{{Short description|Word derivation rule in Proto-Indo-European}} {{multiple issues| {{more citations needed|date=August 2024}} {{Technical|date=August 2024}} }} The '''Caland system''' is a set of rules in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language which describes how certain words, typically adjectives, are derived from one another.<ref name="Fortson" /> It was named after Dutch Indologist Willem Caland (1859–1932), who first formulated part of the system.
The cognates derived from these roots in different daughter languages often do not agree in formation, but show certain characteristic properties:<ref name="Meier-Brügger" /><ref name="caland-handout" /> *Adjectives are formed using zero-ablaut ''ro''-stems (i.e., word stems ending in {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*-rós}}), {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-us|u}}-stems, or amphikinetic<ref name="caland-handout" /> {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-onts|nt}}-stems. *Adjectives are sometimes formed using {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-i|i}}-stems, especially in the first part of a compound. *Corresponding stative verbs {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-éh₁ti|*-eh₁-}} often exist.
==Examples==
===Example 1=== {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|h₁lengʷʰ-|*h₁le(n)gʷʰ-}} 'light (in weight)': *''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-latn|elaphrós}} 'light, quick'; Old High German {{lang|goh|lungar}} 'fast' *''u''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|elakhús}} 'small'; Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|laghú-, raghú-}} 'quick, light, small'; Avestan {{lang|ae-Latn|ragu-}} 'fast'; Latin {{lang|la|levis}} 'light' < {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁legʷʰ-us}}; Lithuanian {{lang|lt|lengvùs}} 'light'; Old Church Slavonic {{lang|cu|легъкъ}} ({{lang|cu-Latn|legŭkŭ}}) 'light'
===Example 2=== {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*h₂erǵ-}} 'white': *''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|argós}} < {{lang|grc-Latn|*argrós}} 'white'; Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|ṛjrá-}} 'brilliant' *''u''-stems: Tocharian B {{lang|txb|ārkwi}} 'white' *''i''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|argi-kéraunos}} 'with bright lightning' *''nt''-stems: Old Irish {{lang|sga|argat}}, Old Welsh {{lang|owl|argant}}, Latin {{lang|la|argentum}}
===Example 3=== {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁rewdʰ-}} 'red': *''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|eruthrós}} 'red'; Latin {{lang|la|ruber}} 'red'; Tocharian B {{lang|txb|ratre}} 'red'; Old East Slavic {{lang|cu|родръ}} ({{lang|cu-Latn|rodrŭ}}) 'red' *''i''-stems: Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|rudhiras}} (mixed with ''ro''-stem) *''-eh₁'' verbs: Latin {{lang|la|rubeō}} 'be red', Old High German {{lang|goh|rōtēn}} 'shine red'; Old East Slavic {{lang|cu|ръдѣти сѧ}} ({{lang|cu-Latn|rŭděti sę}}) 'become red, be red'
===Example 4=== {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*bʰerǵʰ-}} 'high': *''ro''-stems: Tocharian B {{lang|txb|pärkare}} 'high' *''u''-stems: Hittite {{lang|hit-Latn|parku-}} 'high'; Armenian {{Transliteration|hy|barjr}} 'high' < {{lang|ine-x-proto|-u-}}<ref name="caland-handout" /> *''i''-stems: Avestan {{lang|ae-Latn|bǝrǝzi-}} 'high' in compounds *''nt''-stems: Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|bṛhánt-}} 'high', Avestan {{lang|ae|bǝrǝzant-}} 'high', Germanic name ''Burgund-'', Old Irish name {{lang|sga|Brigit}}, Tocharian A {{lang|xto|koṃ-pärkānt}} 'sunrise'<ref name="caland-handout" />
===Example 5=== {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*dʰewb-}} 'deep': *''ro''-stems: Tocharian B {{lang|txb|tapre}} 'high' < {{lang|ine-x-proto|dʰub-ro-}} *''u''-stems: Lithuanian {{lang|lt|dubùs}} 'hollow'
==References== <references>
<ref name="caland-handout">{{cite book| first=John J. |last=Lowe |title=Caland Adjectives and Participles in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European| url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~shug1472/Caland_handout.pdf| year=2011}}</ref> <ref name="Meier-Brügger">{{cite book| first1=Michael |last1=Meier-Brügger |author1-link=Michael Meier-Brügger |first2=Matthias |last2=Fritz |first3=Manfred |last3=Mayrhofer |author3-link=Manfred Mayrhofer |title=Indo-European Linguistics |year=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017433-2 |location=Berlin; New York|at=W 206}}</ref> <ref name="Fortson">{{cite book| title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction| url=https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe| url-access=limited| author=Benjamin W. Fortson| publisher=Blackwell Publishing| year=2004| isbn=1-4051-0316-7| pages=[https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe/page/n136 121], 123}}</ref>
</references>
{{Proto-Indo-European language}}
Category:Indo-European linguistics