Camarón de la Isla

{{Short description|Spanish Gypsy flamenco singer (1950–1992)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{family name hatnote|Monje|Cruz|lang=Spanish}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Camarón de la Isla | image = | caption = Camarón de la Isla | birth_name = José Monje Cruz | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1950|12|5}} | birth_place = [[San Fernando, Spain|San Fernando]], [[Province of Cádiz]], [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|7|2|1950|12|5|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Badalona, Barcelona]], Spain | origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Flamenco]]|[[nuevo flamenco]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|musician}} | instrument = {{hlist|[[singing|Vocals]]|[[classical guitar]]}} | years_active = 1969–1992 | label = | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Paco de Lucía]]|[[Tomatito]]}} | website = {{URL|http://www.camarondelaisla.com}} }}

'''José Monje Cruz''' (5 December 1950 – 2 July 1992), better known by his stage name '''Camarón de la Isla''', was a Spanish [[flamenco]] singer. Considered one of the all-time greatest flamenco singers, he was noted for his collaborations with [[Paco de Lucía]] and [[Tomatito]], and the three of them were of major importance to the revival of flamenco in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="Ham2008">{{Cite book |last=Ham |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7T6BmR80JMC&pg=PA45 |title=Madrid: City Guide |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-895-7 |page=45}}</ref>

== Early life == He was born in [[San Fernando, Spain|San Fernando]], [[Province of Cádiz]], into a [[Gitanos|Spanish Gypsy]] family, the seventh of eight children. His mother was Juana Cruz Castro, a "Canastera", literally a basket weaver, a term used to describe wandering gypsy families, and whose gift of singing was a strong early influence.

His father, Juan Luis Monje, was also a singer as well as a [[blacksmith]], and had a forge where Camarón worked as a boy.<ref name="Sweeney1991">{{Cite book |last=Sweeney |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psAJAQAAMAAJ |title=The Virgin directory of world music |date=28 November 1991 |publisher=Virgin |isbn=978-0-86369-378-6 |page=95 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> His uncle José nicknamed him ''Camarón'' (Spanish for "Shrimp") because he was blonde and fair skinned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LOS40 |date=2023-01-20 |title=Camarón de la isla o cómo la influencia de un marisco consagró a una leyenda del flamenco {{!}} Actualidad |url=https://los40.com/los40/2023/01/19/los40classic/1674140952_459825.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=LOS40 |language=es-ES |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002005611/https://los40.com/los40/2023/01/19/los40classic/1674140952_459825.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

When his father died of asthma, while still very young, the family went through financial hardship. At the age of eight he began to sing at inns and bus stops with [[Rancapino]] to earn money. At sixteen, he won first prize at the Festival del [[Cante Jondo]] in [[Mairena del Alcor]].<ref name="Sweeney1991" /> Camarón then went to [[Madrid]] with Miguel de los Reyes and in 1968 became a resident artist at the Tablao Torres Bermejas, where he remained for twelve years.<ref name="Ham2008" />

== Musical career == [[File:Grafiti Camarón 28-1-14.JPG|thumb|Mural of Camarón de la Isla in Barcelona in 2014]] During his time at Tablao Torres Bermejas, he met [[Paco de Lucía]], with whom he recorded nine albums between 1969 and 1977. The two toured extensively together during this period.<ref name="Pohren1992">{{Cite book |last=Pohren |first=D. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OokB5W9seoC&pg=PA91 |title=Paco de Lucía and Family: The Master Plan |publisher=Society of Spanish Studies |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-933224-62-9 |page=91}}</ref> As Paco de Lucía became more occupied with solo concert commitments, ''Camarón'' worked with the flamenco guitarist [[Tomatito]].

In 1976, at the age of 25, Camarón married Dolores Montoya, a Romani girl from [[La Línea de la Concepción]] whom he nicknamed "''La Chispa''" (The Spark).<ref name="Heredia2005">{{Cite book |last=Heredia |first=Juan de Dios Ramírez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mUxAQAAIAAJ |title=Matrimonio y boda de los gitanos y de los 'payos' |year= 2005 |publisher=Centro de Producción Editorial y Divulgación Audiovisual |isbn=978-84-934453-0-0 |page=308 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> At the time La Chispa was 16. The couple had four children.

Many consider Camarón to be the single most popular and influential flamenco ''cantaor'' (singer) of the modern period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness History, Camaron – Flamenco Legend |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00hgw1v |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=BBC World Service |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323175927/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00hgw1v |url-status=live }}</ref> In his recordings and collaborations, he sought to incorporate contemporary elements and expand the appeal of flamenco, for example by recording with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], whilst staying true to the genre's roots.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1992-07-06 |title=Obituary: Camaron de la Isla |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-camaron-de-la-isla-1531654.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042524/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-camaron-de-la-isla-1531654.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vivar |first=F. |date=2011 |title=Algunas notas en torno al flamenco y a Camarón de la Isla |trans-title=Some Notes on Flamenco and Camarón de la Isla |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41350546 |journal=Confluencia |language=es |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=138–147 |jstor=41350546 |issn=0888-6091 |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323175927/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41350546 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although his work was criticized by some traditionalists, he was one of the first to feature an electric bass in his songs. This was a turning point in the history of Flamenco music that helped distinguish Nuevo Flamenco.

When Camarón was already a recognised artist, internationally acclaimed for his authenticity and depth, he received an offer from the [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling Stones]]. [[Mick Jagger]] personally wanted them to play together. According to his biographer Alfonso Rodríguez, Camarón said: "If they don't know anything about flamenco, what am I going to sing for them?" Mick Jagger called him several times and offered him a lot of money, but Camaron preferred to stay in Andalusia and not complicate his life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=RTVE |date=2023-08-01 |title=Camarón rechazó a Mick Jagger: la historia desconocida |url=https://www.rtve.es/television/20230801/camaron-rechazo-mick-jagger/2409273.shtml |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=RTVE.es |language=es |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810004359/https://www.rtve.es/television/20230801/camaron-rechazo-mick-jagger/2409273.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also turned down an offer from the [[Gipsy Kings]] to be part of their tour of Latin America. According to his wife, Dolores Montoya, La Chispa, they offered him "a Mercedes convertible, 50 million pesetas and insurance for what could happen" and he turned it down. For him, his family was the main priority.<ref name=":0" />

== Health issues and death == In later years, his health deteriorated due to heavy smoking and some level of drug abuse.<ref name="Pohren2005">{{Cite book |last=Pohren |first=Donn E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAAxbTZnHM4C&pg=PA165 |title=The Art of Flamenco |publisher=Bold Strummer Ltd |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-933224-02-5 |page=165}}</ref><ref name="Planet">{{Cite book |title=Aragón – Guidebook Chapter |date=2012-06-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74321-253-0 |page=161}}</ref>

In 1992, Camarón de la Isla died of lung cancer in [[Badalona]], Spain.<ref name="Inc.1992">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |year=1992 |page=77 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> He was buried in a Catholic ceremony at the cemetery of San Fernando as he wanted. It was estimated that 100,000 people attended his funeral.<ref name="Sur">{{Cite news |last=Bryant |first=Tony |date=3 July 2017 |title=Camarón, the gypsy god of flamenco |work=surinenglish |url=http://www.surinenglish.com/lifestyle/201707/03/camaron-gypsy-flamenco-20170703162545.html |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425080339/http://www.surinenglish.com/lifestyle/201707/03/camaron-gypsy-flamenco-20170703162545.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Posthumous awards and recognitions == On 5 December 2000 the Ministry of Culture of the Junta de Andalucía posthumously awarded to Camaron the 'Llave de Oro del Cante', the Golden Key of Flamenco.<ref name="Ruiz2002">{{Cite book |last=Ruiz |first=Manuel Ríos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYJAQAAMAAJ |title=El gran libro del flamenco: Intérpretes |publisher=Calambur |year=2002 |page=193|isbn=9788488015952 }}</ref> This was only the fourth key awarded since 1862.

In 2005, film director [[Jaime Chávarri]] released the biopic ''Camarón'' in Spain starring [[Óscar Jaenada]] as Camarón and [[Verónica Sánchez]] as La Chispa. The film, produced in consultation with Camarón's widow, was subsequently nominated for several [[Goya Awards]].

In 2006, [[Isaki Lacuesta]] directed ''La Leyenda del Tiempo'' (The Legend of Time), in which a Japanese woman visits Camarón's birthplace to learn to sing exactly like him.

In 2018, the documentary film ''Camarón: Flamenco y Revolución'' (Camarón: The Film), from the Spanish director Alexis Morante, was released through Netflix. In an interview, the director would say that one of his goals with the film was "to explain how the myth was built".<ref>{{Cite magazine |title='Flamenco Revolution' on Netflix: Camarón de la Isla Doc & Series Debut Worldwide |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/flamenco-revolution-on-netflix-camaron-de-la-isla-doc-series-8465970/ |access-date=5 April 2019 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810142108/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8465970/flamenco-revolution-on-netflix-camaron-de-la-isla-doc-series |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021 a museum devoted to the singer was opened in San Fernando.<ref name="Pais">{{Cite news |date=July 2021 |title=Camaron narra su leyenda en primera persona |language=Spanish |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2021-07-02/camaron-narra-su-leyenda-en-primera-persona.html |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702195208/https://elpais.com/cultura/2021-07-02/camaron-narra-su-leyenda-en-primera-persona.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Partial discography == [[File:Camaron y Paco de Lucia.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Cover for a Camarón de la Isla and Paco de Lucía album.]] With [[Paco de Lucía]]: * ''[[Al Verte las Flores Lloran]]'' (1969) * ''[[Cada Vez que Nos Miramos]]'' (1970) * ''[[Son Tus Ojos Dos Estrellas]]'' (1971) * ''[[Canastera]]'' (1972) * ''[[Caminito de Totana]]'' (1973) * ''Soy Caminante'' (1974) * ''Arte y Majestad'' (1975) * ''Rosa María'' (1976) * ''[[Castillo de Arena]]'' (1977) * ''Camaron en la Venta de Vargas'' (2004)

With [[Paco de Lucía]] and [[Tomatito]]: * ''Como el Agua'' (1981) * ''[[Calle Real (album)|Calle Real]]'' (1983) * ''Viviré'' (1984) * ''Potro de Rabia y Miel'' (1992)

With [[Tomatito]]: * ''Te lo Dice Camarón'' (1986) * ''Flamenco Vivo'' (1987) * ''Soy Gitano'' (1991) * ''Camarón Nuestro'' (1994) * ''Paris 1987'' (1999)

Other: * ''[[La Leyenda del Tiempo]]'' (1979) (Released as a solo album) * ''Como El Agua'' (1981) * ''Soy Gitano'' (1989) (Released with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, with guest appearances by Tomatito) * ''Camarón: Reencuentro '' (2008) Contributing artist: * ''[[The Rough Guide to Flamenco (1997 album)|The Rough Guide to Flamenco]]'' (1997, [[World Music Network]])

The titles given for the first five albums with [[Paco de Lucía]] are those in popular usage, being the titles of the first tracks. Formally, ''all'' of them are entitled ''El Camarón de la Isla con la colaboración especial de Paco de Lucía'', as shown in the album cover image included above, with the exception of ''Canastera''.

== References == {{Reflist}}

*Atienza, Antonio. «Camarón se escribe con j.». Andalucía Información. Consultado el 21 de mayo de 2017.

== External links == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180802192950/http://www.camarondelaisla.com/ Camarón de la Isla web] *[http://www.falseta.com/forum/ Flamenco Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200654/http://www.casacamaron.com/eng/camaron.html Camarón. The beginning... The perfection] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LO0ac6ynGs Live performance of ''Soy Gitano'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Camaron de la Isla}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:1992 deaths]] [[Category:Singers from Andalusia]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Spain]] [[Category:Flamenco singers]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:People from San Fernando, Cádiz]] [[Category:Spanish buskers]] [[Category:Spanish Romani people]] [[Category:Romani singers]] [[Category:Romani musicians]] [[Category:New flamenco]] [[Category:20th-century Spanish male singers]]