Bugula

{{Short description|Genus of moss animals}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960.jpg | image_caption = The nudibranch ''Diaphorodoris papillata'' Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 feeding on ''Bugula neritina'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | taxon = Bugula | authority = Oken, 1815 }}

'''''Bugula''''' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.<ref name="Exoticsguide">{{cite web|title=Bugula neritina|url=http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina|website=exoticsguide.org|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="WoRMS">Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02</ref>

==Distribution== The native distribution of ''Bugula neritina'' is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.<ref name="Exoticsguide" /> It is considered an invasive species in some countries.

==''Bugula neritina''== {{main|Bugula neritina}} '''''Bugula neritina''''' attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.<ref>Harford, B [https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/89/8943cover.html The Bryostatins' Tale] Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017</ref> In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509175548/http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2007|title=Bryostatin 1|date=19 June 2006|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.<ref>Nelsen et al., JT [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438479/ Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials] J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017</ref>

==Other uses== Dried ''Bugula'' are commonly used as decorations: <blockquote>"'''Air fern'''", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan ''Bugula'' that have been artificially coloured.<ref name="IBA page">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html |title=The Bryozoa |accessdate=2007-02-17 |publisher=International Bryozoology Association |author=Frank K. McKinney |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213140934/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html |archivedate=2006-12-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

However, ''Sertularia argentea'' are also sold as "air ferns."<ref name="Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland">Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). [http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=D6760 ''Sertularia argentea'' Linnaeus, 1758.] <nowiki>[In]</nowiki> Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.</ref>

==Species== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''Bugula alba'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 * ''Bugula apsteini'' Hasenbank, 1932 * ''Bugula aspinosa'' Liu, 1984 * ''Bugula biota'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 * ''Bugula capensis'' Waters, 1887 * ''Bugula ceylonensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008 * ''Bugula crosslandi'' Hastings, 1939 * ''Bugula decipiens'' Hayward, 1981 * ''Bugula expansa'' Hastings, 1939 * ''Bugula fastigiata'' Dalyell, 1847 * ''Bugula fastigiata'' Kluge, 1929 * ''Bugula gautieri'' Ryland, 1962 * ''Bugula gnoma'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 * ''Bugula hessei'' Hasenbank, 1932 * ''Bugula ingens'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 * ''Bugula intermedia'' Liu, 1984 * ''Bugula longissima'' Busk, 1884 * ''Bugula lophodendron'' Ortmann, 1890 * ''Bugula migottoi'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 * ''Bugula miniatella'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008 * ''Bugula minima'' Waters, 1909 * ''Bugula neritina'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Bugula neritinoides'' Hastings, 1939 * ''Bugula orientalis'' Liu, 1984 * ''Bugula paternostrae'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008 * ''Bugula philippsae'' Harmer, 1926 * ''Bugula prismatica'' (Gray, 1843) * ''Bugula protensa'' Hayward, 1981 * ''Bugula providensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008 * ''Bugula robusta'' MacGillivray, 1869 * ''Bugula robustoides'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008 * ''Bugula rochae'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 * ''Bugula scaphoides'' Kirkpatrick, 1890 * ''Bugula scaphula'' Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001 * ''Bugula simpliciformis'' Osburn, 1932 * ''Bugula solorensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008 * ''Bugula subglobosa'' Harmer, 1926 * ''Bugula tschukotkensis'' Kluge, 1952 * ''Bugula tsunamiensis'' McCuller, Carlton & Geller, 2018 * ''Bugula umbelliformis'' Yanagi & Okada, 1918 * ''Bugula vectifera'' Harmer, 1926 {{div col end}}

;Former species: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''Bugula angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816) now classified as ''Bugulina angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816) * ''Bugula aperta'' (Hincks, 1886) now classified as ''Crisularia aperta'' (Hincks, 1886) * ''Bugula aquilirostris'' Ryland, 1960 now classified as ''Bugulina aquilirostris'' (Ryland, 1960) * ''Bugula avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758) now classified as ''Bugulina avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Bugula bengalensis'' Rao & Ganapati, 1974 now classified as ''Crisularia bengalensis'' (Rao & Ganapati, 1974) * ''Bugula bicornis'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Camptoplites bicornis'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula borealis'' (Packard, 1863) now classified as ''Bugulina borealis'' (Packard, 1863) * ''Bugula bowiei'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 now classified as ''Crisularia bowiei'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012) * ''Bugula calathus'' Norman, 1868 now classified as ''Bugulina calathus'' (Norman, 1868) * ''Bugula californica'' Robertson, 1905 now classified as ''Bugulina californica'' (Robertson, 1905) * ''Bugula carvalhoi'' Marcus, 1949 now classified as ''Bugulina carvalhoi'' (Marcus, 1949) * ''Bugula cucullata'' Busk, 1867 now classified as ''Crisularia cucullata'' (Busk, 1867) * ''Bugula cucullifera'' Osburn, 1912 now classified as ''Crisularia cucullifera'' (Osburn, 1912) * ''Bugula cuspidata'' Hastings, 1943 now classified as ''Crisularia cuspidata'' (Hastings, 1943) * ''Bugula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816) now classified as ''Virididentula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816) * ''Bugula dispar'' Harmer, 1926 now classified as ''Crisularia dispar'' (Harmer, 1926) * ''Bugula ditrupae'' Busk, 1858 now classified as ''Bugulina ditrupae'' (Busk, 1858) * ''Bugula eburnea'' Calvet, 1906 now classified as ''Bugulina eburnea'' (Calvet, 1906) * ''Bugula elongata'' Nordgaard, 1906 now classified as ''Dendrobeania decorata'' (Verrill, 1879) * ''Bugula flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848) now classified as ''Bugulina flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848) * ''Bugula foliolata'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 now classified as ''Bugulina foliolata'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012) * ''Bugula fulva'' Ryland, 1960 now classified as ''Bugulina fulva'' (Ryland, 1960) * ''Bugula germanae'' (Calvet, 1902) now classified as ''Crisularia serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816) * ''Bugula gracilis'' Busk, 1858 now classified as ''Crisularia gracilis'' (Busk, 1858) * ''Bugula grayi'' Maturo, 1966 now classified as ''Crisularia grayi'' (Maturo, 1966) * ''Bugula guara'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 now classified as ''Crisularia guara'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012) * ''Bugula harmsworthi'' Waters, 1900 now classified as ''Crisularia harmsworthi'' (Waters, 1900) * ''Bugula hyadesi'' Jullien, 1888 now classified as ''Crisularia hyadesi'' (Jullien, 1888) * ''Bugula japonica'' now classified as ''Dendrobeania japonica'' (Ortmann, 1890) * ''Bugula johnstonae'' (Gray, 1843) now classified as ''Halophila johnstonae'' Gray, 1843 * ''Bugula leontodon'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Himantozoum leontodon'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula longicauda'' Harmer, 1926 now classified as ''Halophila longicauda'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula longirostrata'' Robertson, 1905 now classified as ''Bugulina longirostrata'' (Robertson, 1905) * ''Bugula marcusi'' Maturo, 1966 now classified as Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966) * ''Bugula margaritifera'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Himantozoum margaritiferum'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula microoecia'' Osburn, 1914 now classified as ''Crisularia microoecia'' (Osburn, 1914) * ''Bugula mirabilis'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Himantozoum mirabilis'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula mollis'' Harmer, 1926 now classified as ''Crisularia mollis'' (Harmer, 1926) * ''Bugula multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841) now classified as ''Bugulina multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841) * ''Bugula nana'' Androsova, 1977 now classified as ''Crisularia nana'' (Androsova, 1977) * ''Bugula pacifica'' Robertson, 1905 now classified as ''Crisularia pacifica'' (Robertson, 1905) * ''Bugula pedata'' Harmer, 1926 now classified as ''Bugulina pedata'' (Harmer, 1926) * ''Bugula plumosa'' (Pallas, 1766) now classified as ''Crisularia plumosa'' (Pallas, 1766) * ''Bugula prenanti'' Castric-Fey, 1971 now classified as ''Crisularia prenanti'' (Castric-Fey, 1971) * ''Bugula pugeti'' Robertson, 1905 now classified as ''Bugulina pugeti'' (Robertson, 1905) * ''Bugula purpurotincta'' Norman, 1868 now classified as ''Crisularia purpurotincta'' (Norman, 1868) * ''Bugula reticulata'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Camptoplites reticulatus'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula rylandi'' Maturo, 1966 now classified as ''Crisularia rylandi'' (Maturo, 1966) * ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816) now classified as ''Crisularia serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816) * ''Bugula simplex'' Hincks, 1886 now classified as ''Bugulina simplex'' (Hincks, 1886) * ''Bugula sinuosa'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Himantozoum sinuosum'' (Busk, 1884) * ''Bugula spicata'' (Hincks, 1886) now classified as ''Bugulina spicata'' (Hincks, 1886) * ''Bugula stolonifera'' Ryland, 1960 now classified as ''Bugulina stolonifera'' (Ryland, 1960) * ''Bugula tricuspis'' Kluge, 1955 now classified as ''Bugulina tricuspis'' (Kluge, 1955) * ''Bugula turbinata'' Alder, 1857 now classified as ''Bugulina turbinata'' (Alder, 1857) * ''Bugula turrita'' (Desor, 1848) now classified as ''Crisularia turrita'' (Desor, 1848) * ''Bugula versicolor'' Busk, 1884 now classified as ''Semidendrobeania versicolor'' (Busk, 1884) {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}} * Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.'' Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333 * [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1111%2Fzsc.12103?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). ''Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea).'' Zoologica Scripta]

==External links== * [http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/bugula_neriti.htm Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce] * [http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/hbs/invertguide/species/bugula_neritina.htm Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i] * [http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina]

Category:Bryozoa genera Category:Cheilostomatida