63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"

{{Short description|Infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II}} {{Infobox military unit |unit_name=63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" | image=63a Divisione Fanteria Cirene.png | image_size = 160 |caption=63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" insignia |dates= 1937–1941 | country = {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} | branch = {{army|Kingdom of Italy}} |type=Infantry |role= |size= Division |command_structure= |garrison=Benghazi |equipment= <!-- Commanders --> |ceremonial_chief= |colonel_of_the_regiment= |notable_commanders=Gen. D. Carlo Spatocco <br> Gen. B. Alessandro De Guidi <!-- Insignia --> |identification_symbol=30px 30px 30px 30px 30px 30px<br />Cirene Division gorget patches <!-- Culture and history --> |nickname= |patron= |motto= |colors= |march= |mascot= |battles= World War II |anniversaries= |decorations= |battle_honours= }} The '''63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"''' ({{langx|it|63ª Divisione di fanteria "Cirene"}}) was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division was formed on 1 October 1937 in Benghazi in Italian Libya and named for the nearby antique city of Cyrene ({{lang|it|Cirene}}). The division's regimental depots were in mainland Italy in Liguria and shared with the 37th Infantry Division "Modena", with both divisions recruiting their troops from and training them there. The Cirene was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once. The division was destroyed on 5 January 1941 during the Battle of Bardia.<ref name="Regio Esercito">{{cite web |title=63ª Divisione di fanteria "Cirene" |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv63.htm |publisher=Regio Esercito |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ufficio Storico">{{cite book |title=Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico |location=Rome |page=316 |url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>

== History == === World War I === The division's lineage begins with the Brigade "Liguria" established in preparation for Italy's entry into World War I in Genova on 1 March 1915. The brigade consisted of the 157th and 158th infantry regiments, which were manned by reservists from Liguria. The brigade fought on the Italian front and for their conduct the brigade's two infantry regiments were awarded Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor.<ref>{{cite web |title=157° Reggimento Fanteria "Liguria" |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18258 |publisher=President of Italy |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=158° Reggimento Fanteria "Liguria" |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18261 |publisher=President of Italy |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> After the war the regiments raised during the war were dissolved, with the exception of those, who had been awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor.<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>

On 6 November 1926 the brigade command and the 158th Infantry Regiment were disbanded, while the 157th Infantry Regiment "Liguria" was transferred to the XVIII Infantry Brigade.<ref name='157° "Liguria"'>{{cite web |title=157° Reggimento di fanteria "Liguria" |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt157.htm |publisher=Regio Esercito |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name='158° "Liguria"'>{{cite web |title=158° Reggimento di fanteria "Liguria" |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt158.htm |publisher=Regio Esercito |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

On 1 October 1937 the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" was established in Benghazi in Libya with the 225th Infantry Regiment "Arezzo" from the 24th Infantry Division "Gran Sasso". The same month the 157th Infantry Regiment "Liguria" left the 18th Infantry Division "Metauro" and was transferred to Libya to join the Cirene. The same year the 44th Artillery Regiment was revived in Italy and then transferred to Libya to join the division. On 1 March 1938 the 225th Infantry Regiment "Arezzo" was renamed 158th Infantry Regiment "Liguria".<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>

The division's major units were: * '''63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"''', in Benghazi ** 157th Infantry Regiment "Liguria", in Benghazi ** 158th Infantry Regiment "Liguria", in Marj ** 45th Artillery Regiment, in Abyar

In 1939 the division's three regiments were renamed "Cirene".

=== World War II === thumb|Western Desert area

At Italy's entry into World War II on 10 June 1940, the Cirene was at Al Adam (now Tobruk Airport) in the East of Italian Libya. In August 1940 it moved to the Sallum-Bardia area near the border with British Egypt. From 9 September 1940 the Cirene participated in the Italian invasion of Egypt, crossing into Egypt on 13 September and reaching Sidi Barrani on 16 September. Afterwards, the Italian 10th Army formed a defensive line composed of big outposts separated by wide desert areas. At the southern end of the line was the Buqbuq sector, where the Cirene fortified four strong points around a rocky hill near Ābār Abū Safāfī (Bir Sofafi), ‘Alam ar Rābiyah (Alam Rabia), the crossroads at point 236 {{coord|31|11.33|N|25|33.14|E|display=inline,title}}, the crossroads at Qabr el Mahdi (Qabe Mahdi) and point 226 near Ābār Abū Safāfī (Bir Sofafi). They were separated from the next formation to the north, the Maletti Group by a {{cvt|30|km|adj=on}} gap.<ref>Macksey, p. 68</ref>

The opening stage of the British offensive Operation Compass is known in Italy as the "Battle of the Marmarica" after the name of the coastal plain where the battle was fought.<ref>{{Cite journal| issue=23 December 1940| title =Battle of the Marmarica|journal=Time Magazine| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765077-1,00.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070620114016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765077-1,00.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =20 June 2007 | access-date = 2007-12-17 | date=23 December 1940 }}</ref> The British know it as the "Battle of the Camps" after the individual Italian camps set up in a defensive line outside of Sidi Barrani. On 11 December 1940, a patrol from the 7th Support Group entered Rabia to find it empty. The Cirene had withdrawn from there and Ābār Abū Safāfī (Sofafi) overnight.<ref>Playfair, p 270</ref> The British 4th Armoured Brigade was ordered to cut them off west of Ābār Abū Safāfī (Sofafi), but arrived too late and the Cirene was able to make its way along the top of the escarpment and link up with Italian forces at Halfaya Pass during the retreat to Sallum.<ref>Playfair, P 270</ref><ref name="Regio Esercito"/>

By 15 December the Italian commander Annibale Bergonzoli at Bardia had approximately 40,000 defenders under his command, but the situation deteriorated rapidly due heavy aerial bombardment and continued Allied ground attacks. The Italian divisions defending the perimeter from Sallum to Bardia included remnants of the Cirene, the 62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica", the 1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo", and the 2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre". At first, the Cirene division guarded the Marsá al Murayghah (Mrega) zone, which was a part of an {{convert|18|mi|adj=on}} perimeter which had a permanent anti-tank ditch, extensive wire fence, and a double row of concrete strong points. But soon British bombardment of the front line has increased to an intolerable level, therefore the bulk of Cirene retreated to Bardia city proper.

On 3 January 1941, the British forces resumed their offensive, starting the Battle of Bardia. As the Allied forces advanced, the Italian units were surrounded, cut off from their supplies and defeated. After some hard fighting, one position after another surrendered. The Australians captured Bardia on 5 January, taking 45,000 prisoners<ref name="Wav3265">Wavell in {{London Gazette| issue=37628| date=25 June 1946|page=3265|supp=y}}</ref> and 462 guns<ref>Churchill 1949, p. 616</ref> for a loss of 130 dead and 326 wounded of their own.<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=6 January 1941 |title=Bardia & Excuses |journal=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765142,00.html |access-date=2007-12-17 |date=6 January 1941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203031732/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C765142%2C00.html |archive-date=3 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Latimer, p. 54.</ref> Whenever the Italians choose to fight, the fighting was fierce. An Australian historian later wrote that "in parts their defense was most efficient and often extremely brave".<ref>{{cite book| first=Kevin| last=Baker| title=Paul Cullen, Citizen and Soldier: The Life And Times of Major-General Paul Cullen| year=2005| publisher=Rosenberg| isbn=1-877058-28-9| location=Dural, N.S.W.}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TGjd2MzN8dgC&pg=PA56&dq=in+parts+their+defence+was+most+efficient+and+extremely+brave&sig=OHxCUIUnad8jtgS4LMjH3yKD9iI p. 56]</ref> The majority of Italian units have surrendered without fight, their morale sapped by hunger, thirst, lice and dysentery.

== Organization == thumb|right|180px|Coat of Arms of the 158th Infantry Regiment "Liguria", 1939 * 25px '''63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"'''<ref name="Regio Esercito"/><ref name="Ufficio Storico"/> ** 157th Infantry Regiment "Cirene"{{efn|Named 157th Infantry Regiment "Liguria" until 1939 when the army reorganized its divisions as binary divisions and divisional infantry regiments took the name of the division.}}<ref name='157° "Liguria"'/> *** Command Company *** 3x Fusilier battalions *** Support Weapons Company (65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns) *** Mortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars) ** 158th Infantry Regiment "Cirene"{{efn|Named 158th Infantry Regiment "Liguria" until 1939 when the army reorganized its divisions as binary divisions and divisional infantry regiments took the name of the division.}}<ref name='158° "Liguria"'/> *** Command Company *** 3x Fusilier battalions *** Support Weapons Company (65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns) *** Mortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars) ** 45th Artillery Regiment "Cirene"<ref>{{cite book |last1=F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa |title=L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II |year=1998 |publisher=SME - Ufficio Storico |location=Rome |page=136}}</ref> *** Command Unit *** I Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers; transferred from the 14th Artillery Regiment "Murge") *** II Group (75/27 mod. 06 field guns; transferred from the 18th Artillery Regiment "Gran Sasso") *** III Group (75/27 mod. 06 field guns; transferred from the 2nd Artillery Regiment "Metauro") *** 63rd Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns) *** 263rd Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns) *** Ammunition and Supply Unit ** LXIII Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes; transferred to the 64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro" on 9 December 1940) ** LXIII Machine Gun Battalion ** LXIII Mixed Engineer Battalion *** 63rd Telegraph and Radio Operators Company *** 1x Engineer Company *** 1x Searchlight Section ** LXIII Replacements Battalion ** 63rd Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns) ** 1x Transport Unit ** 27th Medical Section *** 2x Field hospitals *** 1x Surgical unit ** 9th Supply Section ** 1x Bakers section ** 337th Carabinieri Section ** 338th Carabinieri Section ** 263rd Field Post Office

Attached to the division:<ref name="Ufficio Storico"/> * 63rd Bersaglieri Motorcyclists Company

== Military honors == For its conduct during the Western Desert campaign the President of Italy awarded on 7 December 1951 to the III Battalion of the 157th Infantry Regiment "Cirene" Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor. * 50px III Battalion/ 157th Infantry Regiment "Cirene" on 7 December 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=157° Reggimento Fanteria "Cirene" per il III Battaglione |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18257 |publisher=President of Italy |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

== Commanding officers == The division's commanding officers were:<ref name="Regio Esercito"/><ref name="Ufficio Storico"/> * Generale di Divisione Carlo Spatocco (1 October 1937 - 23 September 1940) * Generale di Brigata Alessandro De Guidi (24 September 1940 - 5 January 1941)

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=A Military History of Italy|author=Paoletti, Ciro|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}} * {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston|title=Their Finest Hour|volume=2|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=1949|edition=1st|series=The Second World War}} * {{cite book|first=Jon |last=Latimer | author-link=Jon Latimer| title=Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive| location=Oxford | publisher=Osprey | year=2000 | isbn=1-85532-967-0}} * {{cite book|first=Major Kenneth| last=Macksey| author-link=Kenneth Macksey| series=Ballentine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century, Battle Book Number 22| title=Beda Fomm: Classic Victory| publisher=Ballantine Books|year=1971| isbn=0-345-02434-6| location=New York}} * {{cite book | first=Richard| last=Mead| title=Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II| year=2007| publisher=Spellmount| location=Stroud (UK)| pages=544 pages| isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}} * {{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair|first2=Commander G.M.S.|last2=with Stitt R.N.| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.| last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.R.M|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume I The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press| year=2004| orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1954| isbn=1-84574-065-3|name-list-style=amp}} {{refend}} <!-- spacer please do not move --> {{Italian Divisions World War II}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:63rd Infantry Division Cirene}} Category:Infantry divisions of Italy in World War II Category:Military units and formations established in 1937 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1941