Latin American and Caribbean Episcopal Council

{{Short description|Catholic territorial administrative unit}} {{no footnotes|date=October 2017}} The '''Latin American and Caribbean Episcopal Council''' ({{langx|es|Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano y Caribeño}}; {{langx|pt|Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano e Caribenho}}), better known as '''CELAM''', is a council of the Catholic bishops in Latin America, created in 1955 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cleary |first=Edward L |title=CELAM |date=2007 |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/cqpress/encyclopedia-of-politics-and-religion/s48.xml |work=Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion |pages=112–114 |edition=2 |place=Washington |publisher=CQ Press |access-date=2022-04-25}}</ref> It is based in Bogotá, Colombia.

== Early history == From July 25 to August 4,1955, bishops from all over Latin America met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the first meeting of CELAM, with Pope Pius XII formally approving the organization on November 2 of that year.<ref name=":12">Pius XII. Apostolic Letter ''Ad Ecclesiam Christi'', 29 June 1955</ref> The bishops that met for the 1955 General Conference highlighted three main problems the church faced in Latin America: shortage of clergy, lack of organization, and pressing social issues - calling for an increase in social work by the Church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=Celam: Documento de Río de Janeiro (1955) |url=http://vincentians.com/es/celam-documento-de-rio-de-janeiro-1955/ |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Somos Vicencianos |language=es-ES}}</ref> Concerns including the rise of communism, secularism, and Protestantism were also included in the plenary meeting.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Phillip |last=Berryman |title=Liberation theology: essential facts about the revolutionary movement in Latin America--and beyond |date=1988 |publisher=Heinemann Asia |isbn=9971-64-186-0 |oclc=226084550}}</ref> Overall, the organization was created to support the pastoral work of the bishops, and to respond to problems facing the Church in Latin America.<ref name=":12" /> Bishops with diverging politics, such as Hélder Câmara and Jaime de Barros Câmara, helped form the organization and its mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-09-01 |title=Obituary: Archbishop Helder Camara |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-archbishop-helder-camara-1115091.html |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Las tareas que cumplirá el Cardenal Errázuriz en la Presidencia del CELAM |url=http://www.iglesia.cl/detalle_noticia.php?id=97 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=www.iglesia.cl |language=es}}</ref>

CELAM expanded rapidly in the 60s and experienced a demographic change in the mid-60s. From 1959 to 1964, under Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez as president, the organization had two sub-departments -- Catechetics and the Committee on Faith. By 1965, with Manuel Larraín as president, the organization operated with nine: Education, Lay Apostolates, Liturgy, Pastoral of CELAM, Public Opinion, Semiñaries, University Pastoral, Vocations and Ministries, and Social Action.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Frederick C. |title=Catholicism and political development in Latin America |date=2011 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-9799-7 |oclc=908263754}}</ref> Four new institutes were also created by CELAM under the leadership of Manuel Larraín: the Institute of Pastoral Liturgy and the Pastoral Institute for Latin America in Quito, Ecuador, the Institute on Latin American Catechetics in Santiago, Chile, and the Institute on Latin American Catechetics in Manizales, Colombia.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |first=Christian |last=Smith |title=The Emergence of liberation theology: radical religion and social movement theory |date=1991 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-76410-9 |oclc=912765562}}</ref> Progressive bishops and their staff quickly filled the newly created positions, making CELAM a successful vehicle for Liberation theology, as the organization provided necessary support and protection for the movement to grow.<ref name=":02" />

The Second Vatican Council (1962-65) prompted the Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America, also referred to as the Medellín Conference or CELAM II, that took place in Medellín, Colombia, from August 24 to September 6, 1968.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abalos |first=David |date=1969 |title=THE MEDELLIN CONFERENCE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24457340 |journal=CrossCurrents |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=113–132 |issn=0011-1953}}</ref> The meeting was convened to discuss the implications of Vatican II on the Latin American Church. The Conference included six preparatory meetings, with attendees such as Gustavo Gutiérrez, Juan Luis Segundo, and José Comblin.<ref name=":02" /> Documents from the conference declare the Church committed to social change towards "authentic liberation", Latin America suffering under "neocolonialism" and "the international imperialism of money", and claim that the "growing distortion of international commerce [is] … a permanent menace against peace".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gremillion |first=Joseph |title=The Gospel of Peace and Justice: Catholic Social Teaching Since Pope John |publisher=Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books |year=1976 |pages=451,460,446}}</ref> The guidelines of Medellín contributed to the development of a more vigorous Church, committed explicitly to social justice, which was reflected in CELAM's propagation of Ecclesial Base Communities - local groups that reinterpreted the biblical message, giving it a clear political content to put it at the service of popular struggles - as well as in the organization's extensive educational work focused on social issues provided to clergy, laity, and congregants of the Church.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arias Trujillo |first=Ricardo |date=2009-08-01 |title=El episcopado colombiano en los años 1960 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/revestudsoc/15771 |journal=Revista de Estudios Sociales |language=es |issue=33 |pages=79–90 |issn=0123-885X}}</ref> The conference is credited for propelling the movement of Liberation theology forward, with "organizational strength" in the Latin American Church's progressive sector considered to be at an all time high from 1968 to 1972.<ref name=":02" />

==Conflict over liberation theology== Supported by CELAM, liberation theology was historically met with skepticism by the Vatican and Pope Paul VI. Cardinal Antonio Samoré, in charge of relations between the Roman Curia and the CELAM as the leader of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, was ordered to put a term to this orientation.

With Alfonso López Trujillo's election in 1972 as general secretary of CELAM, conservatives gained control of this organization, at much the same time as they were beginning to regain control of the Roman Curia. Considered a papabile at the 2005 Papal conclave, López Trujillo stayed CELAM's general secretary until 1984. However, at the 1979 CELAM Conference in Puebla, Mexico, over three months after the election of Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II, conservative reorientation of the CELAM was met by strong opposition from the progressive part of the clergy, which defined the concept of a "preferential option for the poor". However, the pope would go on to use the phrase in his 1987 encyclical ''Sollicitudo rei socialis''. In 1984 and 1986, the Holy See twice condemned elements of liberation theology, especially Marxist elements, but did not strictly condemn it on the whole.<ref>Holy See, [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19840806_theology-liberation_en.html Instruction on Certain Aspects of the "Theology of Liberation], published on 6 August 1984, accessed on 25 January 2025</ref>

==Present programs== CELAM currently supports programs like AVAAZ and TECHO to help eliminate rights abuses and extreme poverty around the world. CELAM also supports a Christian radio station and television station. There are CELAM-sponsored child and youth programs to help young people in the church. CELAM has also been vocal in its support for peace in the Colombian conflict and a ceasefire between the government forces and the FARC.

Cardinal Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (Archbishop of Tegucigalpa) was CELAM's general secretary from 1995 to 1999, along with Cardinal Luis Aponte Martínez (Archbishop of San Juan).

== Present leadership == * President: border|20px Archbishop Miguel Cabrejos Vidarte (2019 - 2023), Metropolitan Archbishop of Trujillo, Peru * First Vice-President: border|20px Cardinal Odilo Pedro Scherer (2019 - 2023), Metropolitan Archbishop of São Paulo, Brazil * Second Vice-President: border|20px Cardinal Leopoldo José Brenes Solórzano (2019 - 2023), Metropolitan Archbishop of Managua, Nicaragua * General Secretary: border|20px Bishop Juan Carlos Cárdenas Toro (2019 - 2023), Auxiliary Bishop of Cali, Colombia

== Past leadership == * President: border|20px Cardinal Rubén Salazar Gómez (2015 - 2019), Metropolitan Archbishop of Bogotá, Colombia * First Vice-President: border|20px Bishop Carlos María Collazzi Irazábal (2015 - 2019), Bishop of Mercedes, Uruguay * Second Vice-President: border|20px Archbishop José Belisário da Silva (2015 – 2019), Metropolitan Archbishop of São Luís do Maranhão, Brazil * General Secretary: border|20px Bishop Juan Espinoza Jiménez (2015 - 2019), Auxiliary Bishop of Morelia, Mexico

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == * {{Official website|http://www.celam.org/|CELAM official website}} * [http://servicioskoinonia.org/biblioteca Biblioteca General] * [https://www.ncronline.org/news/celam-update-lasting-legacy-liberation-theology NCR The Lasting Legacy of Liberation Theology]

Latin America Category:Culture of Latin America Category:Organizations based in Latin America + + +