Calamus australis

{{Short description|Species of palm}} {{Redirect|Hairy mary|the plant commonly known as "vicious hairy mary"|Calamus radicalis{{!}}''Calamus radicalis''}} {{Use Australian English |date=December 2022}} {{Use dmy dates |date=January 2024}} {{Speciesbox |name = Wait-a-while |image = Calamus-australis-SF22180-02.jpg |image_caption = Detail of stem with spines |status = LC |status_system = QLDNCA |status_ref = {{R|DESQLD}} |genus = Calamus (palm) |species = australis |authority = Mart. {{R|APNI|POWO}} |range_map = Calamus-australis-distribution-map.png |synonyms = *''Palmijuncus australis'' (Mart.) Kuntze *''Calamus amischus'' Burret *''Calamus jaboolum'' F.M.Bailey *''Calamus obstruens'' F.Muell. |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }}

'''''Calamus australis''''', commonly known as '''wait-a-while''', '''hairy mary''' or '''lawyer cane''', is a plant in the palm family Arecaceae which is endemic to the rainforests of north east Queensland, Australia. Like other species in the genus ''Calamus'', this is a climbing plant with a very long and flexible stem. It uses sharp strong hooks on the fronds and tendrils to attach itself to other vegetation, such as taller established trees, thus gaining support that enables it to grow higher towards the canopy. This species is very similar to ''C. radicalis'', with which it coexists, but is smaller in almost all respects. Sharp hooks on the plant can snag the clothing of walkers, giving rise to the name "wait-a-while".

==Description== Stems may reach lengths of up to {{cvt|35|m|ft|-1}} and a diameter of {{cvt|2|cm|in|1}}.{{R|FOA|RFK}} The leaves (or fronds) are produced on the youngest part of the stem, and the older sections are bare as the leaves age and fall off (the same process as the more familiar upright palm with a stout stem). The older, leafless part of the stem of ''Calamus australis'' is smooth and glossy green.{{R|FOA|RFK}}

The leaves have a long leaf sheath clasping the stem, which is densely covered with needle-like spines measuring up to {{cvt|10|cm|in|1}} long, but usually less. Tendrils, measuring several metres in length and armed with many stout, recurved barbs are produced from the leaf sheath. The leaf itself is pinnate, up to {{cvt|1.5|m|ft|0}} in length, and has around 20 to 25 pairs of leaflets.{{R|FOA|RFK}} Leaves are armed with stout recurved barbs on the lower surfaces of the rachis.{{R|FOA|RFK}} Unlike its very similar sister species ''C. radicalis'', it does not have spines on the leaflets themselves. The overall outline of the leaf is elliptic and the longest leaflets are at the midpoint of the frond, measuring about {{cvt|30|cm|in|0}} long by {{cvt|3|cm|in|1}} wide.{{R|FOA|RFK}}

The inflorescences are pendulous panicles measuring up to {{cvt|2|m|ft|1}} in length, carrying either staminate (functionally male) or pistillate (functionally female) flowers.{{R|FOA|RFK}}

Fruits are a white or cream drupe, around {{cvt|8|to|14|mm|in|1}} diameter, with a scaly exterior.{{R|FOA|RFK}} They contain a single spherical seed which is surrounded by a thin layer of soft edible flesh.

==Taxonomy== ''Calamus australis'' was first described 1838 by the German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in volume 3 of his highly regarded work ''Historia naturalis palmarum''.{{R|APNI|POWO}}

==Distribution and habitat== This is the most widespread of the eight Australian species of ''Calamus''.{{R|FOA}} It is endemic to tropical areas of Queensland, from the tip of Cape York Peninsula south to near Rockhampton on the Tropic of Capricorn, and from sea level to about {{cvt|1600|m|ft|-1}}. It grows in gallery forest and well developed rainforest.{{R|FOA|RFK}}

==Ecology== Fruits of this species are eaten by fruit doves (genus ''Ptilinopus'') and southern cassowaries (''Casuarius casuarius'').{{R|RFK|COOPER}}

==Conservation== This species is listed by Queensland's Department of the Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation as least concern.{{R|DESQLD}} {{As of|2022|12|10}}, it has not been assessed by the IUCN.

==Uses== Indigenous Australians had many uses for this plant and its sister species. The young shoots were eaten, along with the fruits.{{R|ROBERTS}} The long flexible stem was used to make shelters, axe handles, fish traps, snares, and waist straps for climbing trees,{{R|FOA|ROBERTS}} and the thorny tendrils were used to catch fish.{{R|ROBERTS}}

==Gallery== <gallery mode=packed heights=180px> File:Calamus-australis-2-SF21348-03.jpg|Rachis with spines File:Calamus-australis-3-SF21348-04.jpg|Fruit File:Calamus-australis-4-SF21348-01.jpg|Foliage and stem File:Calamus-australis-SF22246-03.jpg|Tendril File:Calamus-australis-SF22180-03.jpg|Underside of leaf, showing barbs on rachis </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="DESQLD">{{cite web |url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=15557 |title=Species profile—''Calamus australis'' |year=2022 |website=Queensland Department of Environment and Science |publisher=Queensland Government |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/93240 |title=''Calamus australis'' |website=Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:664978-1 |title=''Calamus australis'' Mart. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Calamus%20australis |title=''Calamus australis'' |last1=Dowe |first1=J.L. |last2=Jones |first2=D.L. |year=2022 |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Calamus_australis.htm |title=''Calamus australis'' |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="COOPER">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=9780958174213 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=69}}</ref>

<ref name="ROBERTS">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=John |last2=Fisher |first2=Colin (CJ) |last3=Gibson |first3=Roy |title=A Guide to Traditional Aboriginal Rainforest Plant Use |date=1995 |publisher=Bamanga Bubu Ngadimumku Inc. |location=Mossman, Queensland |isbn=0-646-22991-5 |page=27}}</ref> }}

==External links== * {{Wikispecies-inline |Calamus australis |''Calamus australis''}} * {{Commons category-inline |Calamus australis |''Calamus australis''}} * [https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Calamus+australis#tab_mapView View a map] of historical sightings of this species at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium * [https://inaturalist.ala.org.au/observations?taxon_id=364967 View observations] of this species on iNaturalist * [https://flickriver.com/search/Calamus+australis View images] of this species on Flickriver

australis Category:Endemic flora of Queensland Category:Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius Category:Plants described in 1838 Category:Vines