{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | image = Corrupião - Icterus jamacai.JPG | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Icterus jamacaii'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22724120A132026482 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724120A132026482.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> | taxon = Icterus jamacaii | authority = (Gmelin, JF, 1788) | synonyms = |range_map=Icterus jamaicaii map.svg }}
The '''campo troupial''' or '''campo oriole''' ('''''Icterus jamacaii''''') is a species of bird in the family Icteridae that is found in northeastern Brazil. At one time thought to be conspecific with the Venezuelan troupial and orange-backed troupial, it is now accepted as a separate species. It is a fairly common bird and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as a "least-concern species". ==Taxonomy== The campo troupial was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae''. He placed it with the orioles in the genus ''Oriolus'' and coined the binomial name ''Oriolus jamacaii''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=391 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2896991 }}</ref> Gmelin's text was based ultimately on the "Jamacaii" that had been described and illustrated in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his work ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Marcgrave | first=Georg | author-link=Georg Marcgrave | year=1648 | title=Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus | language=Latin | location=Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden) | publisher=Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium | page=198 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/289291 }}</ref> Marcgrave wrote that Jamacaii was the Brazilian name for the bird. The name is not listed in Rodolpho Garcia's list of Tupi bird names but it may have been applied to the species by Portuguese settlers.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Garcia | first=Rodolpho | date=1929 | title=Nomes de Aves em lingua Tupi | journal=Boletim do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro | volume=5 | pages=1–54 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=jamacaii | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=jamacaii | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=18 November 2023 }}</ref> The campo troupial is now placed in the genus ''Icterus'' that was introduced by Mathurin Brisson in 1760. The species in monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/blackbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=18 November 2023 }}</ref> The genus name ''Icterus'' is from Greek ἴκτερος (''íkteros'', "jaundice"); the ''icterus'' was a bird the sight of which was believed to cure jaundice, perhaps the Eurasian golden oriole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short: A Latin Dictionary (1879) |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=icterus&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059 |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press.}}</ref> The specific name ''jamacaii'' comes from the name used for this species by Marcgrave. Additional names used for this species in the 1800s include black-banded troupiale, soffre, and (erroneously) Jamaica yellow bird.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvI0AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Icterus+jamacaii%22+jamaica&pg=PA47-IA19|title=Studer's Popular Ornithology ...|first=Jacob Henry|last=Studer|date=October 2, 1878|publisher=J.H. Studer & Company|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_r0DwAAQBAJ&q=%22Icterus+jamacaii%22+jamaica&pg=PA307|title=Cassell's Book of Birds: Volume 1|first=Thomas Rymer|last=Jones|date=August 3, 2020|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7523-9870-0|via=Google Books}}</ref>
==Description== The campo troupial is very similar in appearance to the Venezuelan troupial (''Icterus icterus'') with which it was at one time thought to be conspecific. It is a robust bird about {{convert|23|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long with a long tail and a broad beak. It is bright orange apart from a black hood and bib, back, wings and tail. There is an uneven line dividing the bib from the breast. It differs from the Venezuelan troupial in having only a small patch of white on its wings and hardly any bluish skin around its eye, and it has orange epaulettes on its shoulders whereas the Venezuelan bird does not. It could also be confused with the orange-backed troupial (''Icterus croconotus''), with which it was also once considered conspecific, but that species has an orange head apart from a patch of black on its forehead, a sharp dividing line between its bib and its breast, and rather more orange on its back.<ref name=Ridgely>{{cite book|author1=Ridgely, Robert S.|author2=Tudor, Guy|title=Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gC_A2fpBl1gC&pg=PA659 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-71748-0 |page=672}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat== The campo troupial is endemic to northeastern Brazil, where its area of occurrence is estimated to be over {{convert|2000000|km2}}.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> It typically inhabits dry scrubland and deciduous woodland, at elevations up to {{convert|700|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} or more. The ranges of the Venezuelan troupial, the campo troupial and the orange-backed troupial do not overlap.<ref name=Ridgely/>
==Behaviour== The diet consists of insects and other small invertebrates, fruits and nectar; one individual was found to have 126 fly larvae in its stomach.<ref name=HBWA/> Breeding takes place during the wet season, between December and March.<ref name="HBWA">{{cite web |author=Fraga, R |year=2017 |title=Campo Troupial (''Icterus jamacaii'') |url=https://www.hbw.com/node/62260 |access-date=17 October 2017 |work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |publisher=Lynx Edicions, Barcelona}}</ref>
==Status== The campo troupial is a fairly common bird with a wide range and the population seems to be stable. For these reasons, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />
==References== {{Commons category|Icterus jamacaii}} {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1300667}}
Campo troupial Category:Birds of the Caatinga Category:Endemic birds of Brazil Campo troupial Campo troupial Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot