Terminalia (plant)

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |image=Terminalia catappa 1.jpg |image_caption=''Terminalia catappa'' |taxon=Terminalia |authority=L.{{r|GRIN}} |synonyms={{Collapsible list|title=26 synonyms|bullets=on |''Adamaram'' {{small|Adans.}} |''Anogeissus'' {{small|(DC.) Guill.}} |''Badamia'' Gaertn. |''Buceras'' {{small|P.Browne}} |''Buchenavia'' {{small|Eichler}} |''Bucida'' {{small|L.}} |''Catappa'' Gaertn. |''Chicharronia'' A.Rich. |''Chuncoa'' Pav. ex Juss. |''Fatrea'' Juss. |''Finetia'' {{small|Gagnep.}} |''Gimbernatea'' Ruiz & Pav. |''Hudsonia'' A.Rob. ex Lunan, ''nom. illeg.'' |''Kniphofia'' Scop., ''nom. rej.'' |''Myrobalanifera'' Houtt. |''Myrobalanus'' Gaertn. |''Pamea'' {{small|Aubl.}} |''Panel'' {{small|Adans.}} |''Pentaptera'' Roxb. |''Pteleopsis'' {{small|Engl.}} |''Ramatuela'' Kunth |''Ramatuella'' Kunth, orth. var. |''Resinaria'' Comm. ex Lam., not validly publ. |''Tanibouca'' Aubl. |''Terminaliopsis'' {{small|Danguy}} |''Vicentia'' Allemão}} |synonyms_ref={{r|GRIN}} }}

'''''Terminalia''''' is a genus of large trees of the flowering plant family Combretaceae, comprising nearly 300 species distributed in tropical regions of the world.{{r|powo}} The genus name derives from the Latin word ''terminus'', referring to the fact that the leaves appear at the very tips of the shoots.{{r|mobotpf}}

Axlewood (''T. latifolia'') is used for its wood and tannins and as a fodder.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., 2016. Axlewood (''Anogeissus latifolia''). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/186 Last updated on March 22, 2016, 14:20</ref> African birch (''T. leiocarpa'') is used for its wood and to make yellow dye and medicinal compounds.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Renaudeau D., Bastianelli D., 2016. African birch (''Anogeissus leiocarpa''). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/701 Last updated on March 15, 2016, 11:53</ref> A yellow dyestuff produced from the leaves of ''T. leiocarpa'' has traditionally been used in West Africa to dye leather.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dalziel |first=J.M. |title=African Leather Dyes |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information |volume=6 |date=1926 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |page=230 |language=en |jstor=4118651 }}</ref>

==Selected species== {{main|List of Terminalia species|l1=List of ''Terminalia'' species}} [[File:Terminalia argentea.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia argentea'' flowers]] [[File:Flowers with Sykes's warbler I IMG 1880.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia arjuna'' flowers]] [[File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) hanging fruit at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 5902.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia bellirica'' fruit]] [[File:A Hoverfly on a Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0494.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia catappa'' flowers with a hoverfly - a close up]] [[File:Terminalia pallida leaves in Talakona, AP W IMG 8296.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia pallida'' in Talakona forest, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India]] [[File:Terminalia foliage.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia porphyrocarpa'' foliage and flowers]] [[File:Terminalia mantaly in Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia mantaly'' street tree in Hong Kong]]

There are 278 accepted ''Terminalia'' species as of July 2024 according to Plants of the World Online.{{r|powo}} Selected species include: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *''Terminalia acuminata'' (Fr. Allem.) Eichl. *''Terminalia albida'' Scott-Elliot *''Terminalia amazonia'' (J.F.Gmel.) Exell – white olive *''Terminalia anogeissiana'' {{Au|Gere & Boatwr.}} – axlewood *''Terminalia arbuscula'' Sw. *''Terminalia archipelagi'' Coode *''Terminalia arenicola'' {{small|Byrnes}} *''Terminalia arjuna'' (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. – arjuna, koha, white marudah *''Terminalia arostrata'' Ewart & O.B.Davies – crocodile tree *''Terminalia australis'' Cambess – palo amarillo, tanimbú *''Terminalia avicennioides'' {{small|Guill. & Perr.}} *''Terminalia bellirica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb. – beleric *''Terminalia bentii'' {{small|(Baker) Gere & Boatwr.}} *''Terminalia bialata'' (Roxb.) Steud. – Indochina, Philippines *''Terminalia buceras'' {{small|(L.) C.Wright}} *''Terminalia bucidoides'' Standley & L.O.Williams *''Terminalia bursarina'' – Bendee *''Terminalia calamansanai'' (Blanco) Rolfe *''Terminalia cambodiana'' {{small|Gagnep.}} *''Terminalia canescens'' (DC.) Radlk. – jalool *''Terminalia carolinensis'' Kaneh. *''Terminalia catappa'' L. – Indian almond, tropical almond, umbrella tree *''Terminalia chebula'' Retz. – black myrobalan, chebulic myrobalan, inknut *''Terminalia cherrieri'' McKee *''Terminalia circumalata'' F.Muell. *''Terminalia cunninghamii'' C.A.Gardner – Pindan quondong *''Terminalia dhofarica'' {{small|(A.J.Scott) Gere & Boatwr.}} *''Terminalia eddowesii'' Coode *''Terminalia engleri'' Gere & Boatwr. – terenifù (West Africa to Cameroon) *''Terminalia elliptica'' Willd. – Indian-laurel *''Terminalia eriostachya'' A.Rich. *''Terminalia ferdinandiana'' Exell – billygoat plum, Kakadu plum, gubinge *''Terminalia fitzgeraldii'' C.A.Gardner *''Terminalia glabrata'' {{small|G.Forst.}} *''Terminalia grandiflora'' Benth. *''Terminalia hadleyana'' W.Fitzg. *''Terminalia ivorensis'' A.Chev. – idigbo, black afara, blackbark, brimstone wood, shingle wood *''Terminalia januariensis'' DC. *''Terminalia kaernbachii'' Warb. – okari nut *''Terminalia kangeanensis'' Slooten – Kangean almond *''Terminalia kuhlmannii'' Alwan & Stace *''Terminalia kumpaja'' R.L.Barrett *''Terminalia latifolia'' Sw. *''Terminalia latipes'' Benth. *''Terminalia leiocarpa'' {{small|(DC.) Baill.}} *''Terminalia littoralis'' L. *''Terminalia macroptera'' Guill. & Perr. *''Terminalia megalocarpa'' Exell *''Terminalia microcarpa'' Decne. *''Terminalia muelleri'' Benth. – Australian almond *''Terminalia myriocarpa'' {{small|Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.}} *''Terminalia neotaliala'' – Madagascar almond tree *''Terminalia nitens'' C.Presl; sakat (in Philippines) *''Terminalia novocaledonica'' Däniker *''Terminalia oblongata'' F.Muell. *''Terminalia paniculata'' Roth *''Terminalia parviflora'' Thwaites *''Terminalia pellucida'' C.Presl *''Terminalia pendula'' {{Au|(Edgew.) Gere & Boatwr.}} (incorporating ''T. phillyreifolia'') *''Terminalia petiolaris'' Benth. – ''marool'' *''Terminalia platyphylla'' F.Muell. *''Terminalia platyptera'' F.Muell. *''Terminalia polycarpa'' {{small|Engl. & Diels}} *''Terminalia porphyrocarpa'' {{small|F.Muell. ex Benth.}} *''Terminalia prunioides'' {{small|M.A.Lawson}} *''Terminalia reitzii'' Excell *''Terminalia rerei'' Coode *''Terminalia richii'' A.Gray *''Terminalia rostrata'' {{small|Fosberg & Falanruw}} *''Terminalia schimperiana'' Hochst. *''Terminalia sericea'' Burch. ex DC. – silver terminalia *''Terminalia superba'' Engl. & Diels – limba *''Terminalia triptera'' {{Au|Stapf.}} (syn. ''T. nigrovenulosa'' {{Au|Pierre}}) *''Terminalia volucris'' Benth. {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=GRIN>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus?id=11944 |title=Genus: ''Terminalia'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2018 |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418065311/https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus?id=11944 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=mobotpf>{{cite web |title=''Terminalia catappa'' - Plant Finder |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279242 |website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418170526/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279242 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Terminalia'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7215-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> }}

Category:Terminalia (plant) Category:Myrtales genera Category:Medicinal plants Category:Pantropical flora Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus