CSAR Class E 4-10-2T

{{Short description|Type of steam locomotive}} {{About|one of several different Central South African Railways locomotive types to be designated "Class E"|the others|Central South African Railways Class E locomotives}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Use South African English|date=September 2013}} {{Infobox locomotive | name = IMR Reid Tenwheeler 4-10-2T CSAR Class E 4-10-2T | image = CSAR Class E 4-10-2T.jpg | alt = | caption = CSAR Class E, ex IMR Reid Tenwheeler, c. 1902 | hatnote = | powertype = Steam | designer = [[Natal Government Railways]] (G.W. Reid) | builder = [[Dübs and Company]] [[Neilson and Company#Turn of the 20th century|Neilson, Reid and Company]] | ordernumber = | serialnumber = Dübs 4086-4100 Neilson 6196-6215 | buildmodel = NGR Reid Tenwheeler | builddate = 1901-1902 | totalproduction = 35 | rebuilder = [[Central South African Railways]] | rebuilddate = 1903-1905 | numberrebuilt = 6 to [[South African Class H1 4-8-2T|4-8-2T (Mountain)]] 29 to [[South African Class 13 4-8-0TT|4-8-0TT (Mastodon)]] | whytetype = [[4-10-2|4-10-2T]] (Reid Tenwheeler) | uicclass = 2'E1'n2t | driver = 2nd coupled axle | gauge = {{Track gauge|Cape|allk=on}} | leadingdiameter = {{convert|25+3/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | coupleddiameter = {{convert|45|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | trailingdiameter = {{convert|25+3/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | tenderdiameter = | minimumcurve = {{convert|300|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} | wheelbase = {{convert|30|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | engine total = | leading = {{convert|5|ft|4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | coupled = {{convert|16|ft|8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | trailing = | tender total = | tenderbogie = | pivotcentres = | wheelspacing = | length = | over couplers = {{convert|37|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | over bufferbeams = | width = | height = {{convert|12|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | frametype = [[Locomotive frame#Plate frames|Plate]] | axleload = {{convert|12|lt|5|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | leadingbogie/pony= {{convert|9|lt|17|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | coupled all = | coupled 1 = {{convert|10|lt|18|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | coupled 2 = {{convert|12|lt|5|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | coupled 3 = {{convert|10|lt|13|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | coupled 4 = {{convert|10|lt|10|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | coupled 5 = {{convert|10|lt|10|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | coupled 6 = | coupled 7 = | coupled 8 = | trail bogie/pony = {{convert|4|lt|4|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | tenderbogieload = | tenderaxle = | weightondrivers = {{convert|54|lt|16|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | locoweight = {{convert|68|lt|17|lcwt|kg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} | tenderweight = | locotenderweight = | tendertype = | fueltype = Coal | fuelcap = {{convert|4|lt|t|1|abbr=on}} | watercap = {{convert|1880|impgal|L|abbr=on}} | tendercap = | sandcap = | fireboxtype = Round-top | firearea = {{convert|21.15|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} | boiler = | pitch = {{convert|6|ft|10|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | boilertype = | diameterinside = {{convert|4|ft|7+7/8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | lengthinside = {{convert|10|ft|4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | smalltubediameter= '''287:''' {{convert|1+3/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} | largetubediameter= | boilerpressure = {{convert|175|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}} | safetyvalvetype = [[Safety valve#Ramsbottom safety valves|Ramsbottom]] | feedwaterheater = | totalsurface = {{convert|1493.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} | tubearea = {{convert|1358.71|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} | fluearea = | tubesandflues = | fireboxarea = {{convert|134.79|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} | superheatertype = | superheaterarea = | cylindercount = Two | cylindersize = {{convert|19|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} bore {{convert|27|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} stroke | frontcylindersize= | rearcylindersize = | hpcylindersize = | lpcylindersize = | valvegear = [[Allan valve gear|Allan]] | valvetype = | valvetravel = | valvelap = | valvelead = | transmission = | trainheating = | locobrakes = | trainbrakes = | safety = | coupling = [[Railway coupling#Johnston coupler|Johnston link-and-pin]] | maxspeed = | poweroutput = | tractiveeffort = {{convert|28440|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} @ 75% | factorofadhesion = | locobrakeforce = | operator = Imperial Military Railways Central South African Railways | operatorclass = IMR Reid Tenwheeler CSAR Class E | powerclass = | numinclass = 35 | fleetnumbers = IMR & CSAR 220-254 | officialname = | nicknames = | axleloadclass = | locale = | deliverydate = 1901-1902 | firstrundate = 1901 | lastrundate = | withdrawndate = | preservedunits = | restoredate = | scrapdate = | currentowner = | disposition = | notes = The leading & trailing coupled axles had flangeless wheels }}

The '''Central South African Railways Class E {{nowrap|4-10-2T}}''' of 1901 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-[[Union of South Africa|Union]] era in [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]].

In 1901 and 1902, during the [[Second Boer War]], the Imperial Military Railways placed 35 tank locomotives with a {{nowrap|4-10-2T}} wheel arrangement in service, built to the design of the Reid Tenwheeler of the Natal Government Railways. In 1902, they came onto the roster of the Central South African Railways and were designated Class E.<ref name="Holland 1">{{Holland-Vol 1|pages=92-95, 123-124, 134-135}}</ref><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). ''The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III – Natal Government Railways''. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, June 1944. pp. 424–425.</ref><ref name="SAR&H Jan 1945">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). ''The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VI – Imperial Military Railways and C.S.A.R.'' (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1945. pp. 12–14.</ref>

==Origin== When the Natal Government Railways (NGR) identified a requirement for a tank locomotive which could haul at least one-and-a-half times as much as a [[South African Class A 4-8-2T|Dübs A {{nowrap|4-8-2T}}]] locomotive, a {{nowrap|4-10-2}} tank locomotive was designed by George W. Reid, Locomotive Superintendent of the NGR at the end of the nineteenth century. On the NGR, these locomotives became known as the [[South African Class H 4-10-2T|Reid Tenwheelers]], later designated the NGR Class C.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944"/>

==Manufacturers== [[File:G.W.Reid.jpg|thumb|left|150px|G.W. Reid]] In 1901, during the Second Boer War, the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) of the invading British forces experienced a shortage of locomotives as a result of damage caused during hostilities and the transportation demands of the British Military. Lieutenant-Colonel E.P.C. Girouard KCMG DSO RE, the Commissioner of Railways for the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] and [[Orange River Colony]], therefore placed urgent orders for 35 locomotives of the NGR's Reid Tenwheeler type.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944"/><ref name="SAR&H Jan 1945"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=32, 56}}</ref>

To ensure rapid delivery, the order was split between [[Dübs and Company]], who built engine numbers 220 to 234, and [[Neilson and Company#Turn of the 20th century|Neilson, Reid and Company]], who built numbers 235 to 254.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944"/><ref name="SAR&H Jan 1945"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

==Characteristics== To be able to negotiate sharp curves, both the first and fifth pairs of coupled wheels of the Reid Tenwheeler locomotive were flangeless. The locomotive used saturated steam and was equipped with [[Stephenson valve gear#Allan straight link valve gear|Allan straight link valve gear]]. The trailing [[Bissel truck]] was of the Cartazzi type, which allowed the axle some lateral movement.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

The main shortcoming of the Reid Tenwheeler was a tendency to derail while reversing, particularly over points, since the trailing drivers were flangeless. On the NGR, this was overcome by increasing the tyre width of these wheels from {{convert|6|in|mm|sigfig=3|abbr=off}} to {{convert|7|in|mm|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

While the IMR locomotive was identical in construction to those built for the NGR, it had a weatherboard affixed to the coal bunker to offer the crew better protection against the elements when travelling bunker forward. The locomotives were more ornate than those in Natal and, in true military style, their brass domes, chimney caps and boiler bands were polished. The practice of polished brasswork was a trade mark of the IMR and was done with all their new locomotives. It was continued on the Central South African Railways (CSAR) after the IMR was disbanded.<ref name="Holland 1"/>

==Service==

===Imperial Military Railways=== The Royal Engineer officers of the IMR considered the Reid Tenwheeler as an excellent and handy type of locomotive for the heavy gradients of 1 in 100 (1%) to 1 in 50 (2%). Most of the IMR's Reid Tenwheelers had been in service for less than a year when peace was declared on 1 June 1902. On 1 July 1902, the control of the railways was handed back to civilian authority.<ref name="SAR&H Jan 1945"/><ref name="SAR History">The South African Railways – Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, pp. 22–23, 25.</ref>

===Central South African Railways=== The IMR was transformed into the CSAR, who took control of all railways in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. One of the first steps taken by the CSAR was to classify and renumber all the locomotive stock, with tank locomotives classified alphabetically and tender locomotives numerically. The Reid Tenwheeler engines were designated {{nowrap|Class E}}, but retained their IMR engine numbers.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jan 1945"/><ref name="SAR History"/>

;Rebuilding to 4-8-2T Mountain From c. 1903, six locomotives, numbers 222, 233 to 235, 245 and 252, were converted to {{nowrap|4-8-2T}} Mountain type engines by removing the fifth pair of coupled wheels and blanking off the resulting opening in the frame, similar to the modification which was being done by the NGR on its own Reid Tenwheelers to make them better suited for the tight curves encountered on points during yard working.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944"/>

;Rebuilding to 4-8-0TT Mastodon Since the small coal and water capacity of the Reid Tenwheelers limited their radius of action, one of them was converted to a tank-and-tender configuration in 1904. The coal bunker, trailing bissel truck and the fifth pair of coupled wheels were removed, the frame was shortened and the locomotive was equipped with a tender from an obsolete Cape 4th class locomotive. As a tank-and-tender type, the modified locomotive was able to haul the same load as before, used less oil, was less troublesome and was considered by crews to be much more comfortable. As a result, the remaining 28 unmodified Reid Tenwheelers were similarly modified to the [[4-8-0|{{nowrap|4-8-0TT}}]] Mastodon type configuration, using three-axle tenders from [[South African Class 6C 4-6-0|CSAR {{nowrap|Class 6-L2}}]] locomotives. This increased the coal capacity from {{convert|4|to|5+1/2|lt|t|1|abbr=off}} and the water capacity from {{convert|1880|to|4320|impgal|L|abbr=off}}, which resulted in a considerable increase in the operating range of the locomotive.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944"/><ref name="SAR&H Jan 1945"/>

Both modified versions of the locomotive were not reclassified on the CSAR, but were referred to as the ''Class E Converted''. By 1912, when the classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the [[Cape Government Railways]], NGR and CSAR onto the South African Railways roster took place, none of these locomotives survived in their original {{nowrap|4-10-2T}} Reid Tenwheeler configuration.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR&H Jun 1944"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="SAR Renumber">Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 7, 11, 13, 22-23 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)</ref>

==Works numbers== The CSAR Class E builders, works numbers, rebuilding and disposition are listed in the table.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR Renumber"/><ref name="Neilson">Neilson, Reid works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser</ref> {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:100%;" |+'''{{nowrap|CSAR Class E 4-10-2T}}''' |- !IMR & CSAR no. !Builder !Works no. !Rebuilt to !SAR no. |- |220 |Dübs |4086 |4-8-0TT |1310 |- |221 |Dübs |4087 |4-8-0TT |1311 |- |222 |Dübs |4088 |4-8-2T |222 |- |223 |Dübs |4089 |4-8-0TT |1312 |- |224 |Dübs |4090 |4-8-0TT |1313 |- |225 |Dübs |4091 |4-8-0TT |1314 |- |226 |Dübs |4092 |4-8-0TT |1315 |- |227 |Dübs |4093 |4-8-0TT |1316 |- |228 |Dübs |4094 |4-8-0TT |1317 |- |229 |Dübs |4095 |4-8-0TT |1318 |- |230 |Dübs |4096 |4-8-0TT |1319 |- |231 |Dübs |4097 |4-8-0TT |1320 |- |232 |Dübs |4098 |4-8-0TT |1321 |- |233 |Dübs |4099 |4-8-2T |223 |- |234 |Dübs |4100 |4-8-2T |Scrapped |- |235 |Neilson, Reid |6196 |4-8-2T |224 |- |236 |Neilson, Reid |6197 |4-8-0TT |1322 |- |237 |Neilson, Reid |6198 |4-8-0TT |1323 |- |238 |Neilson, Reid |6199 |4-8-0TT |1324 |- |239 |Neilson, Reid |6200 |4-8-0TT |1325 |- |240 |Neilson, Reid |6201 |4-8-0TT |1326 |- |241 |Neilson, Reid |6202 |4-8-0TT |1327 |- |242 |Neilson, Reid |6203 |4-8-0TT |1328 |- |243 |Neilson, Reid |6204 |4-8-0TT |1329 |- |244 |Neilson, Reid |6205 |4-8-0TT |1330 |- |245 |Neilson, Reid |6206 |4-8-2T |225 |- |246 |Neilson, Reid |6207 |4-8-0TT |1331 |- |247 |Neilson, Reid |6208 |4-8-0TT |1332 |- |248 |Neilson, Reid |6209 |4-8-0TT |1333 |- |249 |Neilson, Reid |6210 |4-8-0TT |1334 |- |250 |Neilson, Reid |6211 |4-8-0TT |1335 |- |251 |Neilson, Reid |6212 |4-8-0TT |1336 |- |252 |Neilson, Reid |6213 |4-8-2T |226 |- |253 |Neilson, Reid |6214 |4-8-0TT |1337 |- |254 |Neilson, Reid |6215 |4-8-0TT |1338 |}

==References== {{Commons category|CSAR Class E (4-10-2T)|CSAR Class E 4-10-2T|position=left}} {{Reflist}} {{Locomotives of the CSAR}} {{Locomotives of South Africa}}

[[Category:CSAR locomotives|0480]] [[Category:G.W. Reid locomotives|0480]] [[Category:2E1 locomotives]] [[Category:4-10-2T locomotives]] [[Category:Dübs locomotives]] [[Category:Neilson Reid locomotives]] [[Category:Cape gauge railway locomotives]] [[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1901]] [[Category:1901 in South Africa]] [[Category:Scrapped locomotives]]