last=Vanderperre | first=Julie | title=Canada Is Still Wavering in Its Pledge to UN Peacekeeping | website=PassBlue | date=April 20, 2017 | url=https://www.passblue.com/2017/04/20/canada-is-still-wavering-in-its-pledge-to-un-peacekeeping/ | access-date=March 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Canadian Press Berthiaume 2023 t927">{{cite web | author=The Canadian Press | last2=Berthiaume | first2=Lee | title=Canada slow to deliver UN 200 peacekeeping soldiers | website=CTVNews | date=Apr 13, 2023 | url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/mia-no-sign-of-canadian-quick-reaction-force-first-pledged-to-un-in-2017/ | access-date=Mar 19, 2024}}</ref>

===Peacekeeping assessment === {{further-text|Peacekeeping assessment|Criticism of peacekeeping }}

Assessments of peacekeeping operations deemed they are generally successful, usually resulted in long-term peace.<ref> *{{cite book | last=Fortna | first=V.P. | title=Does Peacekeeping Work?: Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-4008-3773-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZryFK8lI4cC&pg=PA8 |page=8}} *{{cite book | last1=Di Salvatore | first1=Jessica | last2=Ruggeri | first2=Andrea | title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics | chapter=Effectiveness of Peacekeeping Operations | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2017-09-26 | isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 | doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.586 }} *{{cite journal | last1=Hegre | first1=Håvard | last2=Hultman | first2=Lisa | last3=Nygård | first3=Håvard Mokleiv | title=Evaluating the Conflict-Reducing Effect of UN Peacekeeping Operations | journal=The Journal of Politics | volume=81 | issue=1 | date=2019 | issn=0022-3816 | doi=10.1086/700203 | pages=215–232| doi-access=free }} *{{cite book | last=Fomerand | first=J. | title=The A to Z of the United Nations | publisher=Scarecrow Press | series=The A to Z Guide Series | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-8108-7020-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB1ZxAUvbP0C&pg=PR108 | page=108}} *{{cite journal | last1=Walter | first1=Barbara F. | last2=Howard | first2=Lise Morjé | last3=Fortna | first3=V. Page | title=The Astonishing Success of Peacekeeping | journal=Foreign Affairs | date=November 29, 2021 | url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2021-11-29/astonishing-success-peacekeeping?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=dsa_tfd&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwwr6wBhBcEiwAfMEQs6fwDso0w89ayRpZFQ4x6uDJprSKMJzpaJPZbKBjktyZQy9o7wfm1BoCXAYQAvD_BwE | access-date=April 5, 2024}}</ref> The post–Cold War era has seen the concept and practice of peacekeeping evolve significantly.<ref name="Diehl Richmond 2022 pp. 205–235">{{cite journal | last1=Diehl | first1=Paul F. | last2=Richmond | first2=Oliver P. | title=The Changing Face(s) of Peace Operations: Critical and Behavioral-Quantitative Paths for Future Research | journal=Journal of International Peacekeeping | publisher=Brill | volume=25 | issue=3 | date=Oct 25, 2022 | issn=1875-4104 | doi=10.1163/18754112-25030003 | pages=205–235| doi-access=free }}</ref> Traditionally focused on ceasefire monitoring and maintaining stability in conflict zones, peacekeeping missions evolved to have a wider range of activities including; peace enforcement, protecting civilians, promoting human rights, and supporting political processes in post-conflict societies.<ref name="Bellamy Hunt 2015 pp. 1277–1298">{{cite journal | last1=Bellamy | first1=Alex J. | last2=Hunt | first2=Charles T. | title=Twenty-first century UN peace operations: protection, force and the changing security environment | journal=International Affairs | publisher=[Wiley, Royal Institute of International Affairs] | volume=91 | issue=6 | year=2015 | issn=0020-5850 | jstor=24539055 | pages=1277–1298 | doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12456 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24539055 | access-date=Apr 11, 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="x718">{{cite web | last=Hillmer | first=Norman | title=The Canadian Peacekeeping Tradition | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=July 31, 2008 | url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-canadian-peacekeeping-impulse-feature | access-date=April 2, 2026}}</ref> {{external media |width =180px | float =right | video1 ='''[https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1.3714491 "Canada's peacekeepers face a troubled world "]''' – CBC News: The National. 2016 (5:10 mins)}} Critics argue that Canadian personnel may not consistently had the necessary training or resources to successfully navigate complex and volatile environments, leading to mixed results in their peacekeeping and peace enforcement efforts.<ref name="Dorn 2013 s966">{{cite web | last=Dorn | first=Walter | title=Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth | website=Royal Canadian Military Institute | date=March 17, 2013 | url=https://walterdorn.net/pdf/CanadianPeacekeeping-NoMyth_Dorn_SitRep_April2007.pdf | access-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-date=March 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308095243/https://walterdorn.net/pdf/CanadianPeacekeeping-NoMyth_Dorn_SitRep_April2007.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Other criticisms include the perceived lack of clear objectives and mission parameters.<ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176"/>

Canadian troops have been accused of being complicit in human rights abuses,<ref name="Razack 2000 pp. 127–163">{{cite journal | last=Razack | first=Sherene | title=From the | journal=Cultural Anthropology | publisher=[Wiley, American Anthropological Association] | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=2000 | issn=0886-7356| jstor=656642 | pages=127–163 | doi=10.1525/can.2000.15.1.127 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/656642 | url-access=subscription | doi-access=free }}</ref> notably in 1993 when the Canadian Armed Forces were deployed during the Somali Civil War to support UNOSOM I in a peace enforcement capacity.<ref name="Thakur 1994 pp. 387–410">{{cite journal | last=Thakur | first=Ramesh | title=From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=32 | issue=3 | year=1994 | issn=0022-278X| jstor=161981 | pages=387–410 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00015159 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/161981 | access-date=Apr 11, 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Nossal2002um">{{cite book|author=Kim Richard Nossal|title=Diplomatic Departures: Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il8uF1FX7J4C&pg=PA120|year=2002|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0865-1|page=120}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Farnsworth |first=Clyde H |date=November 27, 1994 |title=Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501200128/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Dawson 2011 p. 3">{{cite book | last=Dawson | first=G. | title="Here Is Hell": Canada's Engagement in Somalia | publisher=UBC Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-7748-4016-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHe9h45lyQoC&pg=PA3 | page=3 | access-date=2024-03-05 | archive-date=2024-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030730/https://books.google.com/books?id=eHe9h45lyQoC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> Soldiers from the Canadian Airborne Regiment tortured and killed a 16-year-old youth who broke into the encampment.<ref name=canencsompck/><ref name="Razack2004">{{cite book|author=Sherene Razack|title=Dark threats and white knights: the Somalia Affair, peacekeeping, and the new imperialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc6K0T58yMsC&pg=PA4|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8663-1|page=4}}</ref> Known as the Somalia affair, the incident has been described as "the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military" and led to the regiment's disbandment.<ref name="canencsompck">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia|title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia|date=2 August 2019|last=Foot|first=Richard|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen 2010 p. 160">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=S.A. | title=Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=BESA studies in international security | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-135-16956-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | access-date=2024-02-27 | page=160 | archive-date=2024-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304062940/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Canadian troops and the UN system have been accused of failing to adequately protect civilian populations in conflict zones,<ref name="Journal of Conflict Studies r794">{{cite journal | title=View of Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide? | journal=Journal of Conflict Studies | date=August 2000 | url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4333/4968 | access-date=Mar 19, 2024 | last1=Dorn | first1=A. Walter | last2=Matloff | first2=Jonathan }}</ref> notably in 1994 when Canadian troops were deployed to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda. The mission was criticized for the perceived failure to prevent or intervene in the genocide that occurred, despite Canadian General Roméo Dallaire warning top UN officials of an impending humanitarian crisis.<ref name=huffrawanda>{{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Smin|title=The UN, Rwanda and the "Genocide Fax" – 20 Years Later|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/simon-adams/rwanda-genocide-anniversary_b_4613571.html|website=Huffington Post|access-date=14 April 2015|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925010333/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/simon-adams/rwanda-genocide-anniversary_b_4613571.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2022 k624">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=May 2, 2022 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-rwanda | access-date=Mar 19, 2024}}</ref> On 11 January 1994, General Dallaire, commander of UNAMIR, sent his "now infamous genocide fax" to UN headquarters, stating [the informant] has been ordered to register all Tutsi in Kigali to prepare "for their extermination".<ref name=huffrawanda/>

===Military reallocation in the 21st century=== {{further-text|Military history of Canada in the 21st century}} [[File:SQ ONUCIcrop.jpg|thumb| upright|UN police officers from Sûreté du Québec during the UN operation in Côte d'Ivoire (2008)]]

A period of reassessment took place in late 1990s within the Canadian military and the United Nations after the Somalia and Rwanda missions.<ref name="MacKay 2021 l813">{{cite web | last=MacKay | first=Peter | title=Peacekeeping is not suited to today's conflicts | website=Policy Options | date=Mar 3, 2021 | url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2018/peacekeeping-is-not-suited-to-todays-conflicts/ | access-date=Mar 18, 2024}}</ref> This led to the UN Security Council reducing the number of new operations,<ref name="United Nations Peacekeeping 2016 m541">{{cite web | title=Our history | website=United Nations Peacekeeping | date=October 20, 2016 | url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history | access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref> and thus a significant decline in Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796"/> Canada began redeploying its military efforts to multilateral UN-sanctioned operations through NATO, rather than directly to the UN by the turn of the century.<ref name="McQuaig2010bt"/> Despite the military reallocation the Canadian public views its smaller peacekeeping efforts in the 21st century as its "most important contribution to the world".<ref name="Murray Gecelovsky 2021 p. 187"/><ref name="e626">{{cite book | last=Kozolanka | first=Kirsten | title=Publicity and the Canadian State | publisher=University of Toronto Press | publication-place=Toronto ; Buffalo ; London | date=2014-01-01 | isbn=978-1-4426-1590-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zT_7AgAAQBAJ&dq=Canada+promotes+its+domestically+shared+values+through+its+its+foreign+relations+participating+in+multiple+international+organizations&pg=PA175 | oclc=865495497 | page=175}}</ref> A 2024 poll by CanWaCH found that 77% of Canadians believe it's important for Canada to help other countries in need.<ref name="m585">{{cite web | last=Mwalagho | first=Hudson Biko | title=Nine in 10 Canadians strongly support Canada's role on the global stage, new survey finds | website=CanWaCH | date=2024-11-01 | url=https://canwach.ca/article/nine-in-10-canadians-strongly-support-canadas-role-on-the-global-stage/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CDespite%20the%20focus%20on%20domestic,contribute%20to%20solving%20global%20challenges.%E2%80%9D | language=fr | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> {{external media |width =180px | float =right | video1 ='''[https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1.7139900 "Canada marks 10 years since the Afghanistan military mission's end"]''' – CBC News: The National. 2024 (2;49 mins)}}

The military reallocation in the 21st century resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions, where Canadian troops were tasked with combat and security support roles rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<ref name="James Michaud OReilly 2006 p. 177"/> Most notably in several missions and campaigns in support of the global war on terror.<ref name="Schalk 2023 p. 17">{{cite book | last=Schalk | first=O. | title=Canada in Afghanistan | publisher=James Lorimer Limited, Publishers | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-4594-1766-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gM_eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 | page=17}}</ref><ref name="Defence 2020 g339">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=ARCHER (ENDURING FREEDOM) | website=Canada.ca | date=October 26, 2020 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/archer.html | access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref> Canada's participation in the Afghanistan war (2001&ndash;2014) saw 165 Canadian deaths, the largest for any single Canadian military mission since the Korean War in the early 1950s.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2001 e998">{{cite web | title=Canada and the War in Afghanistan | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Sep 11, 2001 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan | access-date=March 25, 2024|quote=In total, 165 Canadians died during the war in Afghanistan (158 soldiers, 7 civilians). More than 2,000 members of the CAF were wounded or injured during the war.}}</ref><ref name="Defence 2016 d621">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Canada in Afghanistan (2001-2014) | website=Canada.ca | date=Aug 30, 2016 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/afghanistan.html | access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> Many within Canadian society expressed opposition to Canada's combative roles in Afghanistan on the grounds that it was inconsistent with Canada's historic role of peacekeeping.<ref name="Charbonneau Cox 2010 p. 119">{{cite book | last1=Charbonneau | first1=B. | last2=Cox | first2=W.S. | title=Locating Global Order: American Power and Canadian Security after 9/11 | publisher=UBC Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-7748-5966-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESyG4mAgcRMC&pg=PA119| page=119}}</ref><ref name="Anker 2005 j845e">{{cite web | last=Anker | first=Lane | title=Peacekeeping and Public Opinion | publisher=Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy | date=Jun 20, 2005 | url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no2/public-eng.asp | access-date=Apr 4, 2024}}</ref> The Canadian government rhetoric of peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding in support of the Afghanistan war despite Canada's combat roles was a point of contention within Canadian society.<ref name="Melnyk 2011 pp. 5–29">{{cite journal | author-link1 =George Melnyk | last=Melnyk | first=George | title=Canada and Afghanistan: Peacemaking as Counter-Insurgency Warfare; A Study in Political Rhetoric | journal=Peace Research | publisher=Canadian Mennonite University | volume=43 | issue=1 | year=2011 | issn=0008-4697 | jstor=23607861 | pages=5–29 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23607861 }}</ref>

Alongside many domestic obligations and a few ongoing peacekeeping missions such as the Multinational Force and Observers operation in the Sinai Peninsula, the Canadian Armed Forces, police and civilian personnel are currently deployed in multiple foreign military operations.<ref name="Defence 2024 t917"/> Notable missions include; Operation Unifier in Ukraine training military personnel, Operation Caribbe in the Caribbean Sea related to the elimination of organized crime, Operation Projection in the Asia-Pacific, Euro-Atlantic and African regions in support of NATO operations related to maritime security and Operation Impact as part of the military intervention against ISIL.<ref name="Defence 2024 t917">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list | website=Canada.ca | date=2024-03-27 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html | access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>

==Financing== {{further-text|United Nations funding}} {{Bar chart | title = UN contributions (2022) | label_type = <small>Member state</small> | data_type =<small>% of UN budget</small><ref>{{cite web |url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/76/238 |title=Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126174504/https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/76/238 |url-status=live }}</ref> | bar_width = 8.75 | float = right | data_max = 22.000 | label1 = <small>{{flag|United States}}</small> | data1 = 22.000 | label2 = <small>{{flag|China}}</small> | data2 = 15.254 | label3 = <small>{{flag|Japan}}</small> | data3 = 8.033 | label4 = <small>{{flag|Germany}}</small> | data4 = 6.111 | label5 = <small>{{flag|United Kingdom}}</small> | data5 = 4.375 | label6 = <small>{{flag|France}}</small> | data6 = 4.318 | label7 = <small>{{flag|Italy}}</small> | data7 = 3.189 | label8 = <small>{{flag|Canada}}</small> | data8 = 2.628 }} The unpredictability of peacekeeping operations makes forecasting costs a challenging task for policymakers and budget planners.<ref name="Trade 1999 p."/> Canada has always fulfilled its financial commitment to the UN by paying its dues "in full, on time and without conditions" unlike other nations.<ref name="Murray Gecelovsky 2021 p. 187"/><ref name="Trade 1999 p.">{{cite book | last=Trade | first=Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International | title=Performance Report for the Period Ending ... | date=1999 | isbn=0-660-61432-4|url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-4-38-2000E.pdf | page=54| publisher=Government Review and Quality Services, Treasury Board Secretariat }}</ref> In 2022 Canada was the eighth-largest UN peace operations financial contributor with approximately $198.8&nbsp;million for ongoing missions worldwide.<ref name="Canada 2023 x514">{{cite web | last=Canada | first=Global Affairs | title=Statement to mark International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers | website=Canada.ca | date=May 29, 2023 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/05/statement-to-mark-international-day-of-united-nations-peacekeepers.html | access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> Canada in total allocated $2.49&nbsp;billion to multiple UN organizations including those related to peacekeeping, policing, research, training, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution.<ref name="Prime Minister of Canada 2023 a314">{{cite web | title=Prime Minister advances progress toward a peaceful, healthy future at United Nations General Assembly | website=Prime Minister of Canada | date=Sep 21, 2023 | url=https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/09/21/prime-minister-adv-progress-toward-peaceful-healthy-future | access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> Canada's total military expenditure in the same period was approximately $26.9&nbsp;billion, or around 1.2&nbsp;percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) — placing it 14th for military expenditure by country.<ref name="SIPRI-2022">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute}}</ref>{{Clear}}

==Recognition== {{see also|United Nations Medal|Canadian war memorials|Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada}} [[File:Peacekeeping Memorial Ottawa.jpg|alt=a statue of a person in front of a flag and two other persons kneeling down|upright=0.7|thumb|The Peacekeeping Monument in Ottawa, Canada<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 q342">{{cite web | title=National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials (NICMM) | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=March 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/9365 | access-date=Feb 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226041445/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/9365 | url-status=live }}</ref>]] The Somalia Medal, a campaign medal created in 1992 to recognize Canadian military personnel who participated in the international military coalition invasion to stabilize Somalia, has been awarded to 1,422 individuals.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 n006">{{cite web | title=Somalia Medal | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=March 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/114 | access-date=Mar 4, 2024 | archive-date=March 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304091720/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/114 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1992, ''Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monument'' was completed, commemorating Canada's role in international peacekeeping and the soldiers and police officers who have participated and are currently participating, both living and dead.<ref name="Gough 2002 pp. 201–223">{{cite journal | last=Gough | first=P. | title=' Invicta Pax ' Monuments, Memorials and Peace: an analysis of the Canadian Peacekeeping Monument, Ottawa | journal=International Journal of Heritage Studies | volume=8 | issue=3 | date=2002 | issn=1352-7258 | doi=10.1080/1352725022000018903 | pages=201–223| s2cid=159974425 }}</ref> The 1995 Canadian one-dollar coin displays the ''Peacekeeping Monument''.<ref name="https://www.mint.ca/en f443">{{cite web| title=1 DOLLAR| publisher=The Royal Canadian Mint| url=https://www.mint.ca/en/discover/canadian-circulation/1-dollar#:~:text=1995&text=This%20coin%20commemorates%20the%2050th,the%20Peacekeeping%20Monument%20in%20Ottawa.| access-date=Mar 12, 2024| archive-date=March 12, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312040902/https://www.mint.ca/en/discover/canadian-circulation/1-dollar#:~:text=1995&text=This%20coin%20commemorates%20the%2050th,the%20Peacekeeping%20Monument%20in%20Ottawa.| url-status=live}}</ref> This commemoration was followed by the 2001 $10 Canadian banknote named "remembrance and peacekeeping" that depicts a female peacekeeper.<ref name="Bank of Canada Museum 2014 g105">{{cite web | title=Canadian Journey Series $10 Note | website=Bank of Canada Museum | date=Jul 20, 2014 | url=https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/2001-2006-canadian-journey-series/canadian-journey-series-10-note/#:~:text=The%20face%20of%20the%20%2410,a%20cenotaph%20on%20Remembrance%20Day. | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312040900/https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/2001-2006-canadian-journey-series/canadian-journey-series-10-note/#:~:text=The%20face%20of%20the%20%2410,a%20cenotaph%20on%20Remembrance%20Day. | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations peacekeepers, inspiring the creation of the Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal in 1999 that has been awarded to over 75,000 Canadians.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 d217">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal (CPSM) | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=2009-03-25 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/129 | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-01-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129133736/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/129 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McCreery2005hny">{{cite book|author=Christopher McCreery|author-link=Christopher McCreery|title=The Canadian honours system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI9qJsEsT6gC&pg=PA181|year= 2005|publisher=Dundurn Press|isbn=978-1-55002-554-5|page=181}}</ref> Since 2008, after a campaign by the Canadian Association of Veterans in United Nations Peacekeeping, August 9 has officially been National Peacekeepers' Day in Canada,<ref name="Site Web de la législation (Justice) 2008 y954">{{cite web | title=National Peacekeepers' Day Act | website=Site Web de la législation (Justice) | date=Jun 18, 2008 | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-14.2/FullText.html | access-date=Feb 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226080554/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-14.2/FullText.html | url-status=live }}</ref> with ceremonies taking place throughout the country at memorials and Peacekeeper Parks.<ref name="Rehman 2023 v300">{{cite web | last=Rehman | first=Mishall | title=Peacekeepers' Day Marks 15th Anniversary | website=Canadian Military Family Magazine | date=2023-08-10 | url=https://www.cmfmag.ca/duty_calls/peacekeepers-day-marks-15th-anniversary/ | access-date=2024-02-29 | archive-date=2024-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229201518/https://www.cmfmag.ca/duty_calls/peacekeepers-day-marks-15th-anniversary/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{Clear}}

==List of UN missions == {{main|Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions}} {{further|List of Canadian military operations|List of United Nations peacekeeping missions}} {{see also|List of non-UN peacekeeping missions|List of NATO operations}} Below is a list of high-profile UN peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present, with Canadian operational names listed when assigned.<ref name="Defence 2017 j850">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Military operations | website=Canada.ca | date=2023 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations.html | access-date=2024-03-20}}</ref> {{sticky header}} {|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:center;" ! Date ! UN operation ! width=150|Location ! Conflict ! Canadian operation |- |1948–present |United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) |Middle East |Israeli–Palestinian conflict (initially) |Military observers<ref name="Home 1949 m814">{{cite web | title=UN Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine)-Middle East: 1948 | website=Home | date=Apr 4, 1949 | url=https://www.lermuseum.org/1946-to-present/1946-1956/un-truce-supervision-organization-palestine-middle-east-1948 | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050313/https://www.lermuseum.org/1946-to-present/1946-1956/un-truce-supervision-organization-palestine-middle-east-1948 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1948–1950 | rowspan="2" |United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNCOK) | North Korea | rowspan="2" |Korean conflict | rowspan="2" |Several civilian and military personnel<ref name="Defence 2018 p968">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Commission on Korea (UNCOK) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-commission-korea.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=January 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115012816/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-commission-korea.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |South Korea |- | rowspan="2" |1949–1979 | rowspan="2" |United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) |India | rowspan="2" |Kashmir conflict | rowspan="2" |Military observers and military personnel<ref name="Defence 2019 v605">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) | website=Canada.ca | date=Mar 14, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-military-observer-group-india-pakistan.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050315/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-military-observer-group-india-pakistan.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Pakistan |- |1956–1967 |United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) |Egypt |Suez Crisis |Truce Supervisory Organization (UNTSO)<ref name="Defence 2018 l051">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/united-nations-emergency-force-i.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050312/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/united-nations-emergency-force-i.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1960–1964 |United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) |Republic of the Congo |Congo Crisis |Long-term mission MONUSCO<ref name="Defence 2019 i470">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Opération des Nations unies au Congo (ONUC) | website=Canada.ca | date=Mar 26, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/operation-des-nations-unies-congo.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050314/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/operation-des-nations-unies-congo.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1962–1963 | rowspan="2" |United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) |Netherlands New Guinea | rowspan="2" |Transfer of sovereignty over Western New Guinea<br>following the West New Guinea dispute | rowspan="2" |Security and law enforcement<ref name="Defence 2019 r650">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF) | website=Canada.ca | date=Jun 3, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-security-force-west-new-guinea.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050314/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-security-force-west-new-guinea.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Indonesia |- | rowspan="2" |1964–present | rowspan="2" |United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) |Cyprus | rowspan="2" |Cyprus dispute | rowspan="2" |Operation SNOWGOOSE<ref name="Defence 2013 j660">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation SNOWGOOSE | website=Canada.ca | date=Feb 20, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-snowgoose.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050313/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-snowgoose.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Northern Cyprus |- | rowspan="2" |1973–1979 | rowspan="2" |United Nations Emergency Force, Middle East (UNEF II) |Egypt | rowspan="2" |Yom Kippur War | rowspan="2" | logistics/ signals air and service units<ref name="Defence 2019 l709">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Emergency Force II (UNEF II) | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 15, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/danaca.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050314/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/danaca.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Israel |- | rowspan="2" |1974–present | rowspan="2" |United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) |Israel | rowspan="2" |Maintains ceasefire following the Yom Kippur War. | rowspan="2" |Operation DANACA<ref name="Defence 2013 v372">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation DANACA | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-danaca.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050313/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-danaca.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Syria |- |1978 |United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) |Lebanon |1978 South Lebanon conflict |Operation ANGORA<ref name="Defence 2019 f788">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation Angora | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 10, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/angora.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054211/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/angora.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1981–present |Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) |Sinai Peninsula |Enforce the Egypt–Israel peace treaty |Operation CALUMET<ref name="Defence 2019 k893">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation Calumet | website=Canada.ca | date=Aug 20, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/calumet.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044308/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/calumet.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1989–1990 |United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) |Namibia |Namibian War of Independence |Operation MATADOR<ref name="Defence 2019 r059">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Transition Assistance Group Namibia | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 18, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/matador.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044309/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/matador.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1991–1994 |United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) |Western Sahara |Western Sahara conflict |Operation PYTHON<ref name="Defence 2018 d251">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el referéndum del Sàhara Occidental | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/python.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044308/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/python.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1992–1993 | United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) | Cambodia |Conflict in Cambodia |Operation MARQUIS 1 and MARQUIS 2<ref name="Defence 2020 q009">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=MARQUIS (UNTAC) | website=Canada.ca | date=Oct 25, 2020 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/marquis.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=October 28, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028064348/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/marquis.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1992–1995 | rowspan="4" |United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) |Bosnia and Herzegovina | rowspan="4" |Yugoslav Wars | rowspan="4" |Operation Harmony<ref name="Defence 2013 w457">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation HARMONY | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 17, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-harmony.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044309/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-harmony.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Croatia |- |Republic of Macedonia |- |FR Yugoslavia |- |April 1992 – December 1992 |United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) |Somalia |Somali Civil War |Operation CORDON<ref name="Defence 2018 w850">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Operation in Somalia I | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/cordon.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/cordon.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |December 1992 – May 1993 |Unified Task Force (UNITAF) |Somalia |Somali Civil War |Somalia Affair<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2019 w154">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Jul 25, 2019 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia#UNITAF | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia#UNITAF | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |May 1993 – March 1995 |United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) |Somalia |Somali Civil War |Operation DELIVERANCE<ref name="Defence 2018 h571">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/deliverance.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044310/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/deliverance.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1993–1996 |United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) |Haiti |1991 Haitian coup d'état |Operation CAULDRON - October 1993<br>Operation PIVOT - March 1995 to April 1996<br>Operation STANDARD - April 1996 to Sept 1996<br> soldiers and civilian police<ref name="Defence 2018 k573">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/cauldron.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044309/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/cauldron.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1993–1996 |United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) |Rwanda |Rwandan Civil War |Operation LANCE<ref name="Defence 2020 e283">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=LANCE (UNAMIR) | website=Canada.ca | date=Oct 26, 2020 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/lance-unamir.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/lance-unamir.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1994–1996 |United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) |Croatia |Croatian War of Independence |Canadian Battle Group through Operation MEDUSA<br>Operation WALLEYE for support<ref name="Defence 2018 q731">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Confidence Restoration Organization (UNCRO) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/harmony.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054214/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/harmony.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1995–1999 |United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) |Macedonia |Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars |Observer<ref name="Defence 2018 p447">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/unpredep.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/unpredep.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1995–2000 |United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) |Bosnia and Herzegovina |Bosnian War |Canadian Forces personnel and RCMP and civilian police<ref name="Defence 2018 l487">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovenia (UNMIBH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/roulette.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054212/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/roulette.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1996–1997 |United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) |Haiti |Stabilizing Haiti's democracy |Operation STANDARD and Operation STABLE<ref name="Defence 2018 b017">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/stable.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054212/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/stable.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1997–2004 |United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) |Haiti |Training of the Haitian National Police |Operation CONSTABLE<ref name="Defence 1997 r169">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation CONSTABLE | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 30, 1997 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-constable.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054214/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-constable.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1997–2000 |United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) |Haiti |Training of the Haitian National Police |Operation COMPLIMENT<ref name="Defence 2018 o448">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/compliment.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/compliment.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1998–2000 |United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) |Central African Republic |Mutinies in the Central African Republic armed forces |Operation PRUDENCE<ref name="Defence 2018 a998">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/prudence.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054213/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/prudence.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1999–2000 | rowspan="2" |The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) |East Timor | rowspan="2" |1999 East Timorese crisis | rowspan="2" |Operation TOUCAN<ref name="Defence 2013 w568">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation TOUCAN | website=Canada.ca | date=Nov 5, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-toucan.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054214/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-toucan.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Indonesia |- | rowspan="2" |1999–2002 | rowspan="2" |United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) |Serbia | rowspan="2" |Kosovo War | rowspan="2" |Operation Kinetic<ref name="Defence 2013 o503">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation Kinetic | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-kinetic.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054212/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-kinetic.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and Operation QUADRANT<ref name="Defence 2013 a240">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation QUADRANT | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-quadrant.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054213/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-quadrant.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Kosovo |- |1999–2005 |United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) |Sierra Leone |Sierra Leone Civil War |Operation REPTILE<ref name="Defence 2013 m944">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation REPTILE | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-reptile.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054215/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-reptile.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1999–2010 |United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) |Democratic Republic of the Congo |Second Congo War | Operation CROCODILE<ref name="Defence 2013 g377">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation CROCODILE | website=Canada.ca | date=Feb 20, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-crocodile.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054211/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-crocodile.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2000–2002 | rowspan="2" |The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) |East Timor | rowspan="2" |1999 East Timorese crisis | rowspan="2" | Operation TOUCAN<ref name="Defence 2013 w568"/> |- |Indonesia |- | rowspan="2" |2000-2003 | rowspan="2" |United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) |Eritrea | rowspan="2" |Eritrean–Ethiopian War | rowspan="2" |Operation Addition<ref name="Defence 2013 f680">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation ADDITION | website=Canada.ca | date=Nov 21, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-addition.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054215/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-addition.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |Ethiopia |- |2004 |United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) |Haiti |Aftermath of the 2004 Haitian coup d'état | Operation HALO<ref name="Defence 2013 q771">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation HALO | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-halo.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055327/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-halo.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2005–2009 |United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) |Sudan |Second Sudanese Civil War |Operation SAFARI<ref name="Defence 2013 e314">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation SAFARI | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-safari.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=December 4, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122232/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-safari.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2008–2020 |United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) |Sudan |War in Darfur |Operation SATURN<ref name="Defence 2013 q159">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation SATURN | website=Canada.ca | date=Feb 20, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-saturn.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055327/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-saturn.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Defence 2018 f011">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Assistance Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/saturn.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055326/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/saturn.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2018–2023 |Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) |Mali |Mali War | Operation PRESENCE<ref name="Defence 2018 p820">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation PRESENCE | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 5, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/op-presence.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055327/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/op-presence.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |}

==See also== {{Portal|border=no|Canada|Politics|Peace}} *Canadian honours order of wearing *International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers *List of wars involving Canada *Pearson Medal of Peace *United Nations Department of Peace Operations *United Nations Military Observer *United Nations Police *Women in peacekeeping{{Clear}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading == {{main|Bibliography of Canadian military history}} {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last=Bin | first=M. | title=On Guard for Thee: Canadian Peacekeeping Missions | publisher=BookLand Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-9783793-2-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXZDJwAACAAJ}} *{{cite book | last=Carroll | first=M.K. | title=Pearson's Peacekeepers: Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force, 1956-67 | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-7748-5886-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yz9JcOyyvUC }} *{{cite book|editor1-first=Howard G|editor1-last=Coombs|editor2-first=Magali|editor2-last=Deleuze|editor3-first=Kevin|editor3-last=Brushett|editor4-first=Marie-Michèle|editor4-last=Doucet|title=Peacekeeping: Perspectives Old and New|publisher=Centre for International and Defense Policy|year=2023|url=https://canadacommons.ca/artifacts/3531914/peacekeeping/4333046/|isbn=9781553396628|at=Martello Papers series 46|publication-place=McGill–Queen's University Press}} *{{cite book|author1=Conrad, John|author2=Lieutenant-Colonel|title=Scarce Heard Amid the Guns: An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxmxBkiubkwC&pg=PP1|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4597-0096-3}} *{{cite web | authorlink=Walter Dorn | title= List of publications | publisher=WalterDorn.Net - Canadian Forces College - Royal Military College of Canada | first=Dr. Walter | last=Dorn | date=Nov 12, 2023 | url=https://www.walterdorn.net/pub }} * {{citation |last =Granatstein |first =J. L. |year =2004 |title =Canada's army: Waging war and keeping the peace. |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jqxyhNcha3sC&q=Army%20%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1 |publisher =University of Toronto Press |isbn =0802086969 }} *{{cite book|title=Peacekeeping missions and the police in Canada : an impact study of civilian police officers and police services|author=LeBeuf, Marcel-Eugène|edition=PS64-5/2005E-PDF|date=2005|url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.687317/publication.html|isbn=0-662-39346-5}} *{{cite book | last=McCullough | first=C. | title=Creating Canada's Peacekeeping Past | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | series=Studies in Canadian Military History | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-7748-3251-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfNJDAAAQBAJ }} *{{cite web | title=The Lost Heritage Minute: Lester B. Pearson| website=Historica Canada-YouTube Channel| date=2024-03-06 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=SSSG8aZzdmme1gfn&v=-lD3c--x1Qs&feature=youtu.be}} {{refend}}

==External links == {{Commons category|Peacekeeping missions of Canada}} *[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/peacekeeping Peacekeeping timeline] - The Canadian Encyclopedia *[https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/peacekeeping Canada and international peacekeeping] - Veterans Affairs Canada *[https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/peace-support.html Peace support operations (1954-present)] - Government of Canada *[https://rcmp.ca/en/federal-policing/international-policing/current-peace-operations Current peace operations] -Royal Canadian Mounted Police *[https://valourcanada.ca/military-history-library/peacekeeping/ Peacekeeping ] - Valour Canada *[https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/peacekeeping/peacekeeping.htm Peacekeeping] - canadiansoldiers.com (CSC) ;Archives *[https://www.cbc.ca/search?q=Canadian%20peacekeeping&section=all&sortOrder=relevance&media=all Peacekeeping] (CBC Archives search) - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation *[https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/search.html?q=Peacekeeping&wb-srch-sub= Peacekeeping] (archive search) - Department of National Defence and Canadian Armed Forces {{CanadaPeacekeeping}} {{UN Peacekeeping Operations}} {{Canadian Armed Forces}} {{Canadian military history}} {{Foreign relations of Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Peacekeeping Missions}} Peacekeeping Missions Category:Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Missions Peace Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Peacekeeping