{{short description|Defined geographical area as relating to legal business matters}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} A '''business improvement district''' ('''BID''') is a defined area in which businesses elect to pay an additional fee (or assessment) to fund projects within the district's boundaries. BID funds are collected and used for the exclusive benefit of the industry that pays the assessment, so these funds are not taxes paid to a government.
The BID is often funded primarily through the assessment but can also draw on other public and private funding streams. BIDs may go by other names, such as '''business improvement area''' ('''BIA'''), '''business revitalization zone''' ('''BRZ'''), '''business improvement zone (BIZ), community improvement district''' ('''CID'''), '''community benefit district''' ('''CBD'''),<ref>{{Cite web |date=nd |title=Community Benefit Districts |url=https://www.sf.gov/community-benefit-districts |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=City and County of San Francisco}}</ref> '''special services area''' ('''SSA'''), or '''special improvement district''' ('''SID'''). These districts typically fund services which are defined by the industry collecting the assessment, and may include work perceived by some businesses as being inadequately performed by government with its existing tax revenues, such as cleaning streets, providing security, making capital improvements, construction of pedestrian and streetscape enhancements, and marketing the area. The services provided by BIDs are supplemental to those already provided by the municipality.<ref>Southeast Tennessee Development District, Chattanooga, TN. [http://www.sedev.org/downloads/GreenInfrastructureHandbook.pdf "Green Infrastructure Handbook."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320023034/http://www.sedev.org/downloads/GreenInfrastructureHandbook.pdf |date=20 March 2012 }} January 2011.</ref> The revenue derives from an assessment voted on by commercial property owners, industry members (BIDs can be formed around industries, not just physical properties), and in some cases, residential property owners.
==Development== The first BID was the Bloor West Village Business Improvement Area, established in Toronto, Canada, in 1970 as an initiative by local private business.<ref>{{cite news | first = Jennifer | last = Yang | title = The birthplace of BIAs celebrates 40 years | date = 18 April 2010 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/797286--the-birthplace-of-bias-celebrates-40-years | work = Toronto Star | access-date = 2010-10-12}}</ref> The first BID in the United States was the Downtown Development District in New Orleans established in 1974, and there were 1,200 across the country by 2011.<ref>{{cite web | last = Matson | first = Patricia | title = Wilmington Downtown hopes to emulate Big Easy's success | work = Lumina News | publisher = Workin4U, Inc | date = 17 February 2011 | url = http://www.luminanews.com/article.asp?aid=7741&iid=260&sud=30 | access-date = 7 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929062559/http://www.luminanews.com/article.asp?aid=7741&iid=260&sud=30 | archive-date = 29 September 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Other countries with BIDs include Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Jamaica, Serbia, Albania, Germany, Ireland, Singapore, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
The process for creating a BID varies from one jurisdiction to another. In the United States, it generally involves three steps. First, typically 51% or more of the economic representatives of an industry petition the local government to create the BID. Second, the local government determines that the economic majority of an industry want the BID. Third, the local government enacts legislation creating the BID. Prior to this occurring, state legislatures need to grant local units the authority to create BIDs. The operating budgets of BIDs range from a few thousand dollars to tens of millions of dollars.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Justice | first = Jonathan B. | title = Public Places and Quasi-Private Administration | journal = Public Administration Review | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | page = 553 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford, UK | date = May–June 2009 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122325153/PDFSTART | doi = 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02004.x | access-date = 2009-08-20| url-access = subscription }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A BID may be operated by a nonprofit organization or by a quasi-governmental entity. The governance of a BID is the responsibility of a board composed of some combination of property owners, businesses, and government officials. The management of a BID is the job of a paid administrator, usually occupying the position of an executive director of a management company.
BIDs in England and Wales are funded by a levy on the occupiers rather than the owners of the properties within the area.<ref>{{cite web|last=London Bids |title=Local authority guide to Business Improvement Districts |page=3 |date=October 2005 |url=http://www.ukbids.org/files/files/LA-BIDs.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008061849/http://www.ukbids.org/files/files/LA-BIDs.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> If voted in by local businesses, the BID levy is an extension to existing non-domestic business-rates. "In England and Wales, for a BID to go ahead the ballot must be won on two counts: straight majority and majority of rateable value. In Scotland for a ballot to be successful it must meet four criteria, a minimum turnout of 25% by the number of eligible persons (the headcount) and by rateable value and a majority of those that vote by number of ballots and by rateable value must vote in favour. This ensures that the interests of large and small businesses are protected."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britishbids.info/AboutBIDs/WhatisaBID.aspx#AboutBIDs_BIDDev%20British%20Bids | title = What is a BID? | access-date = 2010-10-12 | publisher = British BIDs | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100715074526/http://www.britishbids.info/AboutBIDs/WhatisaBID.aspx#AboutBIDs_BIDDev%20British%20Bids | archive-date = 15 July 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
==Distribution==
===Canada=== It is estimated that there are more than 500 BIDs in Canada, including more than 270 in the province of Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Improvement Area Handbook, 2010 |url=https://www.ontario.ca/document/business-improvement-area-handbook/introduction-business-improvement-areas |website=www.ontario.ca |publisher=Government of Ontario - Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Toronto has 83 BIAs within its city limits.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIA List |url=https://www.toronto.ca/business-economy/business-operation-growth/business-improvement-areas/bia-list/ |website=toronto.ca |publisher=City of Toronto |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en-CA |date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Montreal – where BIAs are called {{interlanguage link|Sociétés de développement commercial|fr}} – has more than 25.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociétés de développement commercial |url=https://montreal.ca/sujets/societes-de-developpement-commercial |website=montreal.ca |publisher=Ville de Montréal |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Winnipeg has 16 "Business Improvement Zones,"<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Improvement Zones |url=https://legacy.winnipeg.ca/ppd/BIZ/default.stm |website=winnipeg.ca |publisher=City of Winnipeg |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en-ca}}</ref> the first of which were formed in 1987, with the amendment of The City of Winnipeg Act. In the province of Alberta, there are 15 BIAs in Calgary<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Improvement Areas |url=https://www.calgary.ca/for-business/improvement-areas.html |website=calgary.ca |publisher=City of Calgary |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and 13 BIAs in Edmonton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Improvement Areas |url=https://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/business-improvement-areas |website=edmonton.ca |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In the province of Saskatchewan, there are two BIDs in Regina<ref>{{cite web |title=Service Partners |url=https://www.regina.ca/business-development/service-partners/ |website=regina.ca |publisher=City of Regina |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and five BIDs in Saskatoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bylaw 9845 - The Business Improvement Districts Bylaw, 2022 |url=https://www.saskatoon.ca/sites/default/files/documents/city-clerk/bylaws/9845.pdf |publisher=City of Saskatoon |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> There are nine Business Improvement Districts in the Halifax Regional Municipality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Order 47, Respecting the Creation of the Business Improvement Districts |url=https://cdn.halifax.ca/sites/default/files/documents/city-hall/legislation-by-laws/AO47.pdf |website=halifax.ca |publisher=Halifax Regional Municipality |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
BIDs have also become a powerful lobby group, lobbying government for improvements such as new sidewalks, trees, park benches and other restorations. BIDs can also lobby different levels of government for significant changes to their area if they feel it is necessary to improve business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ottawabusinessjournal.com/293685399357911.php|title=Ottawa Business Journal|website=www.ottawabusinessjournal.com|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011233655/http://www.ottawabusinessjournal.com/293685399357911.php|archive-date=11 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Germany=== Six of the sixteen German Bundeslander (Federal States) introduced the requisite legal framework to create BIDs: Hamburg, Bremen, Hessen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein. BID projects in implementation exist only in a few German cities so far – e.g. in Flensburg, Hamburg and Giessen.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
=== South Africa === thumb|A Cape Town Central City Improvement District trailer, guard and manager in the city center. Providing an additional security service to the area. A number of improvement districts were setup in South Africa from the mid-1990s onward, most prominently in the cities of Cape Town and Johannesburg. In South Africa the typical focus of a BID is on providing supplementary urban management (city cleanup, beautification and security services), communications, and social development (focus on homelessness) services in the BID area; in addition to similar services provided by government. A BID in South Africa can only be established if more then 50% of all property owners (representing over 50% of total property value) in an area accept the proposal to create one, after which all property owners within that designated area are obliged through municipal rates to contribute to the running of the BID.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIP LEGAL RESOURCE CENTER|url=https://ppp.worldbank.org/|website=PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIP LEGAL RESOURCE CENTER|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref>
South Africa's first BID was formed in Cape Town in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CCID celebrates 25 years of success in the Cape Town CBD {{!}} CCID|url=https://www.capetownccid.org/news/ccid-celebrates-25-years-success-cape-town-cbd|website=www.capetownccid.org|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> with the model becoming popular<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Cape Town Link |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-property-and-houses/private-properties/city-improvement-districts |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=City of Cape Town |language=en}}</ref> The Cape Town CCID was the catalyst for over 50 other BIDs across the City of Cape Town.<ref name= "Cape Town CBD — a compelling blueprint for cities in decline">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/bd/opinion/2025-02-13-tim-harris-cape-town-cbd--a-compelling-blueprint-for-cities-in-decline/ |title= Cape Town CBD — a compelling blueprint for cities in decline |author= Tim Harris |publisher= Business Day |date= 13 February 2025 |access-date= 12 March 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Town CIDs « City Improvement Districts |url=https://cityimprovement.co.za/wordpress/?page_id=213 |access-date=2025-12-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> BIDs are typically setup with the assistance of the City of Cape Town<ref>{{Cite web |title=CITY IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT POLICY |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-property-and-houses/private-properties/city-improvement-districts |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=City of Cape Town}}</ref> and offers three possible models: Mixed-Use improvement districts (where both residential and business property owners pay), business improvement districts (where only owners of business properties pay), and residential improvement districts (were only owners of residential properties pay).<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Cape Town Link |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-property-and-houses/private-properties/city-improvement-districts |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=City of Cape Town |language=en}}</ref> The successes of BIDs have been credited for significantly contributing to the relative recent growth of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conradie |first=Natascha |date=2022-06-24 |title=How Cape Town’s Central City Improvement District has made the South African city a global winner |url=https://businessmondays.co.uk/how-cape-towns-central-city-improvement-district-has-made-the-south-african-city-a-global-winner/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Business Mondays |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Germond |first=Arthur |last2=Matiashe |first2=Willard |date=June 2020 |title=Special Assessment Districts and the Financing of Infrastructure in South Africa |url=https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/working-papers/special-assessment-districts-financing-infrastructure-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Lincoln Institute of Land Policy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2JEoJvEZTY |title=City Improvement District Initiatives in Cape Town |date=2012-08-07 |last=CNBC Africa |access-date=2025-12-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
The first BID in Johannesburg was established in 1993<ref name=":0" /> and is now an established model across multiple ares of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2022%20News%20Articles/November/CIDs-liven-up-Joburg's-economic-nodes.aspx|title=CIDs liven up Joburg's economic nodes|date=16 November 2022|access-date=30 November 2025|website=City of Johannesburg|last=Swartbooi|first=Brümilda}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
In England and Wales, BIDs were introduced by Patricia Brown in July 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIDS in London |url=https://thedeveloper.live/places/places/how-new-york-changed-the-face-of-london |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Developer |language=En}}</ref> during her tenure as chief executive officer at Central London Partnership.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=David |date=2000-12-12 |title=UK to take US-style approach to regeneration |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2000/dec/12/regeneration.communities |access-date=2025-09-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> They were later formalised through the Local Government Act 2003, and subsequent regulations in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | last = Cook | first = I. R. | title = Mobilising urban policies: The policy transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales | work = Urban Studies, 45 (4), 773–795. | url = http://research.northumbria.ac.uk/urbanfutures/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Cook-2008-Mobilising-urban-policies-Urban-Studies.pdf}}</ref> The Circle Initiative, a five-year scheme funded by the London Development Agency, set up the first pilot BIDs, five in London, all of which had successful ballots by March 2006. The first UK BID 'Kingston First' was established in Kingston upon Thames in January 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kingston First BID|url=https://moderngov.kingston.gov.uk/documents/s48915/Kingston%20First%20BID.html?CT=2|date=13 November 2013|website=Kingston Council|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> In October 2007 there were 36 proposed or operational BIDs across Greater London, and by late 2014 there were over 180 in operation in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukbids.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127090647/http://www.ukbids.org/|archive-date=27 January 2013|title=UKBIDs – The Association of Town Centre Management's BIDs website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = BID Intel Stats | url = https://www.bidintel.co.uk/bid-stats/ | access-date = 14 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014528/https://www.bidintel.co.uk/bid-stats/ | archive-date = 29 November 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> This number increased to 303 throughout the UK by December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author-link=Institute of Place Management|date=3 February 2021|title=A state-of-the-art review of business improvement districts in the UK: Setting the agenda for policy, practice and research|url=https://www.highstreetstaskforce.org.uk/resources/details/?id=282eaaf7-7390-4e4d-a914-420918dec1b2|url-status=live|access-date=22 June 2021|website=High Streets Taskforce|publisher=BID Foundation and Institute of Place Management|page=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305100911/https://www.highstreetstaskforce.org.uk/resources/details/?id=282eaaf7-7390-4e4d-a914-420918dec1b2 |archive-date=5 March 2021 }}</ref>
====London==== {{See also|List of business improvement districts in London}}
The New West End Company is the management and promotional company for London's Bond Street, Oxford Street and Regent Street. As one of the largest BIDs in Europe, New West End Company brings together the commercial interests of over 600 retailers, property owners and West End businesses working closely with the Mayor of London, Transport for London, Westminster City Council, the Metropolitan Police and local neighbours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newwestend.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2020_BizStrat_External_100919-min.pdf|title=Delivering Our New West End 2020 Business Strategy: DELIVERY PLANS 2019/20 & 2020/21|date=September 2019|first=Jace|last=Tyrrell}}</ref>
Better Bankside was the third BID to be established in the UK, the second in London and the first south of the river. It was founded in 2005, and underwent a successful re-ballot in 2010 with 82% of businesses in favour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betterbankside.co.uk/our-last-ballot |title=Our Last Ballot |publisher=Better Bankside |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> It won awards including Best Visitor Information Initiatives Silver Award in 2008, the Best Community Project 2011 and Best Partnership Award 2012 in the Mayor of London's BID Awards, and was short-listed for Best Marketing & Communications Campaign, Transport for London Smarter Travel Awards 2010.<ref>[http://www.betterbankside.co.uk/ Making Bankside a better place to live, work and visit]. Better Bankside. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref> The Better Bankside BID was set up and is managed by The Means, a regeneration consultancy company.<ref>[http://www.themeans.co.uk/ Welcome to]. The Means. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
====Scotland==== Business Improvement Districts Scotland is the national organisation and voice for BIDs in Scotland,<ref name="scotlandhome">{{Cite web|title=Scotland's Improvement Districts|url=https://improvementdistricts.scot/|website=Scotland's Improvement Districts |language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> responsible for delivering the Scottish Government's BIDs programme, providing central support to developing BIDs, promoting and encouraging the development of BIDs across the country, whilst also working with operational BIDs to assist them in delivering for their local communities and contributing to sustainable inclusive economic growth.
The Scottish Government provides a grant to local groups of up to £20,000 to help with the development of the BID. The legislation in Scotland (The Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006) is different from the England and Wales legislation in that it allows property owners as well as occupiers to be included in a BID. There are also differences in the timescales, ballot and reballot criteria, and the legislative requirements of the BID proposer. In Scotland, for a ballot to be successful it must meet four criteria: a minimum turnout of 25% (by the number of eligible persons and by rateable value); and a majority of those that vote (by number of ballots and by rateable value).
The intention of the Scottish legislation is that BIDs are not restricted to towns and city centres, to allow innovative BIDs to be developed across the country. The consultation of 2003 proposed that the BID model could be used in business parks, tourism and visitor areas, rural areas, agriculture and single-business sectors. The legislation and subsequent regulations were passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2006 and 2007 respectively.
In March 2006, the Scottish Government announced funding for six pilot BIDs in Scotland: Bathgate (town centre), Clackmannanshire (business parks), Edinburgh (city centre), Falkirk (town centre), Glasgow (city centre) and Inverness (city centre). There are currently{{When|date=May 2020}} thirty seven operational BIDs in Scotland with a further twenty four in development. The operational BIDs include thirty one town and city centre BIDs and three business park BIDs.
In March 2014 the first tourism BID was delivered in Loch Ness and Inverness. The first themed BID in Scotland was delivered in December 2013, the Sauchiehall Street Evening Economy BID. In 2016 the world's first food and drink BID was delivered in East Lothian<ref>{{Cite web|title=East Lothian|url=https://www.scotlandsfooddrinkcounty.com/|website=Scotland’s Food and Drink County|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> with the levy based on the number of full-time employees, also a first.
The development and interest in the BIDs model in Scotland continues to grow and the flexibility of the legislation and the model is now being recognised with the development of the Borders Railway BIDs Corridor, and four canal BIDs led by Scottish Waterways Trust. In 2017 BIDs Scotland published The National Report on BIDs in Scotland<ref name="scotlandhome" /> which covers the types of BIDs, number of businesses, levels of employment in BIDs in Scotland and the contribution they make to sustainable and inclusive economic growth. ===United States=== {{main|Business Improvement Districts in the United States}} By 1996 there were over 1,000 BIDs in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cb_4.htm|title=Why Business Improvement Districts Work|first=Heather|last=Mac Donald|publisher=Manhattan Institute for Policy Research|date=May 1996|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> New York City has 76 BIDs, the most of any city; in NYC, BIDs invest $159 million annually in neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/sbs/neighborhoods/bids.page|title=BIDs – SBS|website=www1.nyc.gov|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> BIDs exist in almost every one of the top 50 largest cities in the United States, including Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, DC. Minneapolis and Boston have been the last of the top 20 largest regions to adopt a business improvement district.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} BIDs also exist in smaller communities within the United States. For instance, nearly 90 BIDs exist in Wisconsin, almost half of which are located within communities of fewer than 20,000 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welty|first=Errin|date=January 13, 2025|title=Business improvement districts in Wisconsin|url=https://wedc.org/business-improvement-districts-in-wisconsin/|access-date=June 21, 2025|website=Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation}}</ref>
==Criticism==
Whilst BIDs have been heralded for improving the trading environment, BIDs have also received noteworthy criticism.
BIDs have been accused of being unaccountable<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tenant.net/Oversight/bid97/bid97.html|title=Managing the Micropolis: Proposals to Strengthen BID Performance and Accountability|date=12 November 1997|first1=Peter F|last1=Vallone|first2=Herbert F|last2=Berman}} – a 1997 report on the lack of accountability in some City of New York BIDs and recommendations for reform</ref> and by their very nature undemocratic, concentrating power in a geographic area into the hands of the few.<ref>Wayne Batchis, Business Improvement Districts and the Constitution: The Troubling Necessity of Privatized Government for Urban Revitalization, 38 Hastings Const. L.Q. 91 (2010).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://againstbids.wordpress.com/|title=Against Business Improvement Districts|access-date=21 August 2020|date=2015}} – A critical look at business improvement districts (BIDs)</ref> Small businesses who fall below the BID levy threshold, although not liable to pay the BID levy, are often priced out of an area because BIDs tend to increase rental values. Larger businesses are more able to absorb these rent increases, particularly the multiple stores.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irelandafternama.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/the-retail-sector-business-improvement-districts-and-increasing-rents/|title=The Retail Sector, Business Improvement Districts and Increasing Rents|date=22 February 2010|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
BIDs have also been criticized in the past by anti-poverty groups for being too harsh on the homeless and poor who may congregate around businesses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/14/nyregion/ex-outreach-workers-say-they-assaulted-homeless.html|title=Ex-Outreach Workers Say They Assaulted Homeless|first=Bruce|last=Lambert|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 April 1995|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> BIDs have also been known to be opposed to street vendors such as hot dog vendors and chip wagons.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} In London, street traders who sold small items to tourists were barred from Oxford Street in London.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/street-traders-could-soon-be-barred-from-west-end-2029893.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first1=Alistair | last1=Dawber | first2=Lydia | last2=Benatia | date=19 July 2010 | title=Street traders could soon be barred from West End}}</ref>
President of Civic Voice, Griff Rhys Jones criticised the creation of a BID in central London neighbourhood saying that is undemocratic: "Neither the people who live there, nor the many intriguing small shops and businesses, have been allowed to vote or have even been consulted.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/dont-let-business-in-to-destroy-unique-fitzrovia-8069360.html|title=Don't let business in to destroy unique Fitzrovia|date=21 August 2012|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> "I am wary of this initiative because of what may become unintended consequences (or indeed intended consequences) that help one sort of business (the property letting business) but will cause problems to smaller businesses and the large and wholly integrated residential population of the district".<ref>[http://news.fitzrovia.org.uk/2012/07/24/fight-this-undemocratic-attempt-to-manipulate-fitzrovia-into-something-it-is-not/ Griff Rhys Jones "We need to fight this undemocratic attempt to manipulate Fitzrovia into something it is not" Fitzrovia News, 24 July 2012].</ref> He also criticised some of the methods to oppose the BID.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.fitzrovia.org.uk/2012/07/24/writer-and-actor-criticises-bid-proposal-and-graffiti-campaign-against-it/|title=Writer and actor criticises BID proposal and graffiti campaign against it|date=24 July 2012|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
==See also==
* Special-purpose district * Redevelopment * Infill
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *Becker, C. & Seth A. Grossman, 2010. "Census of United States BIDs." International Downtown Association. Washington DC. [https://www.ida-downtown.org/eweb/dynamiceditmodal.aspx?modal=yes&formkey=a89a0ee2-45c1-4002-b592-918f4a2abb19&key=8e0b163d-26c8-4db0-85ca-96586e1d0d0d Home] *Becker, C. 2010. Self-Determination, Accountability Mechanisms, and Quasi-Governmental Status of Business Improvement Districts in the United States. "Public Performance & Management Review" 33 (3). [http://mesharpe.metapress.com/link.asp?id=vqh194951134088k Metapress | A Fast Growing Resource for Young Entrepreneurs] *Blackwell M. 2005. A critical appraisal of the UK Government's proposals for Business Improvement Districts in England. ''Journal of Property Management'', 23 (3). *Clough, N. and R. Vanderbeck. 2006. Managing Politics and Consumption in Business Improvement Districts: The Geographies of Political Activism on Burlington, Vermont's Church Street Marketplace.'' Urban Studies'', 43 (12), 2261–2284. *[http://research.northumbria.ac.uk/urbanfutures/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Cook-2008-Mobilising-urban-policies-Urban-Studies.pdf Cook, I. R. 2008. Mobilising Urban Policies: The Policy Transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales. ''Urban Studies'', 45 (4), 773–795.] *[http://research.northumbria.ac.uk/urbanfutures/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Cook-2009-Private-sector-involvement-in-urban-governance-BIDs-Geoforum.pdf Cook, I. R. 2009. Private sector involvement in urban governance: The case of Business Improvement Districts and Town Centre Management partnerships in England. ''Geoforum'', 40 (5), 930–940.] *Grossman, S. A. 2010. Elements of public-private partnership management: Examining the promise and performance criteria of Business Improvement Districts, Journal of Town & City Management, 1 (2). *Grossman, S A. 2010. Reconceptualizing the Public Management and Performance of Business Improvement Districts, Public Performance & Management Review, Vol. 33 (3), 355–394. *Grossman, Seth A, 2008. "The Case of Business Improvement Districts: Special District Public-Private Cooperation in Community Revitalization", The Public Performance & Management Review, 32, (2). *Houstoun, Lawrence O., Jr. 2003. ''BIDs: Business Improvement Districts.'' Second Edition. Washington, D.C.: ULI-the Urban Land Institute in cooperation with the International Downtown Association {{ISBN|0-87420-900-5}}; Comprehensive introductory text *Hoyt, L. and G. Devika. 2007. The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates, ''Geography Compass'', 1 (4). *Kreutz, S. 2009. Urban Improvement Districts in Germany: New legal instruments for joint proprietor activities in area development. ''Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal'', Vol.2,4, 304–317 *Minton, Anna. 2008. "Clean and Safe" in ''Ground Control: Fear and happiness in the twenty-first century'', Penguin, pp37–58. *[http://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/61551.pdf Mitchell, J. 2008. ''Business Improvement Districts and the Shape of American Cities''. Albany: SUNY Press.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009032702/http://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/61551.pdf |date=9 October 2010 }} *Reenstra-Bryant, R. 2010. Evaluations of Business Improvement Districts: Ensuring Relevance for Individual Communities. "Public Performance & Management Review," 33 (3): 509–523. {{doi|10.2753/PMR1530-9576330310}}. *Schaller, S. and G. Modan. 2005. Contesting Public Space and Citizenship: Implications for Neighborhood Business Improvement Districts. ''Journal of Planning Education and Research'', 24 (4), 394–407. *Stokes R. 2002. Place management in commercial Areas; The Case of Philadelphia's Customer Service Representatives. "Security Journal". 12, 7–19. *Stokes, R. 2007. Business Improvement Districts and small business advocacy: The case of San Diego's citywide BID program. "Economic Development Quarterly". Vol. 21, No. 3, 278–291. *Ward, K. 2007. Business Improvement Districts: Policy Origins, Mobile Policies and Urban Liveability. ''Geography Compass'', 1 (3).
==External links== * [https://www.placemanagement.org/the-bid-foundation/about-the-bid-foundation/ The BID Foundation] * [https://www.britishbids.info/ The British BIDs website] * [http://research.northumbria.ac.uk/urbanfutures/research-projects/urban-development/bids-publications Business Improvement Districts: Imagining Urban Futures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512152857/http://research.northumbria.ac.uk/urbanfutures/research-projects/urban-development/bids-publications |date=12 May 2012 }} – Research on the international circulation of the Business Improvement District model. * [http://www.urban-improvement-districts.de/?q=English Urban Improvement Districts] – Research website on BIDs in Germany
Category:Types of administrative division Category:Neighborhood associations Category:Community development Category:Community organizations Category:Local government in Canada Category:Local government in Germany Category:Local government in the United Kingdom Category:Local government in the United States Category:Business improvement districts