{{Short description|Chinese-American physicist (1922–2025)}} {{family name hatnote|Yang|lang=Chinese}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Yang Chen-Ning | native_name = {{nobold|楊振寧}} | native_name_lang = zh-Hant | image = HD.3F.010 (11086446676)(Chen Ning Yang).jpg | alt = | caption = Yang in 1976 | birth_date = {{birth date|1922|10|01|mf=yes}} | birth_place = Hefei, Anhui, Republic of China | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|10|18|1922|10|01|mf=yes}} | death_place = Beijing, People's Republic of China | citizenship = {{indented plainlist| * Republic of China (1922{{nbnd}}2015) * United States (1964–2015) * People's Republic of China (2015–2025) }} | field = {{ubl | Statistical mechanics | Particle physics | Condensed matter physics | Field theory }} | work_institution = {{ubl | Stony Brook University | Institute for Advanced Study | CUHK | Tsinghua University | University of Chicago | {{nobr|Chern Institute of Mathematics}} }} | thesis_title = On the Angular Distribution in Nuclear Reactions and Coincidence Measurements{{-}} | thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/e90b944c8560c8123411353802474db7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y | thesis_year = 1948 | doctoral_advisor = Edward Teller | academic_advisors = Enrico Fermi | doctoral_students = {{ubl| | Bill Sutherland (1968)<ref name=mathgen>{{MathGenealogy|105799}}</ref> | Brosl Hasslacher (1972)<ref name=mathgen/> | Alexander Wu Chao (1974)<ref name=mathgen/> }} | known_for = {{collapsible list | Yang–Baxter equation | Yang-Baxter operator | Yang–Mills theory | Byers-Yang theorem | Landau–Yang theorem | Lee–Yang theorem | Lee–Yang theory | Wu–Yang dictionary | Wu–Yang monopole | Fermi–Yang model | Off-diagonal long-range order | G-parity | Parity violation }} | prizes = {{clist | Nobel Prize in Physics (1957) | Guggenheim Fellowship (1962) | Fritz London Memorial Lecture (1966) | Rumford Prize (1980) | National Medal of Science (1986) | Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture (1988) | ForMemRS (1992) | Benjamin Franklin Medal (1993) | Bower Award (1994) | Albert Einstein Medal (1995) | Bogolyubov Prize (1996) | Lars Onsager Prize (1999) | King Faisal Prize (2001) }} | spouse = {{ubl | {{Marriage|Tu Chih-Li ({{lang|zh-Hant|杜致禮}})|1950|2003|end=died}} | {{Marriage|Weng Fan ({{lang|zh-Hans|翁帆}})|2005}} }} | children = 3 | signature = Chinese Autograph Of Chen Ning Yang.png | footnotes = | module = {{Infobox Chinese | child = yes | order = st | t = 楊振寧 | s = 杨振宁 | p = Yáng Zhènníng | w = {{tonesup|Yang2 Chên4-ning2}} | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|yang|2|-|zh|en|4|.|n|ing|2}} }} | education = {{ubl| | National Southwestern Associated University (BS) | National Tsing Hua University (MS) | University of Chicago (PhD) }} }} {{Modern physics}}

'''Yang Chen-Ning''' ({{zh|t=楊振寧|s=杨振宁|p=Yáng Zhènníng}}; October 1, 1922 – October 18, 2025) also known as '''C.N. Yang''' and '''Franklin Yang''',<ref name="npbio">{{Cite web |title=Chen Ning Yang – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/yang/biographical/ |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215153/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/yang/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was a Chinese-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to statistical mechanics, integrable systems, gauge theory, particle physics and condensed matter physics.

Yang is known for his collaboration with Robert Mills in 1954 in developing non-abelian gauge theory, widely known as the Yang–Mills theory, which describes the nuclear forces in the Standard Model of particle physics.

Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics<ref name="np">{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/summary/ |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=18 October 2025 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522211742/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> for their work on parity non-conservation of the weak interaction, which was confirmed by the Wu experiment in 1956. The two proposed that the conservation of parity, a physical law observed to hold in all other physical processes, is violated in weak nuclear reactions – those nuclear processes that result in the emission of beta particles.

== Early life and education == Yang was born in Hefei, Anhui, China, on October 1, 1922.<ref name="birthdate">{{Cite web |last1=Li |first1=Bing-An |last2=Deng |first2=Yuefan |author-link2=Yuefan Deng |title=Biography of C.N. Yang |url=http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/yangbio.pdf |access-date=September 11, 2007 |quote=His birth date was erroneously recorded as September 22, 1922 in his 1945 passport. He has since used this incorrect date on all subsequent official documents. |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107183053/http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/yangbio.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother was Luo Meng-hua and his father, {{ill|Yang Ko-Chuen|lt=Ko-Chuen Yang|zh|杨武之}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|楊克純}}; 1896–1973), was a mathematician.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Bing-An |last2=Deng |first2=Yuefan |date=1992 |title=Chen Ning Yang |url=http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/yangbio.pdf |journal=Biographies of Contemporary Chinese Scientists |volume=3 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107183053/http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/yangbio.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Close |first=Frank |date=2025-10-21 |title=Chen-Ning Yang obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/oct/21/chen-ning-yang-obituary |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite Q|Q138460112}}</ref>

Yang attended elementary school and high school in Beiping (now Beijing), and in the autumn of 1937 his family moved to Hefei after the Japanese invaded China.<ref name="nytimes obit">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |date=October 18, 2025 |title=Chen Ning Yang, Nobel-Winning Physicist, Is Dead at 103 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/18/science/chen-ning-yang-dead.html |accessdate=October 18, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In 1938 they moved to Kunming,<ref name="nytimes obit" /> Yunnan, where National Southwestern Associated University was located. In the same year, as a second-year student, Yang passed the entrance examination and studied at National Southwestern Associated University. He received a Bachelor of Science in 1942,<ref name="npbio" /> with his thesis on the application of group theory to molecular spectra, under the supervision of Ta-You Wu.<ref name=":0" />

Yang continued to study graduate courses there for two years under the supervision of Wang Zhuxi (J.S. Wang), working on statistical mechanics. In 1944, he received a Master of Science from National Tsing Hua University, which had moved to Kunming during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).<ref name="npbio" /> Yang was then awarded a scholarship from the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program, set up by the United States government using part of the money China had been forced to pay following the Boxer Rebellion.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lautz |first=Terry |title=Chen-ning Yang: Science and Patriotism |date=2022-03-03 |work=Americans in China |pages=90–111 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/38931/chapter/338112301 |access-date=2025-10-20 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197512838.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-751283-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His departure for the United States was delayed for one year, during which time he taught in a middle school as a teacher and studied field theory.<ref name=":0" />

Yang entered the University of Chicago in January 1946 and studied with Edward Teller.<ref name=":9" /> He received a Doctor of Philosophy in 1948.<ref name="npbio" />

== Career == Yang remained at the University of Chicago for a year as an assistant to Enrico Fermi.<ref name="nytimes obit" /> In 1949 he was invited to do his research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he began a period of fruitful collaboration with Tsung-Dao Lee.<ref name="nytimes obit" /> Lee and Yang published 32 papers together.<ref name="nytimes obit" /> He was made a permanent member of the Institute in 1952, and full professor in 1955. In 1963, Princeton University Press published his textbook, ''Elementary Particles''. In 1965 he moved to Stony Brook University, where he was named the Albert Einstein Professor of Physics and the first director of the newly founded Institute for Theoretical Physics. Today this institute is known as the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics.<ref name="npbio" /> Yang retired from Stony Brook University in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2010 |title=Exclusive: New Dorm Likely to Honor Nobel Laureate |url=http://thinksb.com/2010/03/exclusive-new-dorm-likely-to-honor-nobel-laureate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045917/http://thinksb.com/2010/03/exclusive-new-dorm-likely-to-honor-nobel-laureate/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=6 May 2011 |website=Thinksb.com}}</ref>

Yang visited the Chinese mainland in 1971 for the first time after the thaw in China–US relations, and subsequently worked to help the Chinese physics community rebuild the research atmosphere,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sadovskii |first=Michael V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5adDwAAQBAJ&dq=yang+1971+for+the+first+time+after+the+thaw+in+China%E2%80%93US+relations,+and+has+subsequently+worked+to+help+the+Chinese+physics+community+rebuild+the+research+atmosphere&pg=PT62 |title=Quantum Field Theory |date=2019-05-20 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-064526-2 |language=en}}</ref> which later eroded due to political movements during the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":1" /> After retiring from Stony Brook, he returned to Beijing as an honorary director of Tsinghua University,<ref name=":1" /> where he was the first Huang Jibei-Lu Kaiqun Professor at the Center for Advanced Study (CASTU).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Huang Changfeng Donates 3.6 Million USD to Center for Advanced Study |url=https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/info/1245/3457.htm |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Tsinghua University }}</ref> He was also one of the two Shaw Prize Founding Members and was a Distinguished Professor-at-Large at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2025 |title=Chinese Nobel Prize-winning physicist Chen Ning Yang dies at 103 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chinese-nobel-prize-winning-physicist-chen-ning-yang-126640875 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018190831/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chinese-nobel-prize-winning-physicist-chen-ning-yang-126640875 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Yang helped to establish the Theoretical Physics Division at the Chern Institute of Mathematics in 1986 at the request of Shiing-Shen Chern who was serving as the inaugural director of the Institute at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction-CIM |url=http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/About_CIM/Introduction.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219222902/http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/About_CIM/Introduction.htm |archive-date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=en.cim.nankai.edu.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theoretical Physics Division-CIM |url=http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/Affiliations/Theoretical_Physics_Division.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231743/http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/Affiliations/Theoretical_Physics_Division.htm |archive-date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=en.cim.nankai.edu.cn}}</ref>

== Personal life and death == Yang married Tu Chih-li ({{zh|first=t|t=杜致禮|s=杜致礼|p=Dù Zhìlǐ}}), a teacher, in 1950; they had two sons and a daughter together. His father-in-law was the Kuomintang general Du Yuming. Tu died in October 2003. In January 2005, Yang married Weng Fan ({{zh |t = 翁帆 |p = Wēng Fān }}), a university student. They met in 1995 at a physics seminar; the couple reestablished contact in February 2004 when Yang moved to China to become affiliated with Tsinghua University. Yang called Weng, who was 54 years his junior, his "final blessing from God".<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2014 |title=Chen Ning Yang, 82, to marry a 28-year-old woman |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/16/content_400791.htm |work=China Daily |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301054217/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/16/content_400791.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Yang obtained U.S. citizenship during his research within the country. According to the state-run Xinhua News Agency, Yang said the decision was painful as his father never forgave him for that. According to Xinhua and other mainstream Chinese media, he formally renounced his American citizenship on April 1, 2015. He acknowledged that while the U.S. was a beautiful country that gave him good opportunities to study science, China since his youth had offered the best secondary and undergraduate institutions, though the US had the top graduate studies. However, circumstances changed in favor of China's growth by the turn of the century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yang Zhenning Courts Controversy|url=https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2017/02/25/yang-zhenning-courts-controversy/}}</ref><ref>{{Youtube|6d3hZ8jnqXg|C. N. Yang: Stony Brook Masters Series}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 24, 2017 |title=Two top Chinese-American scientists have dropped their U.S. citizenship |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/two-top-chinese-american-scientists-have-dropped-their-us-citizenship |work=Science |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191552/https://www.science.org/content/article/two-top-chinese-american-scientists-have-dropped-their-us-citizenship |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://apnews.com/article/china-nobel-laureate-physicist-chen-ning-yang-fb5709847c4dbe01e967e5eb1df28c18 | title = Chinese Nobel Prize-winning physicist Chen Ning Yang dies at 103 | date = October 18, 2025 | accessdate = October 18, 2025 | work = Associated Press News }}</ref>

His son Guangnuo was a computer scientist.<ref>[https://www.laitimes.com/en/article/398to_3py6a.html LA Times, 2022-03-01]</ref> His second son Guangyu is an astronomer, and his daughter Youli is a doctor.<ref>[https://www.ias.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/Events2022.pdf Important Events in the Life of Chen Ning Yang (CNY)]</ref>

Yang turned 100 on October 1, 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Celebrating Chen Ning Yang at 100 |url=https://www.ias.edu/news/celebrating-chen-ning-yang-100 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.ias.edu |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603133923/https://www.ias.edu/news/celebrating-chen-ning-yang-100 |url-status=live }}</ref> and died in Beijing on October 18, 2025, at the age of 103.<ref name="dies">{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Stephen |last2=Xin |first2=Ling |date=2025-10-18 |title=Chinese Nobel Prize-winning physicist Chen-ning Yang dies, aged 103 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3329496/chinese-nobel-prize-winning-physicist-chen-ning-yang-dies-aged-103 |access-date=2025-10-18 |newspaper=South China Morning Post |archive-date=October 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018070856/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3329496/chinese-nobel-prize-winning-physicist-chen-ning-yang-dies-aged-103 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nytimes obit" /> The day after the announcement of his death, people gathered and waited in line at Tsinghua University to pay tributes to Yang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zou|first=Shuo |title=Scientific community, netizens pay tribute to late Nobel laureate Yang Chen-Ning |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202510/19/WS68f4f914a310f735438b5cd1.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=global.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>

== Views on the CEPC == Yang is known for having opposed the construction of the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC), a 100 km circumference particle collider in China that would study the Higgs boson.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Michael |date=2025-10-21 |title=Influential theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Chen-Ning Yang dies aged 103 |url=https://physicsworld.com/influential-theoretical-physicist-and-nobel-laureate-chen-ning-yang-dies-aged-103/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Physics World |language=en-GB}}</ref> He catalogued the project as "guess" work and without guaranteed results. Yang said that "even if they see something with the machine, it's not going to benefit the life of Chinese people any sooner."<ref name=":7" />

== Academic achievements == Yang worked on statistical mechanics, condensed matter theory, particle physics and gauge theory/quantum field theory.

Various Nobel Prizes in Physics are based on Yang's work. At least 10 Nobel laureates in Physics cited Yang's work during their Nobel speech, this includes: Steven Weinberg (1979), Sheldon Glashow (1979), Martinus J. G. Veltman (1999), Gerard 't Hooft (1999), David Gross (1999), Yoichiro Nambu (2008), Makoto Kobayashi (2008), Toshihide Maskawa (2008), François Englert (2013) and Peter Higgs (2013).<ref name=":4" />

=== Early contributions === His first two papers (1944, 1945) were the result of his master thesis on statistical physics, supervised by J. S. Wang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Michael E. |date=2015-12-10 |title=Statistical physics in the oeuvre of Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217979215300133 |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |volume=29 |issue=30 |pages=1530013 |doi=10.1142/S0217979215300133 |bibcode=2015IJMPB..2930013F |issn=0217-9792|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At the University of Chicago, Yang first spent twenty months working in an accelerator lab, but found he was not good at experimental physics and switched back to theory. His doctoral thesis was about an atomic beam apparatus for measuring the nuclear quadrupole resonance of sodium.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ge |first1=Mo-lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkHICgAAQBAJ&dq=cn+yang+doctoral+thesis+nuclear&pg=PA14 |title=Proceedings of the Conference in Honor of C. N. Yang's 85th Birthday: Statistical Physics, High Energy, Condensed Matter and Mathematical Physics |last2=Oh |first2=Choo Hiap |last3=Phua |first3=Kok Khoo |date=2008-12-12 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4471-56-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Later, Yang worked on particle phenomenology; a well-known work was the Fermi–Yang model of 1949, treating the pion as a bound nucleon–antinucleon pair.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sitenko |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6XqCAAAQBAJ&dq=Fermi%E2%80%93Yang+model&pg=PA516 |title=Theory of Nucleus: Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Interaction |last2=Tartakovskii |first2=V. |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5772-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Main contributions === thumb|upright|Yang in 1957

Yang is well known for his 1953 collaboration with Robert Mills in developing non-abelian gauge theory, widely known as the Yang–Mills theory.<ref name=":2" /> The idea was generally conceived by Yang while the novice scientist Mills assisted him as Mills explained:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Jeremy |author-link1=Jeremy Gray (mathematician) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0TTBwAAQBAJ&q=during+the+academic+year+1953-1954+yang+was+a+visitor+to+the+brookhaven+national+laboratory...+I+was+at+brookhaven+also...+and+was+assigned&pg=PA63 |title=Mathematical Conversations: Selections from The Mathematical Intelligencer |last2=Wilson |first2=Robin |author-link2=Robin Wilson (mathematician) |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781461301950 |page=63}}</ref><blockquote>During the academic year 1953–54, Yang was a visitor to Brookhaven National Laboratory&nbsp;... I was at Brookhaven also&nbsp;... and was assigned to the same office as Yang. Yang, who demonstrated on a number of occasions his generosity to physicists beginning their careers, told me about his idea of generalizing gauge invariance and we discussed it at some length&nbsp;... I was able to contribute something to the discussions, especially with regard to the quantization procedures, and to a small degree in working out the formalism; however, the key ideas were Yang's.</blockquote>

''The Scientist'' called Yang–Mills theory:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravo |first=Nick |date=1999-10-02 |title=Robert L. Mills, 72, Theorist In Realm of Subatomic Physics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/30/nyregion/robert-l-mills-72-theorist-in-realm-of-subatomic-physics.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105155019/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/30/nyregion/robert-l-mills-72-theorist-in-realm-of-subatomic-physics.html |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote> The foundation for the current understanding of how subatomic particles interact is a contribution which has restructured modern physics and mathematics.</blockquote>In 1956, he and T. D. Lee analyzed a problem known as the τ–θ puzzle, in which a particle called θ decayed into two pions and a particle τ into three pions, the two decays with different parity symmetry.<ref name=":8" /> However the two particles were not distinguishable.<ref name=":8" /> Lee and Yang proposed that, in the weak interaction, parity symmetry was not conserved and that it was the same particle (now known as the kaon K<sup>+</sup>).<ref name=":8" /> To test if weak interaction conserved parity, Lee contacted Chien-Shiung Wu's team at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington. Wu experiment experimentally verified the theory and the results were announced early in a press conference.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012 |title=Credit where credit's due? |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/credit-where-credits-due/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Physics World |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917121036/https://physicsworld.com/a/credit-where-credits-due/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The results were also confirmed by two other independent experiments by Valentine Telegdi and Jerome Isaac Friedman at the University of Chicago and by Richard Garwin and Leon M. Lederman at Columbia University.<ref name=":8" /> All three experiments published their results in early 1957.<ref name=":8" /> That year, Yang and Lee received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for this parity violation theory, which brought revolutionary change to the field of particle physics.<ref name="np" />

In the 1970s, Yang worked on the topological properties of gauge theory, collaborating with Tai Tsun Wu to elucidate the Wu–Yang monopole, a type of magnetic monopole. Unlike the Dirac monopole, it has no singular Dirac string.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ortín |first=Tomás |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDmucsxABzYC&dq=wu+yang+monopole&pg=PA254 |title=Gravity and Strings |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03546-0 |language=en}}</ref> Their 1975 paper, known as the Wu–Yang dictionary, helped bridge gaps between physics and differential geometry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-01 |title=Historical note on fiber bundles |url=https://physicstoday.aip.org/letters/historical-note-on-fiber-bundles |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=PHYSICS TODAY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ji |first1=Lizhen |author-link=Lizhen Ji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4xBEQAAQBAJ&dq=wu+yang+dictionary+physics&pg=PA76 |title=Living Record Of Scientific History, The: Conversations With C N Yang |last2=Wang |first2=Liping |date=2024-12-27 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-8495-3 |language=en}}</ref>

On Yang's retirement from SUNY in 1999, Freeman Dyson called Yang "the pre-eminent stylist" of 20th-century physics alongside Albert Einstein and Paul Dirac, citing how Yang "turns his least important calculations into miniature works of art, and turns his deeper speculations into masterpieces."<ref name="nytimes obit" /> In 2009, Dyson wrote:<ref name=":4" />

{{Quote|text=Yang took [[Hermann Weyl|[Hermann] Weyl]]'s place as the leading bird among my generation of physicists&nbsp;... With non-Abelian gauge fields generating nontrivial Lie algebras, the possible forms of interaction between fields become unique, so that symmetry dictates interaction. This idea is Yang's greatest contribution to physics. It is a contribution of a bird flying high over the rain forest of little problems in which most of us spend our lives.}}

=== 13 seminal contributions === In 2012, there were celebrations for Yang's 90th birthday. The Chinese University of Hong Kong hosted a scientific conference and dinner banquet to announce the creation of the CN Yang archive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=90th Birthday of Prof. C.N. Yang |url=https://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/english/publications/newsletter/article.aspx?articleid=54548 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=香港中文大學資訊處 Information Service Office, CUHK |language=en-US |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206130513/https://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/english/publications/newsletter/article.aspx?articleid=54548 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Celebrations in Honour of Prof. C.N. Yang's 90th Birthday |url=https://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/english/publications/newsletter/article.aspx?articleid=54644 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=香港中文大學資訊處 Information Service Office, CUHK |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113160458/https://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/english/publications/newsletter/article.aspx?articleid=54644 |url-status=live }}</ref> Physicist Kenneth Young opened the ceremony.<ref name=":5" /> Yang also received a black cube from Tsinghua University<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Zhai |first=Hui |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGVEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chen-Ping+Yang+bethe&pg=PA580 |title=Festschrift In Honor Of The C N Yang Centenary, A: Scientific Papers |date=2022-08-03 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-6416-0 |language=en |chapter=Pioneering a Field Forty Years Prior to its Birth}}</ref> with 13 of his seminal contributions engraved on the faces of the cube. On the cube is also written "Congratulations on Professor Chen Ning Yang's 90th birthday" in Chinese. The cube also includes an ancient Chinese poem used by Yang in his 2013 ''Selected Papers and Commentaries''; it reads:<ref name=":4" />

{{Poem quote |A piece of literature Is meant for the millennium But its ups and downs are known Already in the author's heart |sign=Du Fu}}

The 13 contributions engraved on the cube are:<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shi |first=Yu |date=2014-07-10 |title=Beauty and physics: 13 important contributions of Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X14750013 |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A |volume=29 |issue=17 |pages=1475001 |doi=10.1142/S0217751X14750013 |arxiv=1702.01901 |bibcode=2014IJMPA..2975001S |issn=0217-751X}}</ref>

* Statistical mechanics: ** Phase transitions (1952): for his works with Lee on the Lee–Yang theory and the Lee–Yang theorem, which describe the liquid-gas phase transition based on microscopic properties.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Brink |first1=Lars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F22DAAAQBAJ&dq=Lee%E2%80%93Yang+circle+theorem,&pg=PA178 |title=60 Years Of Yang-mills Gauge Field Theories: C N Yang's Contributions To Physics |last2=Phua |first2=Kok Khoo |date=2016-04-21 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4725-57-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> ** Bosons (1957): for Lee–Huang–Yang correction for a weakly interacting Bose gas, in collaboration with Lee and Kerson Huang. It explains the stability of Bose–Einstein condensates and superfluids.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stoof |first1=Henk T. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9c2Ns2J5P4C&dq=Lee%E2%80%93Huang%E2%80%93Yang+corrections&pg=PA251 |title=Ultracold Quantum Fields |last2=Dickerscheid |first2=Dennis B. M. |last3=Gubbels |first3=Koos |date=2008-11-30 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-8763-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> ** Yang–Baxter equation (1967): consistent condition for a one-dimensional factorized scattering many-body system, which resurrected the interest in the Bethe ansatz and allowed to better description of 1D fermions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=Barry M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2MVDAAAQBAJ&dq=yang+baxter+equations+history&pg=PA408 |title=Advanced Statistical Mechanics |date=2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-955663-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> ** Finite temperature (1969): for the Yang–Yang thermodynamics formalism for 1D bosons, in collaboration with his brother Chen-Ping Yang (1930–2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen Ping Yang {{!}} Department of Physics |url=https://physics.osu.edu/people/yaang.0 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=physics.osu.edu |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308002101/https://physics.osu.edu/people/yaang.0 |url-status=live }}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bethe Ansatz: Yang-Yang formalism; Gibbs free energy |url=https://integrability.org/e_l_YY.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=integrability.org |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111144625/https://integrability.org/e_l_YY.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The predictions of this formalism where demonstrated in 2008 using ultracold atoms.<ref name=":6" /> * Condensed matter physics: ** Flux quantization (1961): for Byers–Yang theorem in superconductors, in collaboration with Nina Byers. They showed that the magnetic flux trapped in a superconducting ring is given by half of the usual magnetic flux quantum.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Byers |first1=N. |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |date=1961-07-15 |title=Theoretical Considerations Concerning Quantized Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Cylinders |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.46 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=46–49 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.46 |bibcode=1961PhRvL...7...46B |issn=0031-9007|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ** ODLRO (1962): for his development of the concept of off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO) that characterizes macroscopic quantum phenomena like superconductivity and superfluidity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=C. N. |date=1962-10-01 |title=Concept of Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order and the Quantum Phases of Liquid He and of Superconductors |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.34.694 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=694–704 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.34.694 |bibcode=1962RvMP...34..694Y |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> * Particle physics: ** Parity non-conservation (1956): for predicting the violation of parity symmetry with Lee, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.<ref name=":4" /> ** T, C, and P (1957): work on explaining the relation between parity (P), charge (C) and time-reversal (T) symmetries, now known as CPT symmetry. Done in collaboration with Lee and Reinhard Oehme.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. D. |last2=Oehme |first2=Reinhard |last3=Yang |first3=C. N. |date=1957-04-15 |title=Remarks on Possible Noninvariance under Time Reversal and Charge Conjugation |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.106.340 |journal=Physical Review |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=340–345 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.106.340 |bibcode=1957PhRv..106..340L |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ** Neutrino experiment (1960): for the Lee and Yang paper that proposed to study the weak interaction with high energy neutrinos. This work promoted various neutrino experiments.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. D. |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |date=1960-03-15 |title=Theoretical Discussions on Possible High-Energy Neutrino Experiments |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.307 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=307–311 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.307 |bibcode=1960PhRvL...4..307L |issn=0031-9007|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ** CP nonconservation (1964): for his paper on CP violation, in collaboration with T. T. Wu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Tai Tsun |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |date=1964-09-21 |title=<nowiki>Phenomenological Analysis of Violation of $\mathrm{CP}$ Invariance in Decay of ${K}^{0}$ and ${\overline{K}}^{0}$</nowiki> |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.380 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=380–385 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.380 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> * Field theory: ** Gauge theory (1954): for Yang–Mills theory, in collaboration with Robert Mills.<ref name=":4" /> ** Integral formalism (1974): for giving meaning to the nonintegral phase factor in gauge theories.<ref name=":4" /> ** Fiber bundle (1975): for the Wu–Yang dictionary, in collaboration with T. T. Wu.<ref name=":4" /> {{clear|right}}

== Awards and honors== Yang was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1955,<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Fellows Archive |url=https://www.aps.org/funding-recognition/aps-fellowship?award_fellowship%5Bquery%5D=sandvik |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.aps.org |language=en}}</ref> the first foreign-to-domestic member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Rana |date=2025-10-18 |title=Chen Ning Yang, nobel laureate and physics pioneer, dies at 103; Why he renounced US citizenship despite calling it a 'beautiful country' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/chen-ning-yang-nobel-laureate-and-physics-pioneer-dies-at-103-why-he-renounced-us-citizenship-despite-calling-it-a-beautiful-country/articleshow/124660460.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> the Academia Sinica in 1958,<ref>{{Cite web |title=院士簡歷 |url=https://academicians.sinica.edu.tw/index.php?r=academician-n/show&id=145 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=academicians.sinica.edu.tw |archive-date=18 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718194748/https://academicians.sinica.edu.tw/index.php?r=academician-n%2Fshow&id=145 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Russian Academy of Sciences,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/ordinary/yang.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.pas.va |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911161622/https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/ordinary/yang.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Royal Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow Detail Page {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/sitecore/content/royal-society/configuration/foundation/dynamics-api/fellowsdetailpage/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=royalsociety.org |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912135525/https://royalsociety.org/sitecore/content/royal-society/configuration/foundation/dynamics-api/fellowsdetailpage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/chen-ning-yang |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011132629/https://www.amacad.org/person/chen-ning-yang |url-status=live }}</ref> the American Philosophical Society,<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Chen+Ning+Yang&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=search.amphilsoc.org |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011132631/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Chen+Ning+Yang&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States National Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen N. Yang |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/48888.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.nasonline.org |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011132630/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/48888.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarde Princeton University (1958),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Chen Ning Yang – Scholars {{!}} Institute for Advanced Study |url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/chen-ning-yang |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.ias.edu |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216021102/https://www.ias.edu/scholars/chen-ning-yang |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow State University (1992),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ян Чжэньнин {{!}} Летопись Московского университета |url=https://letopis.msu.ru/peoples/2095 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=letopis.msu.ru |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920164847/http://letopis.msu.ru/peoples/2095 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Chinese University of Hong Kong (1997).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Yang Chen Ning – Biography – The Honorary Graduates - HKU Honorary Graduates |url=https://www4.hku.hk/hongrads/graduates/chen-ning-yang-chen-ning-yang-yang-chen-ning |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www4.hku.hk |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908110127/https://www4.hku.hk/hongrads/graduates/chen-ning-yang-chen-ning-yang-yang-chen-ning |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== List of awards === {{Multiple image| align = right| direction = vertical| total_width = 220| image1 = Yang Hall, Stony Brook University.jpg| caption1 = C. N. Yang Hall at Stony Brook University| image2= CNYang at NTU 01 (cropped).JPG| caption2 = Yang at National Taiwan University in 2010}}

* Ten Outstanding Young Americans (1957)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Allen |date=1957 |title=Chen Ning Yang and other recipients of the USJCC's 1957 Ten Outstanding Young Men |url=https://albert.ias.edu/handle/20.500.12111/5368 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Institute for Advanced Study |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020149/https://albert.ias.edu/handle/20.500.12111/5368 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Nobel Prize in Physics (1957) with T. D. Lee. * Rumford Prize (1980), with Robert Mills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Prizes |url=https://www.amacad.org/archives/history/prizes |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126191130/https://www.amacad.org/archives/history/prizes |url-status=live }}</ref> * National Medal of Science (1986)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=405 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=National Science Foundation |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003165155/https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=405 |url-status=live }}</ref> * First laureate of the Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture and Medal (1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earlier Lectures |url=http://www.okc.albanova.se/research/memorial-lecture/earlier-lectures |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104135719/http://www.okc.albanova.se/research/memorial-lecture/earlier-lectures |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Oskar Klein Centre |publisher=Stockholm University}}</ref> * Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society (1993)<ref name="franklinscience_recipients">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/franklinscience |access-date=26 November 2011 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |archive-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124125455/https://amphilsoc.org/prizes/franklinscience |url-status=live }}</ref> * Bower Award (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.fi.edu/laureates/chen-ning-yang |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=The Franklin Institute |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322202929/https://www.fi.edu/laureates/chen-ning-yang |url-status=live }}</ref> * Albert Einstein Medal (1995)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Einstein Society |url=https://www.einstein-bern.ch/en/einstein-society |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.einstein-bern.ch |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705094523/http://einstein-bern.ch/en/einstein-society |url-status=live }}</ref> * Lars Onsager Prize (1999)<ref>{{Cite web |title=1999 Lars Onsager Prize Recipient |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Yang&first_nm=Chen&year=1999 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.aps.org |publisher=American Physical Society |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628055442/https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?first_nm=Chen&last_nm=Yang&year=1999 |url-status=live }}</ref> * King Faisal International Prize (2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Faisal Prize – Professor Chen Ning Yang |url=https://kingfaisalprize.org/professor-chen-ning-yang/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=kingfaisalprize.org |publisher=King Faisal Prize |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003165154/https://kingfaisalprize.org/professor-chen-ning-yang/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Marcel Grossmann Awards (2015), "for deepening Einstein's geometrical approach to physics in the best tradition of Paul Dirac and Hermann Weyl"<ref>MG14, Marcel Grossmann Awards, Rome 2015 [https://www.icra.it/mg/mg14/mg14_awards.pdf ICRANet and ICRA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191158/https://www.icra.it/mg/mg14/mg14_awards.pdf |date=30 May 2024 }}. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</ref> * Asian Scientist 100, ''Asian Scientist'' (2016 and 2020)<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |website= |publisher=Asian Scientist |language= |quote= |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319064300/https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Awards and places named after him === Yang was the first president of the Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPPS) when it was established in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAPPS |url=https://aapps.org/content/historicalBackgroundView.do |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.aapps.org |language=ko |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326152759/https://aapps.org/content/historicalBackgroundView.do |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1997, the AAPPS created the C. N. Yang Award in his honor to highlight young researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAPPS: C.N. Yang Award |url=https://aapps.org/content/awardView.do |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.aapps.org |language=ko |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326152800/https://aapps.org/content/awardView.do |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1998, after his retirement, the Institute of Theoretical Physics of Stony Brook University was renamed C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics.<ref>{{Citation |last=Van Nieuwenhuizen |first=Peter |title=Frank Yang at Stony Brook and the Beginning of Supergravity |date=2022 |work=Dialogues between Physics and Mathematics: C. N. Yang at 100 |pages=1–17 |editor-last=Ge |editor-first=Mo-Lin |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17523-7_1 |access-date=2025-10-21 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-17523-7_1 |isbn=978-3-031-17523-7 |editor2-last=He |editor2-first=Yang-Hui|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The C. N. Yang Hall, a residence hall and activity center at Stony Brook University, was dedicated in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2010 |title=C.N. Yang Hall Dedication Ceremony |url=https://news.stonybrook.edu/homespotlight/c-n-yang-hall-dedication-ceremony-2/ |access-date=27 November 2022 |publisher=Stony Brook University |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127023909/https://news.stonybrook.edu/homespotlight/c-n-yang-hall-dedication-ceremony-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Selected publications == * {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |url={{Google books|id = kgoKtAEACAAJ|plainurl = yes }} |title=Selected Papers, 1945–1980, with Commentary |publisher=W. H. Freeman & Co. |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7167-1406-4 |location=San Francisco, CA}} ** {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Chen-Ning |url={{Google books|id = 43K5ym_wVE0C|plainurl = yes }} |title=Selected Papers, 1945–1980, with Commentary |publisher=World Scientific |year=2005 |isbn=981-256-367-9 |edition=2005 |series=World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics |volume=36 |location=Singapore |orig-year=1983}} * {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Chen-Ning |url={{Google books|id = kZK6CgAAQBAJ|plainurl = yes }} |title=Selected Papers of Chen Ning Yang II: With Commentaries |publisher=World Scientific |year=2013 |isbn=978-981-4449-00-7 |location=Singapore}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=C. N. |last2=Mills |first2=R. L. |author-link2=Robert Mills (physicist) |year=1954 |title=Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance |journal=Physical Review |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |bibcode=1954PhRv...96..191Y |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.96.191 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=R. L. |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1966 |title=Treatment of Overlapping Divergences in the Photon Self-Energy Function |journal=Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement |volume=37 |page=507 |bibcode=1966PThPS..37..507M |doi=10.1143/PTPS.37.507 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |author-link=Yang Chen-Ning |title=50 years of Yang-Mills theory |publisher=World Scientific |year=2005 |isbn=978-981-238-934-3 |editor-last='t Hooft |editor-first=Gerardus |editor-link=Gerard 't Hooft |location=Singapore |chapter=Remembering Robert Mills |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV57GpYjYREC&pg=PA11}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. D. |author-link1=Tsung-Dao Lee |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1956 |title=Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions |journal=Physical Review |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=254–258 |bibcode=1956PhRv..104..254L |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.104.254 |s2cid=2044624 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. D. |author-link1=Tsung-Dao Lee |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1952 |title=Statistical Theory of Equations of State and Phase Transitions. II. Lattice Gas and Ising Model |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1952-08-01_87_3/page/410 |journal=Physical Review |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=410–419 |bibcode=1952PhRv...87..410L |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.87.410 |issn=0031-9007}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Byers |first1=N. |author-link1=Nina Byers |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1961 |title=Theoretical Considerations Concerning Quantized Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Cylinders |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review-letters_1961-07-15_7_2/page/46 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=46–49 |bibcode=1961PhRvL...7...46B |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.46}}

== See also == * List of Chinese Nobel laureates * List of theoretical physicists

== References ==

=== Citations === {{Reflist}}

=== Sources === {{refbegin}} * Lee, T. D. and Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4326727-elementary-particles-weak-interactions Elementary Particles and Weak Interactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808034823/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4326727-elementary-particles-weak-interactions |date=8 August 2019 }}", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1957). * {{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Bill |author-link=T. Bill Sutherland |url=http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/5552.html |title=Beautiful Models |publisher=World Scientific |year=2004 |isbn=978-981-238-859-9 |location=Singapore |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=11 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626010823/http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/5552.html |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |title=Special problems of statistical mechanics |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1952 |location=Seattle, WA |asin=B0007FZHH4}} * Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4076461-many-body-problem-physics-monographs The Many Body Problem. Physics Monographs No. 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808034824/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4076461-many-body-problem-physics-monographs |date=8 August 2019 }}," Rio de Janeiro. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, 1960. * {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |title=Elementary Particles: A Short History of Some Discoveries in Atomic Physics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1963 |location=Princeton, NJ |asin=B000E1CBGG |orig-year=1961}} * Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4737171-mathematical-deductions-from-some-rules-concerning-high-energy-total-cross-sections Mathematical Deductions from Some Rules Concerning High-Energy Total Cross Sections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808034821/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4737171-mathematical-deductions-from-some-rules-concerning-high-energy-total-cross-sections |date=8 August 2019 }}," Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1962). * Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4514695-symmetry-principles-physics-brookhaven-lecture-series-number Symmetry Principles In Physics. Brookhaven Lecture Series Number 50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812092113/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4514695-symmetry-principles-physics-brookhaven-lecture-series-number |date=12 August 2022 }}," Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), 13 October 1965. * {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedpapers190000yang |title=Selected papers 1945–1980, with commentary (Chen Ning Yang) |publisher=W.H. Freeman |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7167-1406-4 |location=San Francisco, CA |url-access=registration }} * {{Cite web |title=C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP) |url=http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/ |access-date=5 January 2008 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318004632/http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/ |url-status=live }} {{refend}}

== External links == {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name| 11083742}} * [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4984 Interview of Chen Ning Yang by John Israel and Larry Schneider on 1980 November 1, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090907195430/http://www.castu.tsinghua.edu.cn/cnyang/ Professor Chen Ning Yang] (homepage – Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University) * [http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/ Chen Ning Yang] (homepage – Stony Brook University) * {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1957 ''The Law of Parity Conservation and Other Symmetry Laws of Physics'' * [http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=1&twoid=3 The Shaw Prize, Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031231548/http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=1&twoid=3 |date=31 October 2016 }} (homepage – Shaw Prize) * [http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/ITP/symmetries-99/ Symmetries and Reflections] (C.N. Yang retirement symposium at Stony Brook University) * [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cnyang-scholars/Pages/default.aspx The CN Yang Scholars Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607112652/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cnyang-scholars/Pages/default.aspx |date=7 June 2011 }} at [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/default.aspx Nanyang Technological University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422103546/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/default.aspx |date=22 April 2011 }}, Singapore * {{Cite web |date=20 December 2011 |title=Chen-ning Yang interview |url=https://simonsfoundation.org/mps-science-lives/-/asset_publisher/bo1E/content/chen-ning-yang?redirect=%2Fmps-science-lives#simpg1vid15 |publisher=Simons Foundation}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1951–1975}} {{1957 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates}} {{Winners of the National Medal of Science|physical}} {{FRS 1992}} {{Touching the Heart of China}} {{Portal bar|Physics|China|Biography}} {{Authority control}}

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