List of Roman and Byzantine empresses

{{Short description|None}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}{{Very long|date=May 2026}} [[File:Statue of Deified Empress Livia - Altes Museum - Joy of Museums.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Livia]] ({{reign}}27 BC – AD 14), as wife of [[Augustus]], was the first and longest-reigning empress.]] The term '''Roman empress''' usually refers to the consorts of the [[Roman emperor]]s, the rulers of the [[Roman Empire]]. The duties, power and influence of empresses varied depending on the time period, contemporary politics and the personalities of their husband and themselves. Empresses were typically highly regarded and respected, and many wielded great influence over imperial affairs. Several empresses served as [[regent]]s on behalf of their husbands or sons and a handful ruled as [[empresses regnant]], governing in their own right without a husband.

Given that there were sometimes more than one concurrent Roman emperor, there were also sometimes two or more concurrent Roman empresses. For most of the period from 286 to 480, the Roman Empire, though remaining a single polity, was administratively divided into the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. Through most of this period, the separated imperial courts had their own lines of succession, and as a result their own sequences of concurrent Roman empresses. The western empire fell in the late 5th century, its final empress being the wife of Emperor Julius Nepos. The eastern empire, often referred to as the 'Byzantine Empire' by modern historians, endured for almost another millennium until its fall through the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453. The final empress of the east, and final Roman empress overall, was [[Maria of Trebizond]], wife of Emperor [[John VIII Palaiologos]].

Though the constitutional power of empresses was never defined, it was generally accepted that their coronation, performed after that of their husbands, granted them some imperial power. Often, their primary duties were to oversee the organization of ceremonies at the imperial court as well as to partake in imperial and religious affairs. Although governmental power was most often vested only in the emperor, empresses could gain significant authority as regents for young children or when their husbands were absent. Though they were bound by the wishes and temperaments of their husbands, empress consorts could at times also effectively become influential co-regents. In some cases, emperors reinforced their legitimacy through marrying the daughter of a previous emperor. In such cases, empresses sometimes stressed their dynastic legitimacy, greater than that of their husbands, to achieve great influence. Several influential consorts, such as [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Theodora]], wife of [[Justinian I]], and [[Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera|Euphrosyne]], wife of [[Alexios III Angelos|Alexios III]], held their own courts.{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=1–4}} Theodora and Euphrosyne, during their husbands' reigns, established a parallel court alongside the imperial court—a separate palace with their own staff, royal attendants, and imperial guard, with their own imperial seal. State affairs were reported to them, and decrees issued by them carried the same weight as those of the emperor. Additionally, empresses, [[Irene of Montferrat]], wife of emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]], and [[Anna of Savoy]], wife of emperor [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] and mother of emperor [[John V Palaiologos]], left Constantinople for Thessalonica and established their own courts, ruling independently in that province. Irene did so following a disagreement with her husband over succession, while Anna, after losing in the Second Civil War (1341–1347), establishing her own court in Thessalonica and acting independently.

== Titles == [[file:Byzantine empresses clothing reconstruction by shakko.jpg|thumb|300px|Byzantine empresses' clothing reconstruction (6th-15th centuries) ]] There was no single official term for the position of "empress" in [[Ancient Rome]].

=== Common titles ===

* The [[Latin]] title '''''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]''''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: αὐγούστα, ''augoústa''), the female form of ''[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]'', was usually given to Roman consorts. Insofar as ''augustus'' is understood as meaning "emperor", then a given woman could not become "empress" until being named ''augusta''.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Nicholson |editor-first=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA536 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-256246-3 |pages=534–537}}</ref> However, not all consorts were given the title by their husbands. The title was sometimes given to other female members of the family, so "empress" and ''augusta'' are not always treated as synonyms.{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=47–49}} * The Greek title '''''basilissa''''' (βασίλισσα), the female form of ''[[basileus]]'', was a common title for Byzantine empresses. Empress regnant [[Irene of Athens|Irene]] sometimes adopted the male title ''basileus''.{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=2}} * The title '''''despoina''''' (δέσποινα), the female form of ''[[Despot (court title)|despotes]]'', was also a common title for Byzantine empresses.{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=2}}

=== Noncommon titles ===

* The honorific title '''''mater castrorum''''' ("mother of the [[castra]]") was later expanded to '''''mater castrorum et senatus et patriae''''' ("mother of the [[castra]], [[Roman Senate|senate]] and fatherland"), the female form of ''[[pater patriae]]'' ("father of the fatherland"), and was granted to some empresses in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hemelrijk |first=Emily A. |title=Fictive Motherhood and Female Authority in Roman Cities |url=https://www.peren-revues.fr/eugesta/1079 |date=2012 |language=en |journal=Eugesta}}</ref> * The title '''''caesarissa''''' (Greek: καισάρισσα, ''kaisarissa''<ref name="hill">{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |page=ix|title=Imperial Women in Byzantium 1025-1204: Power, Patronage and Ideology |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-88466-8 |language=en}}</ref>), the female form of ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]'', was used for [[Ino Anastasia]],<ref name="ino">{{cite web | title=Ino Anastasia, wife of Tiberius II Constantine | last=Garland | first=Lynda | author-link=Lynda Garland | url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/ino.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208153957/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ino.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 8, 2001 | work=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]}}</ref> etc. Meaning the wife of a ''caesar'',<ref name="hill"/> it was originally the second-ranking female title in the Roman Empire after the ''augusta''.<ref name="ino"/> * The Latin title '''''[[imperatrix]]''''', the feminine form of ''[[imperator]]'', was used for [[Pulcheria]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levick |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVWpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |page=31|title=Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-19-537941-9 |language=en|author-link=Barbara Levick}}</ref> etc. It seems to have rarely been used for Roman empresses. * The title '''''autokratorissa''''' ([[wikt:αυτοκρατόρισσα|αυτοκρατόρισσα]]), the female form of ''[[autokrator]]'', was used for [[Anna of Savoy]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Lain|title=Anna Palaiologina (1341–1347)|url=https://www.doaks.org/resources/online-exhibits/gods-regents-on-earth-a-thousand-years-of-byzantine-imperial-seals/rulers-of-byzantium/anna-palaiologina-1341-47|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Dumbarton Oaks|language=en}}</ref> etc. Only a few empresses had this title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spatharakis |first=Iohannis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc0dEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 |page=238 |title=The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts |date=2024-09-02 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-62474-0 |language=en}}</ref> Empresses regnant [[Zoe Porphyrogenita|Zoe]] and [[Theodora Porphyrogenita|Theodora]] sometimes adopted the male title ''autokrator''.{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=2}} * The title '''''sebaste''''', the feminine form of ''[[sebastos]]'', was used for [[Maria Skleraina]], etc. It was the Greek translation of ''augusta'' and ranked as a quasi-empress.{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=150}}

== Principate (27 BC – AD 284) ==

=== Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68) === {{legend|#F0FFFF|– Empresses who were not consorts or monarchs}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait{{efn|When no contemporary depictions exist, portraits are taken from the 16th-century ''[[Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae]]'' by [[Antonio Lafreri]] (1512–1577), who included a [[:File:Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae- Portraits of the Wives of Emperors MET DP870780.jpg|collection of empresses]] from [[Julius Caesar]] to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Needless to say, these portraits are purely imaginary.}} ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor (spouse) ! width="3%" |Ref |- | rowspan="2" |[[File:Portrait head of the empress Livia at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens on 2 January 2020.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Livia|Livia Drusilla]] |16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14 ({{Age in years, months and days|-26|1|16|14|8|19}}) | rowspan="2" |30 January 59 BC – AD 29 (aged 87) ----Daughter of [[Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus]]; married [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]] in 43 BC and then [[Augustus|Octavian]] on 17 January 38 BC. Known as ''Julia Augusta'' after his death; [[Roman imperial cult|deified]] by [[Claudius]] on 17 January AD 42. | rowspan="2" |[[Augustus|Octavian Augustus]] ({{reign}}27 BC – AD 14) | rowspan="2" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=60}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Livia|Julia Augusta]] ('''widow''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |September AD 14 – AD 29 (15 years, as '''''augusta''''') |- |[[File:Orestilla, wife of Caligula.png|frameless|100px]] |  [[Livia Orestilla|Orestilla]]{{Efn|Her full name is disputed; [[Suetonius]] calls her "Livia Orestilla", but [[Cassius Dio]] and later historians call her "Cornelia Orestina". See {{harvnb|Kajava|1984}}.}} |{{Circa}} AD 37   (very briefly){{Efn|Divorced "within a few days" according to Suetonius, but "before two months had elapsed" according to Dio. The latter figure may actually refer to the period between the divorce and her exile, which was two years according to Suetonius.{{sfn|Kajava|1984}}}} |Second wife of Caligula; forced to marry him immediately after her marriage to [[Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)|Gaius Calpurnius Piso]]. After the divorce they were both exiled for alleged [[adultery]]. Probably the shortest-reigning empress. |rowspan=4|[[Caligula]] ({{reign}}37–41) | rowspan="3" |<ref name=Su>{{cite book |author=Suetonius |title=[[De vita Caesarum|De vita]] |chapter=Caligula|author-link=Suetonius |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#25}}</ref> <ref name=dio>{{cite book |author=Cassius Dio |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html |title=Historia|chapter=Book 59|author-link=Dio Cassius}}</ref> {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=79}} |- |[[File:Paulina, wife of Caligula.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Lollia Paulina]] |{{Circa}} AD 38   (a few months){{Efn|Suetonius states that Caligula divorced Paulina "in a short time". Dio explains that Caesonia was Caligulas' mistress and that she got pregnant during this time. Suetonius writes that Caesonia married on the same day she gave birth, while Dio states that she married one month before giving birth.<ref name=Su/><ref name=dio/>}} |Daughter of [[Marcus Lollius (son of consul)|Marcus Lollius]], originally married to [[Publius Memmius Regulus]]. Forced to commit suicide. |- |[[File:Caesaraea Paneas. Caesonia.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Milonia Caesonia]] |Summer 39 – 24 January 41 (about 1 year and a half) |Born on 3 June of an unknown date, married to another man before becoming Caligula's mistress. Murdered alongside Caligula and their daughter [[Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)|Julia Drusilla]]. |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Portræt af julisk-claudisk prinsesse, Drusilla.jpg|frameless|117x117px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Julia Drusilla]] (?) ('''sister''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |''Posthumously named '''augusta''' in AD 38'' | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |R. B. Hoffsten considered Drusilla to have also become ''Augusta'', because, after her death, she received all the honors that [[Livia]] had received. |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffsten |first=Ruth Bertha |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11728171_000/page/77/mode/1up |page=57 |title=Roman Women of Rank of the Early Empire in Public Life as Portrayed by Dio, Paterculus, Suetonius, and Tacitus |date=1939 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia|language=en}}</ref> |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Venice MAN 243 Roman portrait of Antonia the younger 02.jpg|frameless|133x133px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Antonia Minor]] ('''mother''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |''Posthumously named '''augusta''' in AD 41'' | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD (aged 72) ----Mother of [[Claudius]]; daughter of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Octavia Minor]]. | rowspan="3" |[[Claudius]] ({{reign}}41–54) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=62}} |- |[[File:Messalinaandbritannicus detail.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Messalina|Valeria Messalina]] |24 January 41 – AD 48 (7 years) |Daughter of [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (Consul 20)|Marcus Valerius Messalla]]. Executed after having an affair with [[Gaius Silius (lover of Messalina)|Gaius Silius]]; suffered ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''. |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=84–85}} |- |[[File:Rome Agrippina Minor.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Agrippina the Younger]] ''Julia Agrippina'' |1 January 49 – 13 October 54 ({{Age in years, months and days|49|1|1|54|10|13}}) |6 November 15 – 23 March 59 (aged 43) ----Daughter of [[Germanicus|Germanicus Julius Caesar]], sister of Caligula, and mother of Nero, named '''''augusta''''' in AD 50. Murdered on the orders of Nero. |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=86–87}} |- |[[File:Ritratto di claudia ottavia, da roma, via varese.JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Claudia Octavia]] |13 October 54 – AD 62 (7 years and a few months) |39/40 AD – 9 June 62 (aged 22–23) ----Daughter of Claudius and [[Valeria Messalina]]. Exiled and later executed. | rowspan="4" |[[Nero]] ({{reign}}54–68) | rowspan="4" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=90–93}} |- |[[File:Portrait of Poppaea Sabina (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Poppaea Sabina]] |AD 62 – AD 65 (3 years) |30/32 AD – early Summer 65 (aged 33–35) ----Daughter of [[Titus Ollius]]; married [[Rufrius Crispinus]] {{Circa}} 50, then the future emperor [[Otho]] in 58. Named '''''augusta''''' shortly after [[Claudia Augusta|Claudia]]'s birth in January 63, posthumously [[Roman imperial cult|deified]]. |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Claudia Augusta, cropped.jpg|frameless|107x107px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Claudia Augusta|Claudia]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |''Posthumously named '''augusta''' in AD 63'' | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Only daughter of Nero and Sabina; was born on 21 January 63 and died on May of the same year. |- |[[File:Statilia Messalina crop.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Statilia Messalina]] |early 66 – 9 June 68 (2 years) |{{Circa}} 35 – after 68 ----Daughter of [[Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 44)]], married consul [[Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus]] in AD 63/64. Married Nero after the forced suicide of her husband. |}

=== Year of the Four Emperors (69) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Sextilia.jpg|frameless|140x140px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Sextilia]] ('''mother''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |69 (as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Mother of [[Vitellius]]. | rowspan="2" |[[Vitellius]] ({{reign}}69) |<ref name="boatwright">{{Cite book |last=Boatwright |first=Mary T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxUuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |pages=33, 35 |title=Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context |date=2021-05-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756703-6 |language=en}}</ref> |- |[[File:Galeria Fundana, wife of Vitellius.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Galeria Fundana]] |19 April – 20 December 69 ({{Age in years, months and days|69|4|19|69|12|20}}) |Born on 3 January of an unknown date. Daughter of a pretor; possibly related to [[Publius Galerius Trachalus]]. |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=100}} |}

=== Flavian dynasty (81–96) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Flavia Domitilla cropped.jpg|frameless|117x117px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Domitilla the Younger|Flavia Domitilla]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |''Posthumously named '''augusta''' by AD 80'' | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Only daughter of [[Vespasian]] and [[Domitilla the Elder]], mother of [[Flavia Domitilla (wife of Clemens)|Saint Domitilla]] |[[Vespasian]] ({{reign}}69–79) |{{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=210–211}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Portrait Head of Julia Titi, front - Getty Museum (58.AA.1).jpg|frameless|117x117px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Julia Flavia]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |79 – 91 (as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of [[Titus]]. |[[Titus]] ({{reign}}79–81) |<ref name="boatwright"/> |- |[[File:Rome Domitia Longina.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Domitia Longina]] |14 September 81 – 18 September 96 ({{Age in years, months and days|81|9|14|96|9|18}}) |11 February 50/55 – c. 126 (aged approx. 70–76) ----Daughter of general [[Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo]], first married to senator [[Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus|Lucius Aelius Aelianus]]. Named '''''augusta''''' after her marriage to Domitian. Survived her husband's assassination and died during the reign of [[Hadrian]]. |[[Domitian]] ({{reign}}81–96) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=112}} |}

=== Nerva–Antonine dynasty (98–192) === All empresses of this period received the title '''''augusta'''''. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Head Roman woman Glyptothek Munich 405.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Pompeia Plotina]] |28 January 98 – 11 August 117 (19 years, 6 months and 14 days) |{{circa}} 70 (?) – c. 123 (aged approx. 53) ----Daughter of Lucius [[Pompeia gens|Pompeius]], named ''augusta'' around 105, posthumously [[Roman imperial cult|deified]]. She was interested in [[Epicureanism|Epicurean]] philosophical school. May have been involved in the appointment of Hadrian as successor. | rowspan="3" |[[Trajan]] ({{reign}}98–117) | rowspan="3" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=119-121}} {{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=231–233}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Ulpia Marciana Met 20.200 n02.jpg|frameless|150x150px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Ulpia Marciana]] ('''sister''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{circa}} 105 – 114 (about 9 years, as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |15/30 August {{circa}} 48 – 29 August 122 (aged approx. 74) ----Sister of Trajan. She was given the title of ''augusta'', but apparently did not immediately accept it |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Matidie 02.JPG|frameless|133x133px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Salonia Matidia]] ('''niece''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |29 August 112 – 119 (7 years, as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |4 July 68 – 23 December 119 (aged 51) ----Daughter of [[Ulpia Marciana]] and [[praetor]] [[Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus]], in practice adopted daughter of Trajan. Great grand-mother of [[Marcus Aurelius]] |- |[[File:Vibia Sabina crop.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Vibia Sabina]] |11 August 117 – c. 137 (c. 20 years) |c. 85 – 136/137 (aged approx. 52) ----Daughter of senator [[Lucius Vibius Sabinus]], married Hadrian around 100, named ''augusta'' around 119, posthumously [[Roman imperial cult|deified]]. |[[Hadrian]] ({{reign}}117–138) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=125–126}} |- |[[File:0150 Altes Museum Empress Faustina the Elder anagoria.JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Faustina the Elder]] ''Annia Galeria Faustina'' |10 July 138 – late October 140 (2 years and 3 months) |{{circa}} 97{{efn|The ''[[Feriale Duranum]]'' records the birthday of "Faustina wife of Antoninus" as 20/22 September. However, it's not possible to determine if this refers to Faustina I, wife of [[Antoninus Pius|Titus Aelius '''Antoninus Pius''']], or Faustina II, wife of [[Marcus Aurelius|'''Marcus Aurelius''' Antoninus]]{{sfn|Iovine|2018}}|name=Iovine}} – late October 140 (aged approx. 43) ----Daughter of [[Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)|Marcus Annius Verus the Elder]], married Antoninus around 120, named ''augusta'' in 138, posthumously [[Roman imperial cult|deified]] |[[Antoninus Pius]] ({{reign}}138–161) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=130}} |- |[[File:Faustine la Jeune 02.JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Faustina the Younger]] ''Annia Galeria Faustina'' |7 March 161 – 175 (14 years) |{{circa}} 130{{efn|name=Iovine}} – 176 (aged approx. 46) ----Daughter of [[Antoninus Pius]], betrothed to [[Lucius Verus]] on 25 February 138, married Marcus Aurelius on 13 May (?) 145. Named ''augusta'' on 1 December 147 and ''mater castrorum'' (mother of the [[castra]]) in 174, posthumously deified. |[[Marcus Aurelius]] ({{reign}}161–180) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=137}} |- |[[File:Lucilla crop.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Lucilla]] ''Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla'' |163 (?) – 169 (6 years) |7 March 149 – 181/182 (aged 32–33) ----Daughter of [[Marcus Aurelius]], betrothed to Lucius Verus in 161, named ''augusta'' shortly after the marriage. Exiled to [[Capri]] and executed by [[Commodus]]. |[[Lucius Verus]] ({{reign}}161–169) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=138}} |- |[[File:L'Image et le Pouvoir - Tête de Crispine 01.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Bruttia Crispina]] |178 – 191/2 (3–4 years) |Daughter of [[Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 153)]], named ''augusta'' after her marriage with Commodus, sometime before 3 August 178. Exiled to Capri for alleged [[adultery]] and executed soon after; suffered ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''. |[[Commodus]] ({{reign}}180–192){{Efn|[[Commodus]] was named co-emperor in 177, at the age of 16.}} |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=144}} |}

=== Year of the Five Emperors (193) === All empresses of this period received the title '''''augusta'''''. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Monnaie - Bronze, Flavia Titiana, Égypte, Alexandrie - btv1b103282872 (1 of 2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Flavia Titiana]] |1 January – 28 March 193 ({{Age in years, months and days|193|1|1|193|3|28}}) |Daughter of [[Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus]]. Her fate is unknown, but she probably was spared alongside her children |[[Pertinax]] ({{reign}}193) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=145}} {{sfn|Birley|2005|p=174}} |- |[[File:Aureus of Manlia Scantilla (obverse).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Manlia Scantilla]] |28 March – 1 June 193 ({{Age in years, months and days|193|3|28|193|6|1}}) |Named ''augusta'' alongside her daughter. | rowspan="2" |[[Didius Julianus]] ({{reign}}193) | rowspan="2" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=148}} {{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=261–262}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Denier à l'effigie de Didia Clara crop.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Didia Clara]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |AD 193 (briefly as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Survived the death of Didius Julianus but her fate is unknown. |}

=== Severan dynasty (193–227) === All empresses of this period were named '''''augusta''''' on or shortly after their marriage. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Julia Domna crop.png|100px]] |[[Julia Domna]] |9 April 193 – 4 February 211 ({{Age in years, months and days|193|4|9|211|2|4}}) |October/December {{circa}} 170 – April 217 (aged approx. 47) ----Daughter of [[Julius Bassianus]], high priest of the [[Elagabalus (deity)|Elagabal cult]]. Married Severus in 185, named ''augusta'' on 1 June 193, posthumously [[Roman imperial cult|deified]]. After 211 she held the title of ''mater [[Castra|castrorum]] et [[Princeps senatus|senatus]] et [[Pater Patriae|patriae]]''. |[[Septimius Severus]] ({{reign}}193–211) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=152–153}} |- |[[File:PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1 (cropped).JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Fulvia Plautilla|Publia Fulvia Plautilla]] |9/15 April 202 – {{circa}} 22 January 205 (1 year and 9 months) |Daughter of [[Gaius Fulvius Plautianus]]. Divorced after the execution of her father; killed by Caracalla in 211; suffered ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''. |[[Caracalla]]    ({{reign}}211–217){{Efn|[[Caracalla]] was named co-emperor in 198, still less than 10 years old.}} |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=161}} |- ! colspan="6" | |- |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:Numia Celsa.png|frameless|100px]] |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Nonia Celsa]] (?) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |217 – 218 (?) (1 year?) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Probably fictional. |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Macrinus]] ({{reign}}217–218) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Diadumenianus*.html |title=[[Historia Augusta]] |chapter=Life of Diadumenianus |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=|last=|first=}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" | |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Perge - Julia Soemias 2.jpg|frameless|140x140px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Julia Soaemias]] ('''mother''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |8 June 218 – 11 March 222 (as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of [[Julia Maesa]], sister of [[Julia Avita Mamaea]], and niece of [[Julia Domna]]. Murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]] alongside her son Elagabalus. | rowspan="4" |[[Elagabalus]] ({{reign}}218–222) | rowspan="4" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=166–168}} |- |[[File:Julia Cornelia Paula - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Julia Cornelia Paula]] |{{circa}} 220 (about 1 year or less) |Of noble descent; divorced. |- |[[File:Aquilia Severa coin obverse.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Aquilia Severa|Julia Aquilia Severa]] |{{circa}} 220 / 221 (about 1 year or less) ----late 221 – March 222 (less than a year) |A [[Vestal Virgin]] of noble descent. Divorced but later remarried to Elagabalus, styled ''augusta, mater castrorum, senatus ac patriae''. |- |[[File:CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto 02.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Annia Faustina]] ''Annia Aurelia Faustina'' |221 (a few months) |Daughter of [[Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus]] and descendant of emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]]. Divorced shortly after the marriage. |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Julia Maesa antoninianus 2.png|frameless|100px]] | rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Julia Maesa]] ('''grandmother''') | rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |218 – after November 224 (as '''''augusta''''') | rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Sister of [[Julia Domna]] and mother of [[Julia Soaemias]] and [[Julia Mamaea]]. Was instrumental in her grandsons Elagabalus and [[Severus Alexander]]'s accession. |[[Elagabalus]] ({{reign}}218–222) | rowspan="2" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=168}} |- |[[Severus Alexander]] ({{reign}}222–235) |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Julia Avita Mamaea Louvre Ma3552.jpg|frameless|133x133px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Julia Avita Mamaea]] ('''mother''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |222 – 21/22 March 235 (as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of [[Julia Maesa]], niece of [[Julia Domna]], and sister of [[Julia Soaemias]]. Advised Severus Alexander in government. Murdered by the rebelling troops alongside her son. | rowspan="2" |[[Severus Alexander]] ({{reign}}222–235) |<ref>Cassius Dio ''Epitome of Book LXXX'' Fragment</ref> |- |[[File:Sallustia Orbiana Louvre Ma1054.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Sallustia Orbiana]] ''Gnaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana'' |225 – 227 (2 years) |Daughter of [[Seius Sallustius|Lucius Seius Herennius Sallustius]]; exiled to Africa. |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=173}} |}

=== Crisis of the Third Century (235–285) === All empresses during this period received the title '''''augusta''''', with the sole exception of [[Numerian]]'s wife. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:CaeciliaPaulina.jpg|frameless|100px]] | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Caecilia Paulina]] | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |235 (?) (very briefly?) | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Most likely dead by the time Maximinus became emperor. She was [[Roman imperial cult|deified]] by her husband. | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus I]] ({{reign}}235–238) | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=316}} |- | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:Fabia Orestilla.png|100px]] | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{ill|Fabia Orestilla|bg|Фабия Орестила}} (?) | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |238 (?) (22 days?) | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Probably fictional. | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Gordian I]] ({{reign}}238) | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207095441/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gordo1.htm Gordian I (238 A.D.)]}} |- |[[File:Sabinia Tranquillina Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN1572.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Tranquillina]] ''Furia Sabinia Tranquillina'' |12 May (?) 241 – {{circa}} February 244 (2 years and a half) |Daughter of [[Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus]]; unknown fate. |[[Gordian III]] ({{reign}}238–244) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=189}} |- |[[File:Otacilia Severa Musei Capitolini MC2765.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Marcia Otacilia Severa]] |244 – 248 (?) (c. 4 years) |Daughter or sister of a man called Severianus. |[[Philip the Arab|Philip]] ({{reign}}244–249) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=192}} |- |[[File:Etruscilla crop.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Herennia Etruscilla]] ''Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla'' |249 – 251 (2 years) |Of a noble [[Etruria]]n descent. Died in 253. |[[Decius]] ({{reign}}249–251) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=197}} |- |[[File:Cornelia Supera coin.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Cornelia Supera|Gaia Cornelia Supera]] |253 (3 months) |Known from numismatic evidence. Her inscriptions suffered ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''. |[[Aemilianus]] ({{reign}}253) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=204}} |- |[[File:Sestertius of Mariniana.png|frameless|100x100px]] |[[Egnatia Mariniana]] (?) |''Posthumously named '''augusta''' from AD 253'' |D. Calomino considered that the coins of Mariniana, like those of [[Caecilia Paulina|Paulina]] and [[Faustina the Elder]], bear the omission of ''[[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]'' between ''Diva'' and the empress’s personal name in their legends. | rowspan="2" |[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] ({{reign}}253–260) |<ref name="johne">{{Cite book |editor-last=Johne |editor-first=Klaus-Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqvpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA610 |page=610|title=Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284) |date=2014-08-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-05-008807-5 |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calomino |first=Dario |date=2016 |title=Diva Paulina in Rome and in the East |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2016_num_6_173_3326 |journal=Revue Numismatique |series=6 |volume=173 |pages=288–289 |doi=10.3406/numi.2016.3326}}</ref> |- |— |[[Cornelia Gallonia]] (?) |c. 250s |Her existence is inferred from an inscription from [[Bulzi]] in [[Sardinia]] published in 2004, which names her as ''augusta'' and wife of Valerian. However, according to Heil and Eck, Cornelia Gallonia never existed, since it may stem from a confusion with [[Cornelia Salonina]]. |<ref>{{AE|2004|673}}</ref> <ref name="johne"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eck |first1=Werner |first2=Matthäus|last2=Heil|title=Eine angebliche zweite Frau Kaiser Valerians – die nie gelebt hat |url=https://www.academia.edu/87353931/ |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]] | volume=217 |date=2021| pages=212–216}}</ref> |- |[[File:Salonina crop.png|frameless|147x147px]] |[[Cornelia Salonina]] |253 – 268 (15 years) |Mother of [[Valerian II]], [[Saloninus]] and [[Marinianus (consul 268)]]. Fate unknown after Gallienus' death. |[[Gallienus]] ({{reign}}253–268) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=212}} |- |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC 0002-2.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''[[Sulpicia Dryantilla]]'' ('''usurper''') |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 260 |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Wife of the usurper Regalianus, who attempted to usurp power in [[Pannonia]]. |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''[[Regalianus]]'' ({{reign}}260) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 273|}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=215}} |- |[[File:Severina Ant.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ulpia Severina]] |270 – 275 (5 years) |Possibly a daughter of [[Ulpius Crinitus]]. Sometimes said to have been [[empress regnant]] between the death of Aurelian and the accession of [[Tacitus (emperor)|Tacitus]], but this has been disputed by modern historians. |[[Aurelian]] ({{reign}}270–275) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 830}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=227}} {{sfn|Watson|1999|pp=109-115}} |- |style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Victria-TyranTrig.jpg|frameless|100x100px]] |style="background:#F0FFFF;" |''[[Victoria (Gallic Empire)|Victoria]]'' (?) ('''mother''') |style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. 271 (as '''''augusta''''') |style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Probably fictional. |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''[[Victorinus]]'' ({{reign}}269–271) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=238}} |- | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:Antoninianus of Zenobia (obverse).png|frameless|102x102px]] | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |'''''[[Zenobia]]''''' ('''usurper''') | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |272 | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Ruler of the [[Palmyrene Empire]] in name of her infant son [[Vaballathus]] | style="background:#7FFFD4;"|''Empress regnant of Palmyra'' | style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 990|}} |- |[[File:Magnia Urbica (obverse).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Magnia Urbica]] |283 – 285 (5 years) |Given the title ''Mater castrorum, senatus ac patriae''. |[[Carinus]] ({{reign}}283–285) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 983}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=252–253}} |- |— |''Unknown name'' |283 – 284 (2 years) |Daughter of [[Aper (praetorian prefect)|Aper]] the praetorian prefect. |[[Numerian]] ({{reign}}283–284) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=252–253}} |}

== Dominate (284–476) ==

=== Tetrarchy (284–324) === Only [[Galeria Valeria|Valeria]] received the title of '''''augusta''''' during the Tetrarchy, and only a few women did so in the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" | Name{{Efn|Empresses during the [[Tetrarchy]] often adopted their husband's ''nomen'' after their marriage. Diocletian's daughter Valeria thus became "[[Galeria Valeria]]" upon her marriage to [[Galerius]].}} ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Empress Prisca.png|frameless|135x135px]] |[[Prisca (empress)|Prisca]] |20 November 284 – 1 May 305 ({{Age in years, months and days|284|11|20|305|5|1}}) |A Christian, retired after the abdication of Diocletian. Exiled to Syria by [[Maximinus Daza]] and later executed by [[Licinius]] during the [[Civil wars of the Tetrarchy]], probably in 315. |[[Diocletian]] ({{reign}}284–305) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 726}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=260}} |- |[[File:(Toulouse) Galeria Valeria Eutropia inv.Ra 38 - Musée Saint-Raymond.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Eutropia]] |1 April 286 – 1 May 305 ({{Age in years, months and days|286|4|1|305|5|1}}, West) |Possibly the widow of [[Afranius Hannibalianus]]. Still alive in 325. |[[Maximian]] ({{reign}}286–305) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 316}} |- |[[File:Follis of Galeria Valeria - Cropped.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Galeria Valeria|''Galeria'' Valeria]] |1 May 305 – May 311 (6 years, East) |Daughter of [[Diocletian]] and (probably) [[Prisca (empress)|Prisca]]; married Galerius after his elevation as ''caesar'' in 293, styled as '''''augusta''''' and ''mater castrorum''. Exiled alongside her mother by [[Maximinus Daza]], and later executed by [[Licinius]] |[[Galerius]] ({{reign}}305–311) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 937|}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=275}} |- |[[File:Bronze-Flavia Maximiana Theodora-trier RIC 65 (obverse).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Flavia Maximiana Theodora|''Flavia'' Maximiana Theodora]] |1 May 305 – 25 July 306 ({{Age in years, months and days|305|5|1|306|7|25}}, West) |Daughter of [[Eutropia]] and (probably) [[Afranius Hannibalianus]], step-daughter of Maximian. |[[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius I]] ({{reign}}305–306) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 937}} |- |[[File:MSR-ra-127-1-DM (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Valeria Maximilla|''Valeria'' Maximilla]] |28 October 306 – 28 October 312 (6 years, Italy) |Daughter of [[Galerius]], married Maxentius {{circa}} 305. Her fate following Maxentius' death is unknown, but may have suffered ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''. |[[Maxentius]] ({{reign}}306–312) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 576}} |- |— |''Unknown name'' |310 – 313 (?) (3 years, East) |Perhaps related to Galerius. |[[Maximinus Daza|Maximinus II Daza]] ({{reign}}310–313) |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=277}} |- |[[File:Coin of Flavia Julia Constantia (obverse).jpg|frameless|104x104px]] |[[Flavia Julia Constantia]] |313 – 324 (11 years, East) |Half-sister of [[Constantine I]]. Lived at her brother's court following Licinius' and her son's execution. |[[Licinius]] ({{reign}}308–324) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 221}} |}

=== Constantinian dynasty (306–363) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:Minervina, wife of Constantine I.png|frameless|100px]] |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Minervina]] |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |306 – 307 (?) (1 year?) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Referred as the wife of Constantine by the ''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'' VI, but called a [[concubine]] by [[Aurelius Victor]] and [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]]. She died or was divorced by 307. | rowspan="4" |[[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] ({{reign}}306–337) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 602–603}} |- |[[File:P1070865 Louvre tête de Fausta Ma4881 rwk.JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Flavia Maxima Fausta|''Flavia'' Maxima Fausta]] |March 307 – Summer 326 (19 years) |{{circa}} 290 (?) – Summer 326 (aged approx. 36) ----Daughter of [[Maximian]] and [[Eutropia]], named '''''augusta''''' after Constantine's victory over [[Licinius]] in 324. Executed, possibly for [[adultery]] with her stepson, [[Crispus]]. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 325–326}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=291–292}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Elena Colosseo Rome Italy (head).jpg|frameless|140x140px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Helena, mother of Constantine I|''Flavia'' Julia Helena]] ('''mother''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |324–330 (6 years, as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{circa}} 250–330 (aged approx. 80) ----Mother of [[Constantine I]] and ex-wife or mistress of [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius I]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 325–326}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=291–292}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Constantina|Flavia Valeria Constantina]] (?) ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |335–354 (?) (19 years, as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of Constantine. Wife of [[Hannibalianus]] and later the ''caesar'' [[Constantius Gallus|Gallus]]. Her appointment as ''augusta'' may be fictional. |{{sfnm|1a1=PLRE|1loc=Vol 1, pp. 222|2a1=Kienast|2a2=Eck|2a3=Heil|2p=304}} <ref>{{Cite book |last=Holum |first=Kenneth G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq1ntYVZnt4C&pg=PA31 |title=Theodosian Empresses |date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90970-0 |quote=More likely, the rank of Constantina was a convenient fiction that lent weight to the temporary promotion of [[Vetranio]]}}</ref> |- |— |''Unknown name'' |9 September 337 – April 340 (2 years and 7 months) |Obscure figure, married to Constantine II by 335 and alive at the time of his death. Perhaps a daughter of one of Constantine I's half-brothers. |[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]] ({{reign}}337–340) |{{Sfn|Vanderspoel|2020|pp=42–43}} |- |— |''[[Julius Constantius's daughter|Unknown name]]'' |337 – 353 (16 years) |Nothing known. |rowspan=3|[[Constantius II]] ({{reign}}337–361) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 226}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=302}} |- |[[File:Eusebia, wife of Constantius II.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Eusebia (empress)|Eusebia]] |c. 353 – c. 360 (about 7 years) |Probably a daughter of [[Eusebius (consul 347)]]; supported [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]; died sometime before 361. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 300–301}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=302}} |- |— |[[Faustina (wife of Constantius II)|Faustina]] |361 (a few months) |Joined [[Procopius (usurper)|Procopius]] (r. 365–366) during his brief rule in [[Constantinople]]. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 326}} |- |— |[[Justina (empress)|Justina]] |late 350 – 11 August 353 (3 years) |Daughter of governor Justus; married Magnentius as a young girl. |[[Magnentius]] ({{reign}}350–353) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 488–490}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=305, 314}} |- |[[File:Helena, wife of Julian, crop.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Helena (wife of Julian)|Helena]] |{{circa}} February – {{circa}} November 360 (9 months or less) |Daughter of [[Constantine I]] and [[Flavia Maxima Fausta|Fausta]]; wrongly called "Constantina" in some sources. Died around Julian's accession as sole emperor. |[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] ({{reign}}360–363) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 409–410}} |- ! colspan="6" | |- |[[File:Charito, wife of Jovian.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Charito]] |27 June 363 – 17 February 364 (7 months and 21 days) |Daughter of the ''[[magister equitum]]'' [[Lucillianus (magister equitum)|Lucillianus]], possibly alive as late as 380. |[[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] ({{reign}}363–364) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 201}} |}

=== Valentinianic dynasty (364–383) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Severa, wife of Valentinian I.png|frameless|136x136px]] |[[Marina Severa]] |364 – 370 (6 years) |Divorced and exiled. Later returned to court under her son [[Gratian]]. |rowspan=2|[[Valentinian I]] ({{reign}}364–375) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 828}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=314}} |- |— |[[Justina (empress)|Justina]] (''second time'') |{{circa}} 370 – 375 (c. 5 years) |Married Valentinian I after his divorce with Marina Severa. Mother of [[Valentinian II]]. During an invasion by [[Magnus Maximus]], she and her son fled to [[Theodosius I]] who defeated Magnus Maximus and reinstalled them. Died around 388. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 488–490}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=305, 314}} |- |— |  [[Domnica]]{{efn|{{harvnb|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=317}}, give her name as "Albia (?) Dominica", but does not elaborate. This name is not mentioned by the ''PLRE'' or other sources.}} |28 March 364 – 9 August 378 (14 years, 4 months and 12 days) |Daughter of praetorian prefect Petronius. Defended [[Constantinople]] against the [[Goths]] after the death of Valens in the [[Battle of Adrianople]]. |[[Valens]] ({{reign}}364–378) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 265, 690}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=317}} |- |[[File:Flavia Maxima Constantia, wife of Gratian.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Constantia (wife of Gratian)|Constantia]] |{{circa}} 374 – early 383 (c. 2 years and 7 months) |early 362 – early 383 (aged 21) ---- Posthumous child of [[Constantius II]] and [[Faustina (wife of Constantius II)|Faustina]]; alongside her mother Faustina, was present beside Procopius in 365 to ensure the loyalty of his troops. |rowspan=2|[[Gratian]] ({{reign}}375–383){{efn|[[Gratian]] was crowned co-emperor in 367.}} |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 221}} |- |— |[[Laeta]] |before 25 August 383 (a few months) |Daughter of Tisamene; supplied the city of Rome with food during the siege of [[Alaric I]] in 408. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 492}} |}

=== Theodosian dynasty (379–457) === All empress, with the exceptions of [[Galla (wife of Theodosius I)|Galla]], "[[Saint Elen|Elen]]", and [[Thermantia]], received the title '''''augusta'''''. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" | Name{{Efn|Empress after [[Aelia Flaccilla]] adopted "Aelia" as a title, which was then shown in their coinage.{{sfn|Grierson|Mays|1992|p=7}}}} ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="32%" |Life details & notes ! width="17%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Bust of Aelia Flaccilla (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Aelia Flaccilla]]  ''Aelia Flavia Flaccilla''{{Efn|Flaccilla is called "Flavia" in a few inscriptions. She probably adopted the name following the accession of her husband, who also used "Flavius" as part of his nomenclature. Emperors after the [[Constantinian dynasty]] were often addressed as "Flavius", but it was used as an honorific rather than a personal name.{{sfn|Cameron|1988}}}} |19 January 379 – early 386 (7 years) |Married Theodosius {{circa}} 376, died in 386. | rowspan="2" |[[Theodosius I]] ({{reign}}379–395) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 341–342}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=326–327}} |- |— |[[Galla (wife of Theodosius I)|Galla]] |386 – 394 (8 years) |Daughter of [[Valentinian I]] and [[Justina (empress)|Justina]]; died during childbirth. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 382}} {{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=326–327}} |- |— |''Unknown name'' |25 August 383 – 28 August 388 (5 years and 3 days) |Known as "[[Saint Elen]]" in [[Welsh legend]]. |[[Magnus Maximus]] ({{reign}}383–388) |{{sfn|Leeming|2005|p=246}} |- |[[File:Aelia Eudoxia solidus (obverse).png|frameless|100px]] |[[Aelia Eudoxia|Eudoxia]] |27 April 395 – 6 October 404 ({{Age in years, months and days|395|4|27|404|10|6}}) |Daughter of the Frankish general [[Bauto]]; advised the emperor, and was involved in the downfall of [[Eutropius (consul 399)|Eutropius]]. Proclaimed ''[[augusta (title)|augusta]]'' on 9 January 400 during the uprising of [[Gainas]]. |[[Arcadius]] ({{reign}}395–408) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 410}} {{sfn|ODB|pp=174, 740}} |- |[[File:Maria, wife of Honorius Cameo.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Maria (wife of Honorius)|Maria]] |{{circa}} 398 – 407 (c. 9 years) |Daughter of the general [[Stilicho]], died in 407. | rowspan="2" |[[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] ({{reign}}395–423) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 558}} |- |[[File:Thermantia, wife of Honorius.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Thermantia]] ''Aemilia Materna Thermantia'' |408 (a few months) |Daughter of Stilicho; banished by Honorius following Stilicho's execution in August 408. Died sometime before 30 July 415. |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 1112}} |- |[[File:Ευδοκία, μαρμάρινη προτομή 421-430 μ.Χ., ΝΜΑ Ακρόπολη 08.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Aelia Eudocia|Eudocia]] |7 June 421 – 28 July 450 ({{Age in years, months and days|421|6|7|450|7|28}}) |{{Circa}} 400 – 20 October 460 (aged approx. 60) ----Born as "Athenais", daughter of Leontius, a philosopher. Proclaimed ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]'' on 2 January 423. Departed from the court in the 440s following an estrangement with Theodosius. Left numerous writings. |[[Theodosius II]] ({{reign}}408–450) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 408–409}} <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year= |title=Eudocia |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194999/Eudocia}}</ref> |- |[[File:Galla Placidia coin2.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Galla Placidia]] |8 February – 2 September 421 (7 months lacking 6 days) |388 – 27 November 450 (aged approx. 72) ---- Daughter of [[Theodosius I]] and [[Galla (wife of Theodosius I)|Galla]]. Originally married the Visigothic king [[Athaulf]], married Constantius on 1 January 417. After the instalment of her son [[Valentinian III]] as emperor, she became regent alongside [[Aetius (magister militum)|Aetius]]. Died in 450. |[[Constantius III]] ({{reign}}421) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 888–889}} {{sfn|ODB|p=818}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Justa Grata Honoria solidus (obverse).png|frameless|100x100px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Justa Grata Honoria]] ('''sister''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Circa}} 437–450 (13 years, as '''''augusta''''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Circa}} 418–450 (aged approx. 32) ----Daughter of [[Constantius III]]. Possibly exiled after an intrigue with [[Attila the Hun]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Valentinian III]] ({{reign}}425–455) | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 568–569|}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[File:Licinia Eudoxia solidus (obverse).jpg|frameless|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Licinia Eudoxia]] | rowspan="2" |29 October 437 – 31 May 455 ({{Age in years, months and days|437|10|29|455|5|31}}) | rowspan="2" |422 – {{Circa}} 493 (aged approx. 71) ----Daughter of [[Theodosius II]] and [[Aelia Eudocia|Eudocia]]. Forced to marry Maximus after the murder of Valentinian. Taken to Africa after the [[sack of Rome (455)|sack of Rome]], was freed in about 462. |[[Valentinian III]] ({{reign}}425–455) | rowspan="2" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 410–412}} |- |[[Petronius Maximus]] ({{reign}}455) |- |[[File:Pulcheria coin.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Pulcheria]] |25 August 450 – July 453 (2 years and 10 months) |19 January 399 – July 453 (aged 55) ----Daughter of [[Arcadius]] and [[Aelia Eudoxia|Eudoxia]], proclaimed ''[[augusta (title)|augusta]]'' and guardian of her younger brother [[Theodosius II]] on 4 July 414. Involved in the Councils of [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]] and [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]]. Married Marcian after his election as emperor by [[Aspar]]. |[[Marcian]] ({{reign}}450–457) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 929–930}} {{sfn|ODB|pp=1757–1758}} {{sfn|Burgess|1994}} |}

=== Puppet emperors (west, 467–475) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Empress Aelia Euphemia coin (cropped).png|frameless|100px]] |[[Marcia Euphemia]] |12 April 467 – 11 July 472 (5 years and 3 months) |Only daughter of [[Marcian]], who married her to Anthemius {{circa}} 453. Styled as [[augusta (title)|''augusta'']] | rowspan="2" |[[Anthemius]] ({{reign}}467–472) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 423–424}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Alypia (daughter of Anthemius)|Alypia]] (?) ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |467–472 (?) (as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |On a coin depicting Euphemia and Alypia, they are shown wearing the typical ''Augusta'' vestments, so it is possible that both were appointed ''Augustae'' | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|Vagi|2000|pp=572–573}} |- |— |[[Placidia]] |April – 2 November 472 (7 months) |Daughter of [[Valentinian III]] and [[Licinia Eudoxia]], married Olybrius in 454/454. Still alive {{circa}} 480. |[[Olybrius]] ({{reign}}472) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 887}} |- |— |''Unknown name'' |24 June 474 – 28 August 475 (1 year, 2 months and 4 days) |A relative of Empress [[Verina]]. |[[Julius Nepos]] ({{reign}}474–475/80){{efn|[[Julius Nepos]] continued to claim the imperial title in exile until May 480. He was apparently recognized by [[Emperor Zeno]], but held no real power.}} |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 777}} |}

== Later eastern empresses (457–1439) == During the later '[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]' period, all empresses (unless noted) received the title '''''augusta'''''; whether it was still considered a formal title or just a synonym to "empress" is not known.

=== Leonid dynasty (457–515) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Empress Verina coin (cropped).png|frameless|100px]] |[[Verina]] |7 February 457 – 18 January 474 (16 years, 11 months and 11 days) |Sister of [[Basiliscus]]. Plotted against [[Emperor Zeno]] with [[Patricius (Caesar)|Patricius]], but was betrayed by Basiliscus. Her son-in-law [[Marcian (usurper)|Marcian]] rebelled in 479. After being held in captivity under [[Illus]], she endorsed [[Leontius (usurper)|Leontius]]' usurpation in 484; she died during the ensuing war, probably in 484. |[[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]] ({{reign}}457–474) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 1156}} {{sfn|ODB|p=2160}} |- |rowspan=2|[[File:Ritratto femminile, forse ariadne, 490-510 dc ca. (louvre) (cropped).jpg|frameless|124x124px]] |rowspan=2|[[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]] |rowspan=2|29 January 474 – late 515 (39 years and a few months) |rowspan=2|Daughter of [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]] and [[Verina]], married Zeno in 466/467. Chose Anastasius as successor and married him immediately after Zeno's death. The third longest-reigning empress, after [[Helena Lekapene]] and [[Livia]]. |[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] ({{reign}}474–491) |rowspan=2|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 140–141}} {{sfn|ODB|pp=166–167}} |- |[[Anastasius I Dicorus|Anastasius I]] ({{reign}}491–518) |- |[[File:Empress Zenonis coin (cropped).png|frameless|100px]] |[[Zenonis]] |9 January 475 – August 476 (1 year and 7 months) |Died alongside her husband after Zeno's restoration. |[[Basiliscus]] ({{reign}}475–476) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 1203}} |}

=== Justinian dynasty (east, 518–602) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Idealized head of Euphemia.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Euphemia (empress)|Euphemia]] |10 July 518 – before August 527 (6 years or less) |Formerly named "Lupicina". According to [[Procopius]]'s ''Secret History'', originally a slave of barbarian origin. |[[Justin I]] ({{reign}}518–527) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 2, pp. 423}} |- |[[File:Empress Theodora mosaic detail (cropped).png|frameless|100px]] |[[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Theodora]] |1 April 527 – 28 June 548 ({{Age in years, months and days|527|4|1|548|6|28}}) |{{Circa}} 497 – 28 June 548 (aged approx. 50) ----Daughter of Acacius; aunt of Sophia; married Justinian {{Circa}} 524 and became one of his main advisers. |[[Justinian I]] ({{reign}}527–565) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 1240–1241}} {{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=11–39}} |- |[[File:Follis of Justin II & Sophia (obverse).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Sophia (empress)|Sophia]] |14 November 565 – 5 October 578 (12 years, 10 months and 21 days) |Niece of Theodora. Became regent alongside [[Tiberius II]] after Justin's mental collapse in 573; was pushed out after plotting against Tiberius after Justin's death. She was present in [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]'s court and still alive by 601. |[[Justin II]] ({{reign}}565–578) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 1179–1180}} {{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=40–58}} |- |[[File:Tiberius II Constantine and Anastasia.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Ino Anastasia|(Ino) Anastasia]] |26 September 578 – 14 August 582 (3 years, 10 months and 19 days) |Had already been a widow before marrying Tiberius sometime before his appointment as ''caesar'' in 574. Initially opposed by Sophia, she later became the mother-in-law of Maurice and died sometime after, perhaps in 593. |[[Tiberius II Constantine]] ({{reign}}578–582) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 60–61}} |- |[[File:Maurice follis with Constantina and Theodosius (reverse).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Constantina (empress)|Constantina]] |13 August 582 – 27 November 602 (20 years, 3 months and 14 days) |Daughter of Tiberius II and Anastasia. Married ''caesar'' Maurice on Tiberius' deathbed. Exiled after Maurice's execution, tried to plot against [[Phocas]] but was eventually killed in 605. |[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] ({{reign}}582–602) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 337–339}} |- ! colspan="6" | |- |[[File:Phocas (left) and Leontia (right) coin.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Leontia]] |23 November 602 – 5 October 610 (?) (7 years, 10 months and 12 days) |Daughter of Sergius. Her fate after Phocas' execution is unknown. |[[Phocas]] ({{reign}}602–610) |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, p. 772}} |}

=== Heraclian dynasty (610–695) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Fabia, wife of Heraclius.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Fabia Eudokia]] Ευδοκία |5 October 610 – 13 August 612 ({{Age in years, months and days|610|10|5|612|8|13}}) |Daughter of Rogas of Libya; died of [[epilepsy]]. | rowspan="4" |[[Heraclius]] ({{reign}}610–641) |{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207031848/http://www.roman-emperors.org/fabia.htm Fabia]}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Eudoxia Epiphania]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |4 October 611 – ? (as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of [[Heraclius]] and [[Fabia Eudokia]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |<ref>{{cite web | title=Epiphania (daughter of Heraclius) | last=Garland | first=Lynda | author-link=Lynda Garland | url=http://roman-emperors.org/epiphan.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010530045404/http://roman-emperors.org/epiphan.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2001-05-30 | work=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]}}</ref> |- |[[File:Empress Martina, Naples, Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele III, I B 18.jpeg|frameless|100px]] |[[Martina (empress)|Martina]] Μαρτίνα |{{circa}} 613 – 11 February 641 (about 7 years) |Daughter of Martinus; niece of Heraclius, which led to controversies around her marriage. Became regent of her young son [[Heraclonas]] after [[Heraclius Constantine|Constantine]]'s death. Was soon deposed, [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|mutilated]], and exiled by [[Valentinus (usurper)|Valentinus]] in favor of [[Constans II]], who was also a minor at the time. |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=61–72}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Augustina (daughter of Heraclius)|Augustina]] & [[Martina (daughter of Heraclius)|Martina]] ('''daughters''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |4 July 638 – ? (unknown tenure as ''augustae'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Crowned ''augustae'' alongside their mother Martina the Elder. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 154, 838|}} <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaegi |first=Walter E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC&pg=PA267 |title=Heraclius |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81459-1 |pages=265–268}}</ref> |- |— |[[Gregoria]] Γρηγορία |early 630 – 25 May 641 (11 years) |Daughter of [[Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)]], married Constantine in early 630 (or late 629). Regent during the early reign of her son [[Constans II]]. Not recorded as ''augusta'' |[[Heraclius Constantine|Constantine III Heraclius]] ({{reign}}641){{Efn|[[Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)|Constantine III]] was crowned co-emperor in 613.}} |{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211122093023/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gegoria.htm Gregoria]}} |- |— |[[Fausta (wife of Constans II)|Fausta]] Φαύστα |642 – 15 July 668 (26 years) |Possibly a daughter of [[Valentinus (usurper)|Valentinus]], usurper in 644. |[[Constans II]] ({{reign}}641–668) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D64/F13.htm Phausta 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ17318/html Phusta (#6119)]}} |- |— |[[Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)|Anastasia]] Αναστασία |September 668 (?) – July 685 (16 years and 6 months?) |Still alive during the reign of [[Philippicus]]; not recorded as ''augusta'' |[[Constantine IV]] ({{reign}}668–685) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D02/F25.htm Anastasia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ11310/html Anastasia (#228)]}} |- |— |[[Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)|Eudokia]] Ευδοκία |{{Circa}} 685 – {{Circa}} 695 (10 years?) |Possibly dead by 695, not recorded as ''augusta'' |[[Justinian II]] ({{reign}}685–695; 705–711) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F60.htm Eudokia 8]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12728/html (#1624)]}} |}

=== Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |style="background:#EDEDED;" |— |style="background:#EDEDED;" |''Unknown name'' |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 695 – 698 (?) (c. 3 years) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known |style="background:#EDEDED;" |[[Leontios|Leontius]] ({{reign}}695–698) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}} |- |style="background:#EDEDED;" |— |style="background:#EDEDED;" |''Unknown name'' |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 698 – 705 (?) (c. 7 years) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known |style="background:#EDEDED;" |[[Tiberius III]] ({{reign}}698–705) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}} |- |— |[[Theodora of Khazaria]] Θεοδώρα |{{circa}} 21 August 705 – 4 November 711 (c. {{Age in years, months and days|705|8|21|711|11|4}}) |The first foreign-born empress. Sister of [[Busir]], [[Khagan]] of [[Khazars|Khazaria]]. Became Justinian's second wife during his exile in 703; crowned{{Efn|Empresses were proclaimed '''''augusta''''' at their coronation.}} alongside her son [[Tiberius (son of Justinian II)|Tiberius]] in 705. |[[Justinian II]] ({{reign}}685–695; 705–711) |{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1084–1085, 2084|2a1=DIR|2loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155245/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theodoii.htm Theodora]|3a1=Grierson|3y=1962|3pp=50–51}} |- |style="background:#EDEDED;" |— |style="background:#EDEDED;" |''Unknown name'' |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 711 – 713 (?) (c. 2 years) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known |style="background:#EDEDED;" |[[Philippikos Bardanes|Philippicus]] ({{reign}}711–713) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}} |- |— |Irene Ειρήνη |{{Circa}} 713 – 715 (c. 2 years) |Little information recorded other than her name |[[Anastasios II|Anastasius II]] ({{reign}}713–715) |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}} |- |style="background:#EDEDED;" |— |style="background:#EDEDED;" |''Unknown name'' |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 715 – 717 (?) (c. 2 years) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known |style="background:#EDEDED;" |[[Theodosius III]] ({{reign}}715–717) |style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}} |}

=== Isaurian dynasty (717–802) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="15%" |Name ! width="24%" |Tenure ! width="35%" |Life details & notes ! width="16%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |— |[[Maria (wife of Leo III)|Maria]] Μαρία |25 March 717 – 18 June 741 (?) (24 years, 2 months and 24 days?) |Crowned on 25 December 718. Mother of [[Constantine V]] |[[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] ({{reign}}717–741) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F57.htm Maria 3]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15891/html Maria (#4723)]}} |- |— |[[Tzitzak|Tzitzak Irene]] Εἰρήνη |733 – 750 (17 years) |Daughter of ''[[khagan]]'' [[Bihar (Khazar)|Bihar of Khazaria]]. Opposed the iconoclasm of her husband; died shortly after [[Leo IV the Khazar|Leo IV]]'s birth | rowspan="3" |[[Constantine V]]  ({{reign}}741–775){{Efn|[[Constantine V]] was crowned co-emperor in 720.}} |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F11.htm Eirene 3]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12535/html Eirene (#1437)]}} |- |— |[[Maria (wife of Constantine V)|Maria]] Μαρία |{{Circa}} 751 – 752 (c. 1 year) |Died soon after her marriage. |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F55.htm Maria 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15893/html Maria (#4725)]}} |- |— |[[Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)|Eudokia]] Ευδοκία |{{Circa}} 753 – 14 September 775 (?) (c. 22 years?) |Already married by November 764, crowned on 1 April 769; fate unknown. |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F53.htm Eudokia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12730/html Eudokia (#1626)]}} |- |— |[[Anna (wife of Artabasdos)|Anna]] Άννα |June 741 – 2 November 743 (2 years and 5 months) |Daughter of [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]], married Artabasdos in 717. Banished after her husband's failed coup; not recorded as ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]'' |[[Artabasdos]] ({{reign}}741–743) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D04/F05.htm Anna 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ11528/html Anna (#443)]}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[File:Irene solidus sb 1599 (obverse) (cropped 4to3).jpg|frameless|100px]] | rowspan="3" |[[Irene of Athens|'''Irene''' of Athens]] Εἰρήνη | rowspan="3" |3 November 769 – 31 October 802 (33 years lacking 3 days) | rowspan="3" |{{Circa}} 752 – 9 August 803 (aged approx. 51) ----A member of the [[Sarantapechos]] family; [[Augusta (title)|crowned]] on 17 December 769. Became ''de facto'' ruler after Leo's death as her son's regent. Ended the [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|First iconoclasm]] with the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in 787. She took full power after deposing and blinding her son on 19 August 797. She was herself deposed and banished in 802, later dying of natural causes. |[[Leo IV the Khazar|Leo IV]]  ({{reign}}775–780){{Efn|[[Leo IV the Khazar|Leo IV]] was crowned co-emperor in 751.}} | rowspan="3" |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1008–1009|2a1=Garland|2y=1999|2pp=73–94}} {{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F09.htm Eirene 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12537/html Eirene (#1439)]}} |- |style="background:#baddff;" |''Co-empress 792–797''{{efn|She acted as ''de facto'' empress-regnant during almost all of Constantine VI's reign. She was banished in December 791, but was recalled and proclaimed empress (and in practice co-ruler) a month later, on 15 January 792.{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=73–94}}}} |- | style="background:#7FFFD4;" |''Empress regnant 797–802'' |- |— |[[Maria of Amnia]] Μαρία |November 788 – January 795 (6 years and 2 months) |Grand-daughter of [[Saint Philaretos]]; born {{Circa}} 773. She was forced to become a nun. Died sometime after 824. | rowspan="2" |[[Constantine VI]] ({{reign}}780–797) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F56.htm Maria 2]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15895/html Maria (#4727)]}} |- |— |[[Theodote (empress)|Theodote]] Θεοδότη |September 795 – 19 August 797 (1 year and 11 months) |Cousin of [[Theodore the Studite|Saint Theodore the Studite]]; originally a ''[[koubikoularia]]'', she was crowned in August 795. Deposed by Irene. |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D78/F07.htm Theodote 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19150/html Theodote (#7899)]}} |}

=== Nikephorian dynasty (802–813) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[File:Wife of Nikephoros I.png|frameless|100px]] |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Unknown name''{{Efn|The name and background of Nikephoros I's wife is not given in any primary source.{{sfnm|1a1=Garland|1y=1999|1p=230|2a1=Niavis|2y=1984|2p=83}} Some modern historians mistakenly call her Prokopia, out of confusion with her daughter (and later also empress) [[Prokopia]].{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190801231441/http://www.roman-emperors.org/stauric.htm Staurakios (A.D. 811)]}}}} |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |— |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Unmentioned in literary sources, possibly dead before Nikephoros became emperor |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |[[Nikephoros I]] ({{reign}}802–811) |style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfnm|1a1=Garland|1y=1999|1p=230|2a1=Niavis|2y=1984|2p=83}} |- |— |[[Theophano of Athens]] Θεοφανώ |20 December 807 – 2 October 811 ({{Age in years, months and days|807|12|20|811|10|2}}) |A relative of [[Irene of Athens]], considered as a candidate for the throne after Staurakios' defeat at the [[Battle of Pliska]], retired as a nun alongside him; not recorded as ''augusta'' |[[Staurakios]] ({{reign}}811) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D80/F03.htm Theophano 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19426/html Theophano (#8164)]}} |- |— |[[Prokopia]] Προκοπία |2 October 811 – 11 July 813 ({{Age in years, months and days|811|10|2|813|7|11}}) |Daughter of [[Nikephoros I]] and sister of emperor [[Staurakios]]; retired as a nun |[[Michael I Rangabe]] ({{reign}}811–813) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D65/F99.htm Prokopia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ17552/html Prokopia (#6351)]}} |- ! colspan="6" | |- |[[File:Theodosia in the Madrid Skylitzes.jpeg|frameless|100px]] |[[Theodosia (wife of Leo V)|Theodosia]] Θεοδοσία |11 July 813 – 25 December 820 ({{Age in years, months and days|813|7|11|820|12|25}}) |Daughter of [[Arsaber]], ''[[patrikios]]'' and rival emperor in 808. Become a nun after the murder of her husband; retained several of her privileges |[[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] ({{reign}}813–820) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D77/F25.htm Theodosia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19038/html Theodosia (#7790)]}} |}

=== Amorian dynasty (820–867) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |— |[[Thekla (wife of Michael II)|Thekla]] Θέκλα |25 December 820 – {{Circa}} 824 (c. 4 years) |Daughter of the rebel [[Bardanes Tourkos]]. Died some years after Michael's accession. |rowspan=2|[[Michael II]] ({{reign}}820–829) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F36.htm Thekla 2]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18489/html Thekla (#7259)]}} |- |— |[[Euphrosyne (9th century)|Euphrosyne]] Εὐφροσύνη |{{Circa}} 824 – 2 October 829 (c. 6 years) |Daughter of [[Constantine VI]] and [[Maria of Amnia|Maria]], became a nun after the fall of [[Irene of Athens|Irene]], but was later recalled and married Michael, perhaps at the age of 50. Still alive by 836. |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D25/F21.htm Euphrosyne 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18489/html Thekla (#7259)]}} |- |[[File:Theodora in the Madrid Skylitzes2 (cropped2).jpg|frameless|166x166px]] |[[Theodora (wife of Theophilos)|Theodora the Armenian]] Θεοδώρα |5 June 830 – 20 January 842 ({{Age in years, months and days|830|6|5|842|1|20}}) |{{Circa}} 815 – {{Circa}} 867 (aged approx. 52) ----Became ''de facto'' ruler on 20 January 842, as regent of her infant son [[Michael III]], alongside [[Theoktistos]]. Ended the [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|Second iconoclasm]] in 843. Deposed and exiled by her son after forcing him to marry [[Eudokia Dekapolitissa]]. They both reconciled shortly before Michael's death. |rowspan=2|[[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]] ({{reign}}829–842) |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=2037–2038|2a1=PBE|2loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F51.htm Theodora 2]|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18519/html Theodora (#7286)]}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=95–108}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v.jpg|100px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Anna & Anastasia ('''daughters''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. 830s (unknown tenure as ''augustae'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughters of [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]] and [[Theodora (wife of Theophilos)|Theodora]], named ''augustae'' alongside their sister [[Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)|Thekla]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=99}} |- |[[File:MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v (Thekla copped).jpg|frameless|123x123px]] |[[Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)|'''Thekla''' the Younger]] Θέκλα |842 – 15 March 856 (14 years) |Daughter of [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]] and [[Theodora (wife of Theophilos)|Theodora]], named ''augusta'' alongside her sisters Anna and Anastasia. Appeared to have been associated to the imperial office with an even higher status than Michael. She later became a mistress to [[Basil I]], but was sidelined after he married. |style="background:#baddff;" |''Co-empress 842–856'' |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F35.htm Thekla 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18491/html Thekla (#7261)]}} |- |[[File:Eudokia Dekapolitissa, wife of Michael III.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Eudokia Dekapolitissa]] Ευδοκία Δεκαπολίτισσα |855 – 24 September 867 (12 years) |Forced to marry Michael III, who was in love with [[Eudokia Ingerina]], by [[Theodora (wife of Theophilos)|Theodora]] and [[Theoktistos]]; fate unknown. |[[Michael III]] ({{reign}}842–867) |{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F55.htm Eudokia 3]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12735/html Eudokia Dekapolitissa (#1631)]}} |}

=== Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Eudoxia-sb1703 (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Eudokia Ingerina]] Ευδοκία Ιγγερίνα |26 May 866 – 882 (16 years) |{{circa}} 840 – 882 (aged approx. 42) ----Daughter of [[Inger (senator)]]; former lover of [[Michael III]], who married her to Basil shortly before his coronation as co-emperor; not recorded as ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]'' |[[Basil I]] ({{reign}}867–886){{Efn|[[Basil I]] was crowned co-emperor in 866.}} |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=739|2a1=PBE|2loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F54.htm Eudokia 2]|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12736/html Eudokia Ingerina (#1632)]}} |- |[[File:Menologion of Basil 050 (detail).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Theophano Martinakia]] Θεοφανώ Μαρτινιακή |883 – 893 (14 years) |{{circa}} 867 – 10 November 897 (aged approx. 30) ----Daughter of [[Constantine Martinakios]]; retired to a monastery and died in 897. |rowspan=5|[[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]] ({{reign}}886–912){{Efn|[[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]] was crowned co-emperor in 870.}} |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2064|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19427/html Theophano (#8165)]}} {{sfn|Grumel|1936}} |- |— |[[Zoe Zaoutzaina]] Ζωὴ Ζαούτζαινα |late 898 – early 899 (1 year and 8 months) |Possibly a lover of Leo, said to have poisoned her former husband, Theodoros Guniatzitzes. |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30660/html Zoe Zautzina (#28505)]}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Anna of Constantinople (daughter of Leo VI)|Anna of Constantinople]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. May 900 (as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |In May 900, Leo VI had his daughter Anna crowned ''augusta'', however she was soon sent to the West to marry [[Louis the Blind|Louis III]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=113}} |- |— |[[Eudokia Baïana]] Εὐδοκία Βαϊανή |Summer 900 – 12 April 901 (1 year) |Married Leo after the death of Zoe. Died during childbirth |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ23912/html Eudokia Baïane (#21759)]}} |- |[[File:Solidus of Constantine VII with Zoe (reverse) (cropped1).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Zoe Karbonopsina]] Ζωὴ |9 January 906 – 11 May 912 (5 years, 4 months and 2 days) |A relative of writer [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]] and general [[Himerios (admiral)|Himerios]], originally a concubine of Leo. She was expelled after Leo's death, but returned and deposed the regency of [[Nicholas Mystikos|Patriarch Nicholas]] in February/March 914, ruling on behalf of her son [[Constantine VII]]. She was sidelined after the rise of [[Romanos I Lekapenos|Romanos I]] in 919 and was forced to become a nun. |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2228|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30661/html Zoe Karbonopsina (#28506)]}} |- |— |''Unknown name'' |{{Circa}} 912 – 913 (?) |Nothing known |[[Alexander (Byzantine emperor)|Alexander]] ({{reign}}912–913) |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}} |- |[[File:Helena Lekapene (Madrid Skylitzes).png|frameless|138x138px]] |[[Helena Lekapene]] Ἑλένη Λεκαπηνή |4 May 919 – 9 November 959 (40 years, 6 months and 5 days) |April 907 – 19 September 961 (aged 54) ----Daughter of [[Romanos I Lekapenos|Romanos I]] and [[Theodora (wife of Romanos I)|Theodora]], married shortly after Romanos' coup; crowned after Theodora's death. Became very influential in court until Constantine became sole ruler (945), later dying of an illness. The second longest-reigning empress. |[[Constantine VII]] ({{reign}}913–959) |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ24727/html Helene Lakapene (#22574)]}} |- |— |[[Theodora (wife of Romanos I)|Theodora]] Θεοδώρα |17 December 920 – 20 February 922 (1 year, 2 months and 3 days) |The second wife of Romanos, married {{circa}} 907; crowned on 6 January 921. |[[Romanos I Lekapenos]] ({{reign}}919–944) |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ29757/html Theodora (#27602)]}} |- |— |[[Sophia (wife of Christopher Lekapenos)|Sophia]] |20 May 921 – August 931 |Daughter of the patrician Niketas |[[Christopher Lekapenos]] ({{reign}}921–931) |<ref name="runciman">{{cite book | first = Steven | last = Runciman | title = The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium |location=Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1988 | orig-year=1929 | isbn = 978-0-521-35722-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC}}</ref> |- |— |Anna Gabala |933 – 27 January 945 |Daughter of a certain Gabalas. |[[Stephen Lekapenos]] ({{reign}}924–945) |<ref name="runciman"/> |- |— |Helen |939 – 14 January 940 |First wife of [[Constantine Lekapenos]]. |rowspan=2|[[Constantine Lekapenos]] ({{reign}}924–945) |<ref name="runciman"/> |- |— |Theophano Mamas |2 February 940 – 27 January 945 |Second wife of [[Constantine Lekapenos]]. |<ref name="runciman"/> |- |[[File:Romanos et Eudoxie (Eudoxie).JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Bertha-Eudokia|Bertha / Eudokia]] Εὐδοκία |945 – 949 (4 years) |Daughter of [[Hugh of Italy]], originally named Bertha. Betrothed to Romanos II in September 944, she died in 949, aged no more than 10 years old. She is not recorded as ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]''. |[[Romanos II]] ({{reign}}959–963){{Efn|[[Romanos II]] was crowned co-emperor in 945.}} |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ23309/html Berta-Eudokia (#21156)]}} |- |rowspan=2|[[File:Theophano crop.png|frameless|100px]] |rowspan=2|[[Theophano (born Anastaso)|Anastaso Theophano]] Θεοφανώ |rowspan=2|955/6 – 11 December 969 (13–14 years){{Efn|She stopped being empress for 6 months in 963, between the death of Romanos II (15 March) and her marriage to Nikephoros II (20 September).}} |rowspan=2|{{circa}} 940 – c. 980 (?) (aged approx. 40) ----Daughter of Krateros and Maria. Married [[Nikephoros II Phokas|Nikephoros II]] on 20 September 963, shortly after his coup. [[Skylitzes]] accuses her of poisoning Romanos, but this seems to be a later invention, as [[Leo the Deacon]] states that he died of an illness. She did, however, conspire with [[John I Tzimiskes|John Tzimiskes]] to murder Nikephoros. She is last mentioned in 978. |[[Romanos II]] ({{reign}}959–963){{Efn|[[Romanos II]] was crowned co-emperor in 945.}} |rowspan=2|{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=126–135}} {{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30280/html Theophano (#28125)]|}} |- |[[Nikephoros II Phokas]] ({{reign}}963–969) |- |— |[[Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)|Theodora]] Θεοδώρα |November 970 – 10 January 976 (?) (5 years and 2 months) |Daughter of [[Constantine VII]] and [[Helena Lekapene]]; born in the late 930s. |[[John I Tzimiskes]] ({{reign}}969–976) |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ29759/html Theodora (# 27604)]}} |- |— |[[Helena (daughter of Alypius)|Helena]] Ελένη |{{circa}} 976 – {{circa}} 989 (?) (about 13 years?) |Daughter of Alypius; not recorded as ''augusta''. |[[Constantine VIII]] ({{reign}}1025–1028){{efn|[[Constantine VIII]] was crowned co-emperor in 962.}} |{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ24731/html Helene (#22578)]}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Helena ('''ex-wife''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. 1028 – ? (as ''sebaste'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |To avoid her husband losing his eyes, she retired to a convent under the monastic name of Maria. Romanos III gave her the title of ''[[Sebastos|sebaste]]'', the Greek for ''augusta'', and made extravagant charitable donations on her death. |[[Romanos III Argyros]] ({{reign}}1028–34) | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=137, 230}} |- |rowspan=4|[[File:Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg|frameless|147x147px]] |rowspan=4|[[Zoe Porphyrogenita|'''Zoe''' Porphyrogenita]] Ζωὴ |rowspan=4|12 November 1028 – 1050 (22 years) |rowspan=4|c. 978 – 1050 (aged approx. 72) ----Daughter of [[Constantine VIII]], probably ordered the murder of Romanos III. Ruled in her own right alongside [[Theodora Porphyrogenita|Theodora]] from [[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]]'s deposition until her marriage to [[Constantine IX Monomachos|Constantine IX]] (21 April–11 June 1042). After this she had little involvement in politics, later dying of natural causes. |[[Romanos III Argyros]] ({{reign}}1028–34) |rowspan=4|{{sfn|ODB|p=2228}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=136–160}} |- |[[Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Michael IV]] ({{reign}}1034–1041) |- |style="background:#7FFFD4;" |''Empress regnant 1042'' |- |[[Constantine IX Monomachos]] ({{reign}}1042–1055) |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Maria Skleraina]] ('''mistress''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |1042 – c. 1045 (as ''sebaste'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |She was titled ''[[Sebastos|sebaste]]'', the Greek for ''augusta'', and was called empress (''despoina''). | rowspan="2" |[[Constantine IX Monomachos]] ({{reign}}1042–1055) | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=150, 230}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Irene of Alania]] (?) ('''mistress''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. 1051 (as ''sebaste'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |A certain "[[Alania|Alan]] princess", the mistress of Constantine IX, was titled ''[[Sebastos|sebaste]]'' and performed the part of empress. According to [[Cyril Toumanoff]], she was Irene, the daughter of the Georgian prince [[Prince Demetrius of Georgia|Demetrius]] and later wife of ''[[sebastokrator]]'' [[Isaac Komnenos (brother of Alexios I)|Isaac Komnenos]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=165, 230}} <ref>{{Cite book |first=Cyril|last=Toumanoff|author-link=Cyril Toumanoff |url=https://archive.org/details/toumanoff-1976-genealogie/page/122/mode/1up |title=Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie - Géorgie - Albanie) |year=1976 |language=fr |pages=121–122}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[File:Theodora Porphyrogenita crown-2.jpg|170x170px]] | rowspan="3" |[[Theodora Porphyrogenita|'''Theodora''' Porphyrogenita]] Θεοδώρα | rowspan="3" |21 April 1042 – 31 August 1056 ({{Age in years, months and days|1042|4|21|1056|8|31}}) | rowspan="3" |c. 980 – 31 August 1056 (aged approx. 76) ----Sister of [[Zoe Porphyrogenita|Zoe]], proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed [[Michael V Kalaphates|Michael V]] in 1042. Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned as [[empress regnant]] after the latter's death on 11 January 1055. Died of natural causes shortly after appointing [[Michael VI Bringas|Michael VI]] as her successor. |style="background:#7FFFD4;" |''Empress regnant 1042'' | rowspan="3" |{{sfn|ODB|p=2038}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=161–167}} |- |style="background:#baddff;" |''Co-empress 1042–1055'' |- |style="background:#7FFFD4;" |''Empress regnant 1055–1056'' |- ! colspan="6" | |- |— |[[Catherine of Bulgaria]] Αἰκατερίνη |1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059 (2 years, 2 months and 21 days) |Daughter of [[Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria]]. Retired to a monastery with the [[monastic name]] "Xene" |[[Isaac I Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1057–1059) |{{sfn|Varzos|1984|p=41–47}} |}

=== Doukas dynasty (1059–1081) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |rowspan=3|[[File:Eudokia Makrembolitissa portrait (2).jpg|frameless|149x149px]] |rowspan=3|[[Eudokia Makrembolitissa|'''Eudokia''' Makrembolitissa]] Ευδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα |rowspan=3|23 November 1059 – November 1071 (12 years) |rowspan=3|Daughter of John Makrembolites and niece of [[Michael I Cerularius|Patriarch Michael I]], born {{Circa}} 1030, married Constantine {{Circa}} 1049; ''de facto'' ruler in 1067 on behalf of her son [[Michael VII Doukas|Michael VII]] between Constantine's death (23 November) and her marriage to Romanos (1 January). She resumed her regency in October 1071, after [[Battle of Manzikert|Romanos' fall]], but was expelled and forced to become a nun. She was later recalled by [[Nikephoros III]] in 1078. |[[Constantine X Doukas]] ({{reign}}1059–1067) |rowspan=3|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=739–740|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eudokia/1/ Eudokia 1]}} {{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=168–179}} |- |style="background:#7FFFD4;" | ''Empress regnant 1067{{Efn|Some historians regard Eudokia as an empress regnant, while others consider her as a regent.}}'' |- |[[Romanos IV Diogenes]] ({{reign}}1068–1071) |- |rowspan=2|[[File:Maria Bagrationi, Byzantine empress.jpg|frameless|123x123px]] |rowspan=2|[[Maria of Alania]] Μαρία |rowspan=2|1066 / 1071 – 1 April 1078 (7–11 years) |rowspan=2|{{Circa}} 1052 / 1056 – 1118 (aged 62–66) ----Daughter of [[Bagrat IV of Georgia]]. Married Nikephoros shortly after the deposition of Michael VII in April 1078. Spent her last days in a Georgian monastery. |[[Michael VII Doukas]] ({{reign}}1071–1078){{Efn|[[Michael VII Doukas|Michael VII]] was crowned co-emperor in 1060.}} |rowspan=2|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1298|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Maria/61/ Maria 61]}} {{sfn|Garland|2006}} |- |[[Nikephoros III Botaneiates]] ({{reign}}1078–1081) |}

=== Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Portrait ! width="16%" |Name ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Irina ( Pala d'Oro) (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Irene Doukaina]] Ειρήνη Δούκαινα |1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118 ({{Age in years, months and days|1081|4|1|1118|8|15}}) |<abbr>{{Circa}}</abbr> 1066 – 19 February 1138 (aged approx. 72) ----Daughter of [[Andronikos Doukas (cousin of Michael VII)]]. Married Alexios <abbr>{{Circa}}</abbr> 1078, crowned on 11 April 1081. Forced to retire to a monastery after the failed plot of her daughter [[Anna Komnene]] and her son-in-law [[Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger|Nikephoros Bryennios]]. | rowspan="2" |[[Alexios I Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1081–1118) |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1009|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/61/ Irene 61]}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=180–198}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Anna Dalassene]] ('''mother''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |April 1081 – 1 November 1100/02 (19–21 years, as ''despoina'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |<abbr>{{Circa}}</abbr> 1025 – 1 November 1100/02 (aged approx. 75–77) ----As the mother of Alexios I, she was awarded the title of empress (''despoina''). Greatly involved in administration, although she later retired to a monastery. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=190}} {{sfn|ODB|p=578|}} |- |[[File:Mosaic of Irene of Hungary (cropped1).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Irene of Hungary]] Ειρήνη |1104 – 13 August 1134 (30 years) |Daughter of [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]], born as "Piroska". Married with John in 1104. |[[John II Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1118–1143){{Efn|[[John II Komnenos|John II]] was crowned co-emperor in 1092.}} |{{sfn|PBW|loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/62/ Irene 62]}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=199}} |- |— |[[Dobrodeia of Kiev]] |c. 1122 – 16 November 1131 (c. 9 years) |Daughter of [[Mstislav I of Kiev]]. |[[Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)|Alexios Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1119–1142){{Efn|[[Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)|Alexios Komnenos]] was crowned co-emperor in 1119.}} |{{sfn|Varzos|1984|pp=343–344}} |- |— |[[Bertha of Sulzbach|Bertha / Irene of Sulzbach]] Ειρήνη |1146 – 1159 / 1160 (13–14 years) |Daughter of [[Berengar II of Sulzbach]] and sister-in-law of emperor [[Conrad III of Germany]]. |rowspan=3|[[Manuel I Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1143–1180) |{{sfn|PBW|loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/66/ Irene 66]}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=199–201}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[File:Maria Komnene (Vat.gr.1851 folio 6r).jpg|frameless|100px]] | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I)|Maria Komnene]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |March 1152 – July 1182 (as ''augusta'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |According to Cinnamus, she was given the title ''augusta'' at her birth. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |<ref>{{cite web | title=Maria Porphyrogenita, daughter of Manuel I Comnenus | last1=Garland | first1=Lynda | author-link=Lynda Garland | last2=Stone |first2=Andrew | url=https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/maryp.htm | work=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]}}</ref> |- |[[File:Maria of Antioch 01.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Maria of Antioch]] Μαρία |25 December 1161 – 24 September 1180 (18 years and 9 months) |1140s – late 1182 (aged approx. 35–40) ----Daughter of [[Raymond of Poitiers]]. Became a nun after Manuel's death under the name "Xene", but acted as ''de facto'' ruler as the regent of [[Alexios II Komnenos|Alexios II]]. She was executed after the coup of [[Andronikos I Komnenos|Andronikos I]]. |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1298|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Maria/63/ Maria 63]}} {{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=201–209}} |- |rowspan=2|[[File:Agnes of France (Vat.gr.1851 folio 3v) (cropped).png|frameless|100px]] |rowspan=2|[[Agnes of France (empress)|Agnes / Anna of France]] Άννα |rowspan=2|2 March 1180 – 12 September 1185 ({{Age in years, months and days|1180|3|2|1185|9|12}}){{Efn|She stopped being empress for a few months in 1183.}} |rowspan=2|Daughter of [[Louis VII of France]], born in 1171. Forced to marry [[Andronikos I Komnenos|Andronikos I]], who was over 60, shortly after the murder of [[Alexios II Komnenos|Alexios II]] in September 1183. She became a subject of the [[Latin Empire]] after the [[sack of Constantinople]] in 1204 and married [[Theodore Branas]]. Not recorded as ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]''. |[[Alexios II Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1180–1183) |rowspan=2|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=37, 64, 94|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Agnes/101/ Agnes 101]}} |- |[[Andronikos I Komnenos]] ({{reign}}1183–1185) |}

=== Angelos dynasty (1185–1204) === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Picture ! width="20%" |Name ! width="22%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="18%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |— |[[Margaret of Hungary (Byzantine empress)|Margaret of Hungary]] Μαρία |early 1186 – 8 April 1195 (9 years) ----19 July 1203 – 27 Jan. 1204 (6 months and 8 days) |Daughter of [[Béla III of Hungary]]; born in 1175. Married Crusader [[Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat|Boniface]] following the [[Sack of Constantinople]], becoming queen of the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]]. Not recorded as ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]'' |[[Isaac II Angelos]] ({{reign}}1185–1195; 1203–1204) |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=224}} |- |[[File:Seal of Euphrysyne Doukaina (wife of Alexios III).png|100px]] |[[Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera]] Ευφροσύνη Δούκαινα Καματηρά |8 April 1195 – 18 July 1203 (8 years, 3 months and 10 days) |Daughter of [[Andronikos Kamateros]] and relative of ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]'' [[John Doukas (Caesar)|John Doukas]] and the [[Komnenos|Komnenoi]]. Effectively ruled the Empire on behalf of her husband. She was captured by the Crusaders in 1204, but was later released in 1209/10. |rowspan=2|[[Alexios III Angelos]] ({{reign}}1195–1203) |{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=210–224}} ----<ref>The honorific '''augusta''' (ΑΥΓΟΥCΤΑ) appears on her picture.</ref> |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Irene Angelina (daughter of Alexios III Angelos)|Irene Angelina]] ('''daughter''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Spring 1199 – ? (as ''basilissa'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |She was proclaimed empress (''basilissa'') when she married [[Alexios Palaiologos (despot)|Alexios Palaiologos]]. | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordanov |first=Ivan |date=2001 |title=Byzantine lead seals from the stronghold near Dobri Dol, Plovdiv region |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2001_num_6_157_2339 |journal=Revue Numismatique |series=6 |volume=157 |pages=443–469 |doi=10.3406/numi.2001.2339}}</ref> |- |— |[[Eudokia Angelina]] Ευδοκία Αγγελίνα |c. 1204 |Daughter of [[Alexios III Angelos]]. |[[Alexios V Doukas]] ({{reign}}1204) |<ref>{{cite web |title=Евдокија, прва протерана принцеза: Стефану Првовенчаном нанела је велику срамоту, па ју је голу отерао из Србије |url=https://vidovdan.org/istorija/evdokija-prva-proterana-princeza-stefanu-prvovencanom-nanela-je-veliku-sramotu-pa-ju-je-golu-oterao-iz-srbije/ |website=Видовдан |date=2018-03-03}}</ref> |}

=== Laskaris dynasty (1205–1258; Nicaea) === :'''''Note:''' Roman rule in Constantinople was interrupted with the capture of the city by the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204. Though the crusaders created a new line of [[Latin emperor]]s in the city, modern historians recognize the line of emperors of the Laskaris dynasty, reigning in [[Empire of Nicaea]], as the legitimate Roman emperors during this period as the Nicene Empire eventually retook Constantinople. For the other lines of empresses, see [[List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states]].'' [[Irene Laskarina]] is called ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]'' on her seal, but it is not known if the honorific was used by other empresses too. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Picture ! width="20%" |Name ! width="21%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |— |[[Anna Komnene Angelina]] Άννα Κομνηνή Αγγελίνα |1205 – {{Circa}} 1212 (7 years or less) |Daughter of [[Alexios III Angelos|Alexios III]] and [[Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera|Euphrosyne]]; died a few years after the marriage. |rowspan=3|[[Theodore I Laskaris]] ({{reign}}1205–1221) |{{Sfn|Angelov|2019|p=xv}} |- |— |[[Philippa of Armenia]] Φιλίππα |1214 – 1216 (2 years) |Cousin of [[Leo I, King of Armenia|Leo I of Armenia]]. A troubled marriage that ended in divorce and with Theodore even disinheriting his son. |{{Sfn|Angelov|2019|p=32}} |- |— |[[Maria of Courtenay]] Μαρία |1219 – November 1221 (2 years) |Daughter of [[Latin emperor]] [[Peter II of Courtenay|Peter]]. Became regent of her younger brother [[Baldwin II, Latin Emperor|Baldwin II]] as [[List of Latin empresses|Latin empress]] in 1228, but died shortly after. |{{Sfnm|1a1=Angelov|1y=2019|1p=32|2a1=Bellinger|2y=1999|2p=544}} |- |[[File:Irene Laskarina seal.png|100px]] |[[Irene Laskarina]] Ειρήνη Κομνηνή (Λασκαρίνα) |December 1221 – Summer 1240 (19 years) |Daughter of [[Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I]] and [[Anna Komnene Angelina]]. She married [[Andronikos Palaiologos (son-in-law of Theodore I)|Andronikos Palaiologos]] in February 1216, but he died shortly after. Irene should have married John very soon after, for [[Theodore II Laskaris|Theodore II]] was born in 1221. She had an accident after his birth and retired under the monastic name "Eugenia". |rowspan=2|[[John III Vatatzes]] ({{reign}}1221–1254) |{{sfn|Murata|2021}} {{sfn|Macrides|2007|pp=148–150}} |- |— |[[Anna of Hohenstaufen]] Άννα |{{circa}} 1240 – 3 November 1254 (approx. 14 years) |Daughter of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]], born as "Constance". Married John sometime before May 1241; died in the [[Kingdom of Aragon]] (Spain) in 1307. |{{sfn|Macrides|2007|pp=275}} |- |— |[[Elena Asenina of Bulgaria]] Ἑλένη |Spring 1235 – 1252 (17 years) |Daughter of [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria]], born {{circa}} 1224. Theodore was most probably proclaimed emperor during the marriage. |[[Theodore II Laskaris]] ({{reign}}1254–1258){{efn|[[Theodore II Laskaris|Theodore II]] was proclaimed co-emperor in 1235, but was never crowned.}} |{{sfn|PLP|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n1213/mode/2up?view=theater Helene (#6000)]}} {{sfnm|1a1=Beihammer|1y=2013|1p=412|2a1=Angelov|2y=2019|2pp=128–9}} |}

=== Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1439) === The honorific ''[[Augusta (title)|augusta]]'' appears on the seals of [[Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)|Theodora]], [[Irene of Montferrat|Yolande-Irene]], [[Rita of Armenia|Rita-Maria]] and [[Anna of Savoy]],{{sfn|Evans|2004|pp=32–34}} as well as on a miniature depicting [[Helena Dragaš]]. Given that no seals or documents of other empresses have survived, it is not known if all of them used the title, although it's most likely they did.{{cn|date=April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! width="7%" |Picture ! width="16%" |  Name{{Efn|Some Palaiologan empresses displayed over-complicated surnames, probably as an imitation of their husband's (although theirs were justified by their long ancestry, see [[Family tree of Byzantine emperors]]). The full surname of the Palaiologan emperors was "Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos".}} ! width="25%" |Tenure ! width="30%" |Life details & notes ! width="19%" |Emperor ! width="3%" |Ref |- |[[File:Michael VIII Palaiologos and family (Theodora).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)|Theodora Palaiologina]] Θεοδώρα Δούκαινα Κομνηνή Παλαιολογίνα |1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282 (23 years and 10 days) |Granddaughter of [[Isaac Doukas Vatatzes]], brother of [[Nicaean emperor]] [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John III]]. Married Michael in 1253/4, crowned again in Constantinople after [[Reconquest of Constantinople|its reconquest]] in 1261. Died on 4 March 1303 |[[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1259–1282) |{{sfn|PLP|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n1145/mode/2up?view=theater Dukas Isaakios (#5691)]; [https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3871/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina, Theodora Doukaina Komnene (#21380)]|}} {{sfn|Talbot|1992}} |- |— |[[Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)|Anna of Hungary]] Άννα Παλαιολογίνα |8 November 1272 –1281 (9 years) |{{Circa}} 1260 – 1281 (aged approx. 21) ----Daughter of [[Stephen V of Hungary]], also a great-granddaughter of [[Theodore I Laskaris]] through her mother. |[[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1282–1328){{Efn|name=An2|}} |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3857/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Anna (#21347) (#21348) (#21349)]}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[File:Violante of Montferrat.png|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Irene of Montferrat|'''Yolande / Irene''' of Montferrat]] Ειρήνη Κομνηνή Δούκαινα Παλαιολογίνα | rowspan="2" |1288 / 1289 – 1317 (28–29 years) | rowspan="2" |1272/1273 – 1317 (aged 44 or 45) ----Daughter of [[William VII, Marquis of Montferrat|William VII of Montferrat]] and granddaughter of [[Alfonso X of Castile]]. Proposed the idea of splitting the realm between her sons, but this was rejected by Andronikos. Retired to [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]], where she set up her own court. |[[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1282–1328){{Efn|name=An2|[[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]] was crowned co-emperor on 8 November 1272.}} | rowspan="2" |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3863/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Eirene Komnene Dukaina (#21361)]}} {{sfn|Nicol|1994|pp=1010; 48–[ [https://books.google.com/books?id=PThFM3RS3h0C&pg=PA57 58]}} |- |style="background:#baddff;" |''Empress regnant in Thessalonica 1303–1317''{{efn|name=Thessalonica|During the last years of the Empire, the territory of [[Thessalonica]] was effectively ruled as separate realm from Constantinople. Two empresses, [[Irene of Montferrat|Irene]] and [[Anna of Savoy|Anna]], took residence there, even having their own courts and ruling as ''de facto'' empresses regnant. Anna notably ruled in Thessalonica in opposition to [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], who later recognized her portion of the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Eugenia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObCX9iXMp5kC&pg=PA17 |title=St. Demetrius of Thessalonica: Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-0181-7 |pages=17 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nicol |first1=Norman Douglas |last2=Bendall |first2=Simon |date=1977 |title=Anna of Savoy in Thessalonica : the numismatic evidence |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1977_num_6_19_1764 |journal=Revue Numismatique |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=87–102 |doi=10.3406/numi.1977.1764}}</ref>}} |- | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |— | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |[[Irene Choumnaina]] ('''daughter-in-law''') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" | 1303 – c. 1355 (as ''basilissa'') | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |As the wife of [[John Palaiologos (son of Andronikos II)|John Palaiologos]], she was entitled empress (''basilissa''). |[[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1282–1328){{Efn|name=An2|}} | style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|Nicol|1994|p=60}} |- |[[File:Rita of Armenia.png|100px]] |[[Rita of Armenia|Rita / Maria of Armenia]] Μαρία Δούκαινα Παλαιολογίνα |1296 – 12 October 1320 (24 years) |Daughter of [[Leo II, King of Armenia|Leo II of Armenia]]. Became a nun and died on June/July 1333 under the monastic name "Xene". |[[Michael IX Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1294–1320) |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3875/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Maria Dukaina (#21394)]}} |- |— |[[Irene of Brunswick]] Ειρήνη Παλαιολογίνα |23 October 1317 – 16 August 1324 (6 years, 10 months less 7 days) |c. 1293 – 16 August 1324 (aged approx. 31) ----Daughter of [[Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen|Henry I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]]. Died of an illness on her way back to Constantinople. |[[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1328–1341){{Efn|name=An3|[[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos III]] was proclaimed co-emperor around 1310, but not crowned until 1325.}} |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3861/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Eirene (#21356) (#21357) (#21358)]}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[File:Anna of Savoy.jpg|frameless|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Anna of Savoy|'''Anna''' of Savoy]] Άννα Παλαιολογίνα | rowspan="2" |October 1326 – 15 June 1341 (14 years and 8 months) ----1351 – 1365 (14 years, in Thessalonica) | rowspan="2" |c. 1306 – 1365 (aged approx. 58–59) ----Daughter of [[Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy|Amadeus VI of Savoy]]. Became ''de facto'' ruler after Andronikos' death, as regent of the infant [[John V Palaiologos|John V]]. The regency was overthrown by [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] in February 1347, but she set up her own court at [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]]. Died years later under the monastic name "Anastasia". |[[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1328–1341){{Efn|name=An3|}} | rowspan="2" |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3857/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Anna (#21347) (#21348) (#21349)]}} {{sfn|Nicol|1994|pp=82–95}} |- |style="background:#baddff;" |''Empress regnant in Thessalonica 1351–1365''{{efn|name=Thessalonica|}} |- |— |[[Irene Asanina|Irene Asenina]] Εἰρήνη Καντακουζηνή (Ἀσανίνα) |8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354 (7 years, 10 months and 2 days) |Daughter of [[Andronikos Asen]] and granddaughter of [[Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria|Irene Palaiologina]], married John in 1318, proclaimed empress alongside him in October 1341. She had an active role in military affairs, even commanding the defenses of Constantinople twice. She retired to a monastery alongside her husband under the name "Eugenia", dying sometime before 1379. |[[John VI Kantakouzenos]] ({{reign}}1347–1354) |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n2033/mode/2up?view=theater Kantakuzene Eirene (#10935)]}} {{sfn|Nicol|1994|pp=71–81}} |- |— |[[Helena Kantakouzene]] Ἑλένη Παλαιολογίνα (Καντακουζηνή) |28 May 1347 – 12 August 1376 ({{Age in years, months and days|1347|5|29|1376|9|12}}) ----May 1381 – 16 February 1391 (9 years and 9 month){{Efn|A total reign of 39 years a few weeks; just some months behind [[Empress Ariadne]].}} |1333/4 – August 1397 (aged 63–54) ----Daughter of [[John VI Kantakouzenos|John VI]] and [[Irene Asanina|Irene]], lost her title after the coup of [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos|Andronikos IV]] in 1376. [[John V Palaiologos|John V]] escaped his imprisonment and regained the throne on July 1379, but Helena was taken hostage and was not released until May 1381. Became a nun and changed her name to "Hypomone". |[[John V Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1341–1391) |{{sfn|PLP|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3865/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Helene (#21365)]}} {{sfn|Nicol|1968|pp=135–137}} |- |— |[[Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)|Irene Palaiologina]] Εἰρήνη Παλαιολογίνα |February 1354 – December 1357 (3 years and 10 months) |Daughter of [[Demetrios Palaiologos (son of Andronikos II)]]. Capture alongside Matthew and delivered to [[John V Palaiologos|John V]]; probably lived in retirement with her husband. |[[Matthew Kantakouzenos]] ({{reign}}1353–1357) |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3861/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Eirene (#21356) (#21357) (#21358)]}} |- |[[File:Keratsa of Bulgaria.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Keratsa of Bulgaria|Keratsa / Maria of Bulgaria]] Μαρία (Παλαιολογίνα) |spring 1356 – 30 May 1373 (17 years) ----12 August 1376 – 28 June 1385 ({{Age in years, months and days|1376|8|12|1385|6|28}}){{Efn|A total reign of 25 years and about 10 months.}} |1346 – {{Circa}} 1400 (aged approx. 54) ----Daughter of [[Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria]], betrothed on 17 August 1355. She was captured alongside Andronikos following his failed rebellion in 1373. Andronikos escaped and deposed his father in 1376, but was deposed on 1 July 1379 and forced to flee. Their imperial status was re-acknowledged in May 1381. She became a nun under the monastic name of "Mathissa". |[[Andronikos IV Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1376–1379){{Efn|[[Andronikos IV Palaiologos|Andronikos IV]] was proclaiemd co-emperor in 1352.}} |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3033/mode/2up?view=theater Maria (#16891)]}} |- |[[File:Helena Dragas crop.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Helena Dragaš]] Ἑλένη Παλαιολογίνα |February 1392 – 21 July 1425 (33 years and 5 months) |Daughter of magnate [[Konstantin Dragaš]], arrived in Constantinople in December 1391, during Manuel's travels in the West. She ruled as regent between the death of her son [[John VIII Palaiologos|John VIII]] (31 Oct. 1448) and the arrival of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine XI]] (12 March 1449). Died on 23 March 1450. |[[Manuel II Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1391–1425) |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3865/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Helene (#21366)]}} {{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=227}} |- |— |[[Irene Gattilusio]] Εἰρήνη Παλαιολογίνα (Γατελούζου) |late 1403 – 22 September 1408 (5 years, in Thessalonica) |Daughter of [[Francesco II of Lesbos]], married in July 1397. Died as a nun under the monastic name "Eugenia" on 1 January 1440. |[[John VII Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1390; 1403–1408){{Efn|[[John VII Palaiologos|John VII]] was proclaimed co-emperor in 1377. He deposed his father in 1390, but was quickly defeated. He was released and ruled as regent during Manuel's absence (1399–1403), although it's not clear whether he ruled as "emperor". He was expelled from Constantinople as soon as Manuel returned, but was appointed "Emperor of Thessalonica" soon after.}} |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3861/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Eirene (#21356) (#21357) (#21358)]}} {{sfn|Oikonomides|1977}} |- |[[File:Анна Васильевна Палеолог, вышивка на саккосе (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Anna of Moscow|Anna / Irene of Moscow]] Εἰρήνη Παλαιολογίνα |1414 – August 1417 (3 year) |1403 – August 1417 (aged 14) ----Daughter of [[Vasily I of Moscow]], betrothed by 1411; died young. | rowspan="3" |[[John VIII Palaiologos]] ({{reign}}1425–1448){{Efn|[[John VIII Palaiologos|John VIII]] was proclaimed co-emperor in or shortly before 1407, but was not crowned until 1421.}} |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3857/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina Anna (#21347) (#21348) (#21349)]}} |- |— |[[Sophia of Montferrat]] Σοφία (Παλαιολογίνα) |19 January 1421 – August 1426 (5 years and 7 months) |Daughter of [[Theodore II of Montferrat]], she was disliked because of her appearance and thus lived in isolation. She divorced John and returned to Italy, where she died on 21 August 1434. |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n4753/mode/2up?view=theater Sophia (#26389)]}} |- |[[File:Maria Comnena Greek Princess Trebizond by Pisanello.JPG|frameless|100px]] |[[Maria of Trebizond]] Μαρία Κομνηνή Καντακουζηνή Παλαιολογίνα |September 1427 – 17 December 1439 (12 years and 3 months) |Daughter of [[Alexios IV of Trebizond]] and [[Theodora Kantakouzene (wife of Alexios IV of Trebizond)|Theodora Kantakouzene]], arrived in Constantinople on 30 August 1427. She became a nun shortly before her death in 1439, adopting the monastic name "Makaria". |{{sfn|PLP||p=|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3877/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina, Maria Komnene Kantakuzene (#21397)]}} |}

==See also== {{Portal|Roman Empire|Byzantine Empire}}

* [[List of Roman emperors]] * [[List of Latin empresses]] * [[List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states]] * [[List of Greek royal consorts]]

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== References == ===Citations=== {{Reflist|20em}}

===Main bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Garland |first=Lynda |url=https://archive.org/details/LyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999 |title=Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204 |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=0-415-14688-7 |author-link=Lynda Garland}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Grierson|first1=Philip|author-link=Philip Grierson|date=1962|title=The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042)|url=https://www.archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n23/mode/2up|journal=[[Dumbarton Oaks Papers]]|volume=16|doi=10.2307/1291157 |jstor=1291157}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jeffreys |editor-first=Michael |title=[[Prosopography of the Byzantine World]] |year=2016 |publisher=[[King's College London]] |isbn=978-1-908951-20-5 |publication-date=2016 |ref={{sfnref|PBW}}}} * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander |editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan |location= |ref=CITEREFODB}} * {{cite book |last=Kienast |first=Dietmar |title=Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie |author2=Werner Eck |author3=Matthäus Heil |publisher=[[Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft|WBG]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-534-26724-8 |edition=6th |place=Darmstadt |ref={{sfnref|Kienast|Eck|Heil}} |name-list-style=amp |language=de |orig-date=1990 |author-link2=Werner Eck |trans-title= |url=https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle}} * {{Cite book |last=Lilie |first=Ralph-Johannes |display-authors=etal |author-link=Ralph-Johannes Lilie |location=[[BBAW]] |language=de |title=[[Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit]] |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |year=2001 |ref={{sfnref|PmbZ}}}} * {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire |title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1971–1992 |editor-last2=Jones |editor-first2=A. H. M. |editor-link2=A. H. M. Jones |location= |ref=CITEREFPLRE |editor-last1=Martindale |editor-first1=J. R. |editor-link1=John Robert Martindale |editor-last3=Morris |editor-first3=John |editor-link3=John Morris (historian)}} *{{Cite book |last=Martindale |first=J.R. |author-link=John Robert Martindale |date=2001 |title=Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire|url=http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/|isbn=978-1-897747-32-2|ref={{sfnref|PBE}}|display-authors=et al.}} *{{Cite book |last=Nicol |first=Donald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr7WFLexQyIC |title=The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250-1500 |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45531-2 |author-link=Donald Nicol}} * {{Cite book |isbn=978-3-7001-1462-8 |title=Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit |trans-title= |publisher=[[ÖAW]] |year=2001 |location=Vienna |language=German |last=Trapp |first=Erich |url=https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT |ref=CITEREFPLP |display-authors=et al.}} * {{cite book |last=Varzos |first=Konstantinos |url=http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf |title=Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών |publisher=[[Centre for Byzantine Research]] |year=1984 |volume=A1 |location=Thessaloniki |language=Greek |trans-title=I Genealogía ton Komninón |oclc=834784634 |access-date= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134228/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf|archive-date= 1 April 2019|url-status=}} {{Refend}}

===Secondary bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |last=Angelov |first=Dimiter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9KvAEACAAJ |title=The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-108-48071-0 |location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book |last=Beihammer |first=Alexander |display-authors=et al.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WJTAQAAQBAJ |title=Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25815-0}} *{{Cite book |last=Bellinger |first=Alfred Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN1xNdYH6n0C&pg=PA544 |title=Catalogue of Byzantine Coins |date=1999 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-233-6 |volume=4}} *{{Cite book |last=Birley |first=Anthony R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkkVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=The Roman Government of Britain |date=2005 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-925237-4}} *{{cite journal|last1=Burgess|first1=R.W.|title=The Accession of Marcian in the Light of Chalcedonian Apologetic and Monophysite Polemic|journal=[[ByzZ]]|date=1994|volume=86/87|pages=47–68|url=https://www.academia.edu/3432032}} *{{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Alan|date=1988|title=Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754|journal=Latomus|volume=47|issue=1|pages=26–33|jstor=41540754}} *{{Cite book |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Helen C. |editor-link=Helen C. 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[[Salve Regina University]]. {{Refend}}

==External links== {{Commons category multi|Roman empresses|Byzantine empresses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Roman And Byzantine Empresses}} [[Category:Roman empresses|*]] [[Category:Byzantine empresses|*]] [[Category:Byzantine Empire-related lists|Emp]] [[Category:Lists of ancient Roman women|Emp]] [[Category:Lists of empresses|Roman]]