ISO/IEC 8859-1

{{Short description|Character encoding}} {{Redirect|Latin1|the Unicode block also called "Latin1"|Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)}} {{Infobox character encoding | name = ISO/IEC 8859-1 | mime = ISO-8859-1 | alias = ISO-8859-1, iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819 | image = Latin-1-infobox.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert-image | caption = ISO/IEC 8859-1 code page layout | standard = ISO/IEC 8859 | lang = English, various others | status = | extends = US-ASCII | basedon = DEC MCS | next = {{plainlist| * UTF-8 * UTF-16}} | otherrelated = {{plainlist| * ISO/IEC 8859-15 * Windows-1252 * BraSCII}} | classification = Extended ASCII, ISO/IEC 8859 }} '''ISO/IEC 8859-1''', commonly referred to as '''Latin-1''', is a character encoding in the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings. It encodes 191 characters from the Latin script. It is the basis for many popular 8-bit character sets and the second block of characters in Unicode, the Latin-1 Supplement. It is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa.

It is the most declared single-byte character encoding for web pages; however, per the HTML5 standard,<ref name="WHATWG"/> web browsers interpret it as the superset Windows-1252, so these documents may include characters from that set.

'''ISO-8859-1''' is the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. The following other aliases are registered: '''iso-ir-100''', '''csISOLatin1''', '''latin1''', '''l1''', '''IBM819''', '''Code page 28591''' a.k.a. '''Windows-28591''' is used for it in Windows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd317756(v=vs.85).aspx |title=Code Page Identifiers |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |access-date=2010-12-19}}</ref> IBM calls it '''code page 819''' or '''CP819''' ('''CCSID 819''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Code page 819 information document|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116144609/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00819.html|archive-date=2017-01-16|url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00819.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CCSID 819 information document|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327100212/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid819.html|archive-date=2016-03-27|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid819.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Code Page CPGID 00819 (pdf)|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00819.pdf|publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Code Page CPGID 00819 (txt)|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00819.txt|publisher=IBM}}</ref> Oracle calls it '''WE8ISO8859P1'''.<ref name="Oracle_2002_ISO8859">{{cite book |title=Oracle9i Database Globalization Support Guide |author-first1=Cathy |author-last1=Baird |author-first2=Dan |author-last2=Chiba |author-first3=Winson |author-last3=Chu |author-first4=Jessica |author-last4=Fan |author-first5=Claire |author-last5=Ho |author-first6=Simon |author-last6=Law |author-first7=Geoff |author-last7=Lee |author-first8=Peter |author-last8=Linsley |author-first9=Keni |author-last9=Matsuda |author-first10=Tamzin |author-last10=Oscroft |author-first11=Shige |author-last11=Takeda |author-first12=Linus |author-last12=Tanaka |author-first13=Makoto |author-last13=Tozawa |author-first14=Barry |author-last14=Trute |author-first15=Mayumi |author-last15=Tsujimoto |author-first16=Ying |author-last16=Wu |author-first17=Michael |author-last17=Yau |author-first18=Tim |author-last18=Yu |author-first19=Chao |author-last19=Wang |author-first20=Simon |author-last20=Wong |author-first21=Weiran |author-last21=Zhang |author-first22=Lei |author-last22=Zheng |author-first23=Yan |author-last23=Zhu |author-first24=Valarie |author-last24=Moore |publisher=Oracle Corporation |edition=Release 2 (9.2) |date=2002 |orig-year=1996 |id=Oracle A96529-01 |chapter=Appendix A: Locale Data |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96529.pdf |access-date=2017-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214190952/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96529.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-14}}</ref>

== Coverage == {{See also|Latin-script alphabet}} The encoding has sufficient coverage for ''letters'' of many languages: === Modern languages with complete letter coverage === {{columns-list|colwidth=15em| * Afrikaans * Albanian * Basque * Breton * Corsican * English * Faroese * Galician * Icelandic * Ido * Irish * Indonesian * Italian * Leonese * Lojban * Luxembourgish{{efn|Basic classical orthography}} * Malay{{efn|Rumi script}} * Manx * Norwegian{{efn|Bokmål and Nynorsk}} * Occitan * Portuguese{{efn|European and Brazilian}} * Rhaeto-Romanic * Rotokas * Scottish Gaelic * Scots * Southern Sami * Spanish * Swahili * Swedish * Tagalog (Latin script) * Toki Pona * Walloon }}

====Notes==== {{Notelist}}

=== Languages with incomplete coverage === {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2017}} ISO-8859-1 was commonly used for certain languages, even though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can be replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-1 using some form of typographic approximation. The following table lists such languages.

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Language !! Missing characters !! Typical workaround !! Supported by |- | Catalan || Ŀ, ŀ (deprecated) || L·, l· || |- | Danish || Ǿ, ǿ (the accent is optional and ǿ is very rare)|| Ø, ø or øe || |- | Dutch || Ĳ, ĳ (debatable), j́ (in emphasized words like "blíj́f") || digraphs IJ, ij or ÿ; blíjf || |- | Estonian, Finnish || Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) || Sh, sh, Zh, zh || ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252 |- | French || Œ, œ, and the very rare Ÿ || digraphs OE, oe; Y or Ý || ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252 |- | German || ẞ (capital ß, used only in all capitals) || digraph SS or SZ || |- | Hungarian || Ő, ő, Ű, ű || Ö, ö, Ü, ü <br />Õ, õ, Û, û (the characters replaced in {{nowrap|8859-2}}) || ISO-8859-2, Windows-1250 |- | Irish (traditional orthography)|| Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṗ, ṗ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫ || Bh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Ph, ph, Sh, sh, Th, th || ISO-8859-14 |- | Maltese|| Ċ, ċ, Ġ, ġ, Ħ, ħ, Ż, ż || C, c, G, g, H, h, Z, z || ISO-8859-3 |- | Welsh || Ẁ, ẁ, Ẃ, ẃ, Ŵ, ŵ, Ẅ, ẅ, Ỳ, ỳ, Ŷ, ŷ, Ÿ || W, w, Y, y, Ý, ý || ISO-8859-14 |}

The letter {{char|ÿ}}, which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as L'Haÿ-les-Roses and never at the beginning of words, is included only in lowercase form. The slot corresponding to its uppercase form is occupied by the lowercase letter {{char|ß}} from the German language, which did not have an uppercase form at the time when the standard was created.

=== Missing characters ===

Like all the ISO-8859 encodings and ASCII it lacks symbols which are needed for attractive and correct typography:

* Only {{char|« »}}, {{char|" "}}, and {{char|' '}} quotation marks are included. "Curly" quotation marks are missing, as are baseline quotation marks and single guillemets used by some of the supported languages. "Curly" apostrophe is also missing. * The euro sign was first presented to the public on 12 December 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=Typographers discuss the euro |url=https://www.evertype.com/standards/euro/eurotypo.html |website=Evertype |access-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222002244/https://www.evertype.com/standards/euro/eurotypo.html |archive-date=22 February 2023 |date=December 1996}}</ref> Due to this character set being introduced in 1987, it does not include it. * The en dash and em dash are missing. Windows-1252 added all of these characters, and ISO/IEC 8859-15 added the euro sign.

== History == ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set (MCS) used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the popular VT220 terminal in 1983. It was developed within the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94,<ref name="ECMA_1985_ECMA94_R1" /> by which name it is still sometimes known.

The original draft of ISO 8859-1 placed French {{char|Œ}} and {{char|œ}} at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7), as in the MCS. However, the delegate from France, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are not independent French letters on their own, but mere ligatures (like {{char|ﬁ}} or {{char|ﬂ}}), supported by the delegate team from Bull Publishing Company, who regularly did not print French with {{char|Œ}}/{{char|œ}} in their house style at the time. An anglophone delegate from Canada insisted on retaining {{char|Œ}}/{{char|œ}} but was rebuffed by the French delegate and the team from Bull. These code points were soon filled with {{char|×}} and {{char|÷}} under the suggestion of the German delegation. Support for French was further reduced when it was again falsely stated that the letter {{char|ÿ}} is "not French", resulting in the absence of the capital {{char|Ÿ}}. In fact, the letter {{char|ÿ}} is found in a number of French proper names, and the capital letter has been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=André|first=Jacques|title=ISO Latin-1, norme de codage des caractères européens? Trois caractères français en sont absents!|journal=Cahiers GUTenberg|issue=25|date=1996|pages=65–77|doi=10.5802/cg.205 |url=http://www.numdam.org/article/CG_1996___25_65_0.pdf|language=fr}}</ref> These characters were added to ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999. BraSCII matches the original draft.

In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system.<ref name="Amiga-1251">{{Cite web |title=Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251] |date=2003-01-10 |author-first=Michael |author-last=Malyshev |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/charset-reg/Amiga-1251 |publisher=ATO-RU (Amiga Translation Organization - Russian Department) |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205191644/https://www.iana.org/assignments/charset-reg/Amiga-1251 |archive-date=2016-12-05}}</ref> The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-094.pdf|title=Second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)}}</ref> also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-4 as part of the specification.

The first edition of the ISO standard was published in 1987 (the most recent was published in 1998). Its title is ''Information technology—8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets—Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1''.

In 1990, the first version of Unicode used the code points of ISO-8859-1 as the first 256 Unicode code points.

In 1992, the IANA registered the character map '''ISO_8859-1:1987''', more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of '''ISO-8859-1''' (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control codes to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.

== Code page layout ==

{|{{chset-table-header1|ISO/IEC 8859-1}} |- ! {{chset-left1|0x}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} |- ! {{chset-left1|1x}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} |- ! {{chset-left1|2x}} | {{chset-ctrl1|32 - U+0020: SPACE |  SP  }} | {{chset-cell1|33 - U+0021: EXCLAMATION MARK | ! | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|34 - U+0022: QUOTATION MARK | " | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|35 - U+0023: NUMBER SIGN | # | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|36 - U+0024: DOLLAR SIGN | $ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|37 - U+0025: PERCENT SIGN | % | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|38 - U+0026: AMPERSAND | & | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|39 - U+0027: APOSTROPHE | ' | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|40 - U+0028: LEFT PARENTHESIS | ( | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|41 - U+0029: RIGHT PARENTHESIS | ) | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|42 - U+002A: ASTERISK | * | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|43 - U+002B: PLUS SIGN | + | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|44 - U+002C: COMMA | , | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|45 - U+002D: HYPHEN-MINUS | - | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|46 - U+002E: FULL STOP | . | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|47 - U+002F: SOLIDUS | / | style=background:#EFF}} |- ! {{chset-left1|3x}} | {{chset-cell1|48 - U+0030: DIGIT ZERO | 0 }} | {{chset-cell1|49 - U+0031: DIGIT ONE | 1 }} | {{chset-cell1|50 - U+0032: DIGIT TWO | 2 }} | {{chset-cell1|51 - U+0033: DIGIT THREE | 3 }} | {{chset-cell1|52 - U+0034: DIGIT FOUR | 4 }} | {{chset-cell1|53 - U+0035: DIGIT FIVE | 5 }} | {{chset-cell1|54 - U+0036: DIGIT SIX | 6 }} | {{chset-cell1|55 - U+0037: DIGIT SEVEN | 7 }} | {{chset-cell1|56 - U+0038: DIGIT EIGHT | 8 }} | {{chset-cell1|57 - U+0039: DIGIT NINE | 9 }} | {{chset-cell1|58 - U+003A: COLON | : | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|59 - U+003B: SEMICOLON | ; | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|60 - U+003C: LESS-THAN SIGN | < | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|61 - U+003D: EQUALS SIGN | = | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|62 - U+003E: GREATER-THAN SIGN | > | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|63 - U+003F: QUESTION MARK | ? | style=background:#EFF}} |- ! {{chset-left1|4x}} | {{chset-cell1|64 - U+0040: COMMERCIAL AT | @ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|65 - U+0041: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A | A }} | {{chset-cell1|66 - U+0042: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B | B }} | {{chset-cell1|67 - U+0043: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C | C }} | {{chset-cell1|68 - U+0044: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D | D }} | {{chset-cell1|69 - U+0045: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E | E }} | {{chset-cell1|70 - U+0046: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F | F }} | {{chset-cell1|71 - U+0047: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G | G }} | {{chset-cell1|72 - U+0048: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H | H }} | {{chset-cell1|73 - U+0049: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I | I }} | {{chset-cell1|74 - U+004A: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J | J }} | {{chset-cell1|75 - U+004B: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K | K }} | {{chset-cell1|76 - U+004C: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L | L }} | {{chset-cell1|77 - U+004D: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M | M }} | {{chset-cell1|78 - U+004E: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N | N }} | {{chset-cell1|79 - U+004F: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O | O }} |- ! {{chset-left1|5x}} | {{chset-cell1|80 - U+0050: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P | P }} | {{chset-cell1|81 - U+0051: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q | Q }} | {{chset-cell1|82 - U+0052: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | R }} | {{chset-cell1|83 - U+0053: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S | S }} | {{chset-cell1|84 - U+0054: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T | T }} | {{chset-cell1|85 - U+0055: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U | U }} | {{chset-cell1|86 - U+0056: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V | V }} | {{chset-cell1|87 - U+0057: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W | W }} | {{chset-cell1|88 - U+0058: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X | X }} | {{chset-cell1|89 - U+0059: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y | Y }} | {{chset-cell1|90 - U+005A: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z | Z }} | {{chset-cell1|91 - U+005B: LEFT SQUARE BRACKET | [ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|92 - U+005C: REVERSE SOLIDUS | \ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|93 - U+005D: RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET | ] | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|94 - U+005E: CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT | ^ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|95 - U+005F: LOW LINE" | _ | style=background:#EFF}} |- ! {{chset-left1|6x}} | {{chset-cell1|96 - U+0060: GRAVE ACCENT" | ` | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|97 - U+0061: LATIN SMALL LETTER A | a }} | {{chset-cell1|98 - U+0062: LATIN SMALL LETTER B | b }} | {{chset-cell1|99 - U+0063: LATIN SMALL LETTER C | c }} | {{chset-cell1|100 - U+0064: LATIN SMALL LETTER D | d }} | {{chset-cell1|101 - U+0065: LATIN SMALL LETTER E | e }} | {{chset-cell1|102 - U+0066: LATIN SMALL LETTER F | f }} | {{chset-cell1|103 - U+0067: LATIN SMALL LETTER G | g }} | {{chset-cell1|104 - U+0068: LATIN SMALL LETTER H | h }} | {{chset-cell1|105 - U+0069: LATIN SMALL LETTER I | i }} | {{chset-cell1|106 - U+006A: LATIN SMALL LETTER J | j }} | {{chset-cell1|107 - U+006B: LATIN SMALL LETTER K | k }} | {{chset-cell1|108 - U+006C: LATIN SMALL LETTER L | l }} | {{chset-cell1|109 - U+006D: LATIN SMALL LETTER M | m }} | {{chset-cell1|110 - U+006E: LATIN SMALL LETTER N | n }} | {{chset-cell1|111 - U+006F: LATIN SMALL LETTER O | o }} |- ! {{chset-left1|7x}} | {{chset-cell1|112 - U+0070: LATIN SMALL LETTER P | p }} | {{chset-cell1|113 - U+0071: LATIN SMALL LETTER Q | q }} | {{chset-cell1|114 - U+0072: LATIN SMALL LETTER R | r }} | {{chset-cell1|115 - U+0073: LATIN SMALL LETTER S | s }} | {{chset-cell1|116 - U+0074: LATIN SMALL LETTER T | t }} | {{chset-cell1|117 - U+0075: LATIN SMALL LETTER U | u }} | {{chset-cell1|118 - U+0076: LATIN SMALL LETTER V | v }} | {{chset-cell1|119 - U+0077: LATIN SMALL LETTER W | w }} | {{chset-cell1|120 - U+0078: LATIN SMALL LETTER X | x }} | {{chset-cell1|121 - U+0079: LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | y }} | {{chset-cell1|122 - U+007A: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z | z }} | {{chset-cell1|123 - U+007B: LEFT CURLY BRACKET | { | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|124 - U+007C: VERTICAL LINE" | | | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|125 - U+007D: RIGHT CURLY BRACKET | } | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|126 - U+007E: TILDE" | ~ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} |- ! {{chset-left1|8x}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} |- ! {{chset-left1|9x}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} | {{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}} |- ! {{chset-left1|Ax}} | {{chset-ctrl1|160 - U+00A0: NO-BREAK SPACE | NBSP }} | {{chset-cell1|161 - U+00A1: INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK | ¡ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|162 - U+00A2: CENT SIGN | ¢ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|163 - U+00A3: POUND SIGN | £ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|164 - U+00A4: CURRENCY SIGN | ¤ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|165 - U+00A5: YEN SIGN | ¥ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|166 - U+00A6: BROKEN BAR | ¦ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|167 - U+00A7: SECTION SIGN | § | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|168 - U+00A8: DIAERESIS | ¨ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|169 - U+00A9: COPYRIGHT SIGN | © | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|170 - U+00AA: FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR | ª }} | {{chset-cell1|171 - U+00AB: LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK | « | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|172 - U+00AC: NOT SIGN | ¬ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-ctrl1|173 - U+00AD: SOFT HYPHEN | SHY }} | {{chset-cell1|174 - U+00AE: REGISTERED SIGN | ® | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|175 - U+00AF: MACRON | ¯ | style=background:#EFF}} |- ! {{chset-left1|Bx}} | {{chset-cell1|176 - U+00B0: DEGREE SIGN | ° | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|177 - U+00B1: PLUS-MINUS SIGN | ± | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|178 - U+00B2: SUPERSCRIPT TWO | ² }} | {{chset-cell1|179 - U+00B3: SUPERSCRIPT THREE | ³ }} | {{chset-cell1|180 - U+00B4: ACUTE ACCENT | ´ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|181 - U+00B5: MICRO SIGN | µ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|182 - U+00B6: PILCROW SIGN | ¶ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|183 - U+00B7: MIDDLE DOT | · | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|184 - U+00B8: CEDILLA | ¸ | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|185 - U+00B9: SUPERSCRIPT ONE | ¹ }} | {{chset-cell1|186 - U+00BA: MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR | º }} | {{chset-cell1|187 - U+00BB: RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK | » | style=background:#EFF}} | {{chset-cell1|188 - U+00BC: VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER | ¼ }} | {{chset-cell1|189 - U+00BD: VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF | ½ }} | {{chset-cell1|190 - U+00BE: VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS | ¾ }} | {{chset-cell1|191 - U+00BF: INVERTED QUESTION MARK | ¿ | style=background:#EFF}} |- ! {{chset-left1|Cx}} | {{chset-cell1|192 - U+00C0: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE | À }} | {{chset-cell1|193 - U+00C1: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE | Á }} | {{chset-cell1|194 - U+00C2: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX | Â }} | {{chset-cell1|195 - U+00C3: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE | Ã }} | {{chset-cell1|196 - U+00C4: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS | Ä }} | {{chset-cell1|197 - U+00C5: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE | Å }} | {{chset-cell1|198 - U+00C6: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE | Æ }} | {{chset-cell1|199 - U+00C7: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA | Ç }} | {{chset-cell1|200 - U+00C8: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE | È }} | {{chset-cell1|201 - U+00C9: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE | É }} | {{chset-cell1|202 - U+00CA: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | Ê }} | {{chset-cell1|203 - U+00CB: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS | Ë }} | {{chset-cell1|204 - U+00CC: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE | Ì }} | {{chset-cell1|205 - U+00CD: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE | Í }} | {{chset-cell1|206 - U+00CE: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX | Î }} | {{chset-cell1|207 - U+00CF: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS | Ï }} |- ! {{chset-left1|Dx}} | {{chset-cell1|208 - U+00D0: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH | Ð }} | {{chset-cell1|209 - U+00D1: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE | Ñ }} | {{chset-cell1|210 - U+00D2: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE | Ò }} | {{chset-cell1|211 - U+00D3: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE | Ó }} | {{chset-cell1|212 - U+00D4: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX | Ô }} | {{chset-cell1|213 - U+00D5: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE | Õ }} | {{chset-cell1|214 - U+00D6: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS | Ö }} | {{chset-cell1|215 - U+00D7: MULTIPLICATION SIGN | × | style=background:#EFD}} | {{chset-cell1|216 - U+00D8: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE | Ø }} | {{chset-cell1|217 - U+00D9: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE | Ù }} | {{chset-cell1|218 - U+00DA: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE | Ú }} | {{chset-cell1|219 - U+00DB: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX | Û }} | {{chset-cell1|220 - U+00DC: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS | Ü }} | {{chset-cell1|221 - U+00DD: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE | Ý }} | {{chset-cell1|222 - U+00DE: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN | Þ }} | {{chset-cell1|223 - U+00DF: LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S | ß }} |- ! {{chset-left1|Ex}} | {{chset-cell1|224 - U+00E0: LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE | à }} | {{chset-cell1|225 - U+00E1: LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE | á }} | {{chset-cell1|226 - U+00E2: LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX | â }} | {{chset-cell1|227 - U+00E3: LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE | ã }} | {{chset-cell1|228 - U+00E4: LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS | ä }} | {{chset-cell1|229 - U+00E5: LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE | å }} | {{chset-cell1|230 - U+00E6: LATIN SMALL LETTER AE | æ }} | {{chset-cell1|231 - U+00E7: LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA | ç }} | {{chset-cell1|232 - U+00E8: LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE | è }} | {{chset-cell1|233 - U+00E9: LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE | é }} | {{chset-cell1|234 - U+00EA: LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | ê }} | {{chset-cell1|235 - U+00EB: LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS | ë }} | {{chset-cell1|236 - U+00EC: LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE | ì }} | {{chset-cell1|237 - U+00ED: LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE | í }} | {{chset-cell1|238 - U+00EE: LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX | î }} | {{chset-cell1|239 - U+00EF: LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS | ï }} |- ! {{chset-left1|Fx}} | {{chset-cell1|240 - U+00F0: LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH | ð }} | {{chset-cell1|241 - U+00F1: LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE | ñ }} | {{chset-cell1|242 - U+00F2: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE | ò }} | {{chset-cell1|243 - U+00F3: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE | ó }} | {{chset-cell1|244 - U+00F4: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX | ô }} | {{chset-cell1|245 - U+00F5: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE | õ }} | {{chset-cell1|246 - U+00F6: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS | ö }} | {{chset-cell1|247 - U+00F7: DIVISION SIGN | ÷ | style=background:#EFD}} | {{chset-cell1|248 - U+00F8: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE | ø }} | {{chset-cell1|249 - U+00F9: LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE | ù }} | {{chset-cell1|250 - U+00FA: LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE | ú }} | {{chset-cell1|251 - U+00FB: LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX | û }} | {{chset-cell1|252 - U+00FC: LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS | ü }} | {{chset-cell1|253 - U+00FD: LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE | ý }} | {{chset-cell1|254 - U+00FE: LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN | þ }} | {{chset-cell1|255 - U+00FF: LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS | ÿ }} |- | {{chset-table-footer1| {{legend|#DDD|Undefined}} {{legend|#EFF|Symbols and punctuation}} {{legend|#EFD|Undefined in the first release of ECMA-94 (1985).<ref name="ECMA_1985_ECMA94_R1">{{cite book|title=Standard ECMA-94: 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Set |publisher=European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) |date=March 1985 |orig-year=1984-12-14 |edition=1 |url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-94,%201st%20Edition,%20March%201985.pdf |access-date=2016-12-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202011921/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-94%2C%201st%20Edition%2C%20March%201985.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-02 |quote=[…] Since 1982 the urgency of the need for an 8-bit single-byte coded character set was recognized in ECMA as well as in ANSI/X3L2 and numerous working papers were exchanged between the two groups. In February 1984 ECMA TC1 submitted to ISO/TC97/SC2 a proposal for such a coded character set. At its meeting of April 1984 SC decided to submit to TC97 a proposal for a new item of work for this topic. Technical discussions during and after this meeting led TC1 to adopt the coding scheme proposed by X3L2. Part 1 of Draft International Standard DTS 8859 is based on this joint ANSI/ECMA proposal. […] Adopted as an ECMA Standard by the General Assembly of Dec. 13–14, 1984. […] }}</ref> In the original draft Œ was at 0xD7 and œ was at 0xF7.}}}} |}

== Web usage == {{nowrap|ISO-8859-1}} was (according to the standard, at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with {{code|text/}}, the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defined the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents. It is specified by many other standards.{{examples|date=August 2024}} In practice, the superset encoding Windows-1252 is the more likely effective default{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} and it is increasingly common for UTF-8 to work{{clarify|date=December 2024}} whether or not a standard specifies it.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

{{As of|2026|4}}, 6.7% of {{em |static}} web pages are served with {{nowrap|ISO/IEC 8859-1}}, and with its superset Windows-1252 used for  9.3% of static pages (and even more used of some subtypes or categories, see below). This contrasts a lot with 0.9% of {{em |all}} web sites using {{nowrap|ISO/IEC 8859-1}} (explained by the fact most web sites are served programmatically, usually with a mix of static pages).<ref name="encoding">{{Cite web|title=Historical trends in the usage statistics of character encodings for Web sites, December 2025|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/history_overview/character_encoding|access-date=2025-12-17|website=W3Techs }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://w3techs.com/forum/topic/22994|title=Source of character encoding statistics?|website=W3Techs |date=August 2014 |first1=John |last1=Cowan |first2=Sam |last2=Soltano }}</ref> It is the most declared single-byte character encoding, but as Web browsers and the HTML5 standard<ref name="WHATWG">{{cite web |url=https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#names-and-labels |title=Encoding |at=sec. 5.2 Names and labels |publisher=WHATWG |date=27 January 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204174315/https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#names-and-labels |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> interpret them as the superset Windows-1252, these documents may include characters from that set. Some countries or languages show a higher usage than the global average, in 2025 Brazil according to website use, use is at 2.2%,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Brazil |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/segmentation/sl-br-/character_encoding |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=W3Techs }}</ref> and in Germany at  2.1%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .de|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/segmentation/tld-de-/character_encoding|access-date=2026-02-05|website=W3Techs }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use German|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/segmentation/cl-de-/character_encoding|access-date=2025-04-16|website=W3Techs}}</ref>

HTML5 is the latest standard that almost all web pages use, but regarding older standards: 14.0% of HTML Transitional web pages use {{nowrap|ISO-8859-1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use HTML Transitional |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/segmentation/ml-html_transitional/character_encoding |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=w3techs.com}}</ref> (HTML Transitional is used by 2.9% of all the websites<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of HTML Transitional for Websites, April 2026 |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ml-html_transitional |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=w3techs.com}}</ref>). HTML Strict has  17.0% usage<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use HTML Strict |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/segmentation/ml-html_strict/character_encoding |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=w3techs.com}}</ref> (note though HTML Strict is only used by 0.1% of websites<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of HTML Strict for Websites, April 2026 |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ml-html_strict |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=w3techs.com}}</ref>). For the obsolete and little used frameset site element using websites (0.2% of all), 24.7% of those use ISO 8859-1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Frameset |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/segmentation/ce-frameset/character_encoding |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=w3techs.com}}</ref> So it can be said that legacy encodings are more used with older technology, and HTML5 mostly eliminate their use.

== Similar character sets == {{Main|Western Latin character sets (computing)}}

=== ISO/IEC 8859-15 === ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed in 1999, as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. It provides some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign, which are missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: {{code|¤}}, {{code|¦}}, {{code|¨}}, {{code|´}}, {{code|¸}}, {{code|¼}}, {{code|½}}, and {{code|¾}}. Ironically, three of the newly added characters ({{code|Œ}}, {{code|œ}}, and {{code|Ÿ}}) had already been present in DEC's 1983 Multinational Character Set (MCS), the predecessor to ISO/IEC 8859-1 (1987). Since their original code points were now reused for other purposes, the characters had to be reintroduced under different, less logical code points.

ISO-IR-204, a more minor modification (called '''code page 61235''' by FreeDOS),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/FDOS/cpi/blob/master/CPIISO/codepage.txt |title=Cpi/CPIISO/Codepage.TXT at master · FDOS/Cpi |website=GitHub }}</ref> had been registered in 1998, altering ISO-8859-1 by replacing the universal currency sign ({{char|¤}}) with the euro sign<ref>{{cite iso-ir |number=204 |title=Supplementary set for Latin-1 alternative with EURO SIGN |sponsor=ITS Information Technology Standardization |date=1998-09-16}}</ref> (the same substitution made by ISO-8859-15).

=== Windows-1252 === The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common for Windows-1252 text to be mislabelled as ISO-8859-1. A common result was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in word-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Many Web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5.<ref>{{cite web |last=van Kesteren |first=Anne |url=https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#names-and-labels |work=Encoding Standard |title=5.2 Names and labels |publisher=WHATWG |date=27 January 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204174315/https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#names-and-labels |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mac Roman === The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. It is a superset of ASCII, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 and all the extra characters from Windows-1252, but in a totally different arrangement. The few printable characters that are in ISO/IEC 8859-1, but not in this set, are often a source of trouble when editing text on Web sites using older Macintosh browsers, including the last version of Internet Explorer for Mac.

=== Other === DOS has code page 850, which has all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 has, albeit in a totally different arrangement, plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.

Between 1989<ref name="HP82240B_1989"/> and 2015, Hewlett-Packard used another superset of ISO-8859-1 on many of their calculators. This proprietary character set was sometimes referred to simply as "ECMA-94" as well.<ref name="HP82240B_1989">{{cite book |title=HP 82240B Infrared Printer |publisher=Hewlett-Packard |date=August 1989 |edition=1 |id=HP reorder number 82240-90014 |location=Corvallis, OR, USA }}</ref> HP also has code page 1053, which adds the medium shade (▒, U+2592) at 0x7F.<ref>{{cite web|title=Code Page 1053|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01053z.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121104245/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01053z.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-21}}</ref>

Several EBCDIC code pages were purposely designed to have the same set of characters as ISO-8859-1, to allow easy conversion between them.

== See also == * Latin script in Unicode * Unicode * Universal Coded Character Set ** European Unicode subset (DIN 91379) * UTF-8 * Windows code pages * ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == *[https://www.iso.org/standard/28245.html ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998] *[http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/sc2/wg3/docs/n411.pdf ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-1:1998] — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets, Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 ''(draft dated February 12, 1998, published April 15, 1998)''. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930013716/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG3/docs/n411.pdf |date=2020-09-30}}. *[https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-94/ Standard ECMA-94: 8-Bit Single Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets — Latin Alphabets No. 1 to No. 4] ''2nd edition (June 1986)'' *[https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ir/100.pdf ISO-IR 100] Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet No.1 ''(February 1, 1986)'' *[https://www.eki.ee/letter/ The Letter Database] *{{cite web |title=The ISO 8859 Alphabet Soup |author-first=Roman |author-last=Czyborra |date=1998-12-01 |url=https://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html#ISO-8859-1 |access-date=2016-12-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201141241/http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html |archive-date=2016-12-01}} [https://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859-1.txt.gz] [https://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859-1.bdf.gz]

{{DEFAULTSORT:ISO IEC 8859-1}} Category:ISO/IEC 8859 Category:Computer-related introductions in 1987 Category:Character sets #8859-1