{{Short description|Hungarian-French photographer}} {{Eastern name order|Gyula Halász}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Brassaï | image = Brassai-123.jpg | caption = Self-portrait | birth_name = Gyula Halász | birth_date = {{birth date|1899|9|9|df=y}} | birth_place = Brassó, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Brașov, Romania) | death_date = {{death date and age|1984|7|8|1899|9|9|df=y}} | death_place = Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France | alma_mater = Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts | occupation = Photographer, writer, sculptor and painter | spouse = Gilberte-Mercédès Boyer (m. 1948) }}
'''Brassaï''' ({{IPA|fr|bʁasaj|lang}}; pseudonym of '''Gyula Halász''', {{IPA|hu|ˈɟulɒ ˈhɒlaːs|lang}}; 9 September 1899 – 8 July 1984) was a Hungarian–French photographer, sculptor, medalist,<ref>{{cite book |last=Brassaï |title=In memoriam |chapter=in: Le club français de la médaille |publisher=L'administration des monnaies et médailles |location=Paris |volume=Deuxième Semestre 1984 |pages=101 |language=fr}}</ref> writer, and filmmaker who rose to international fame in France in the 20th century. He was one of the numerous Hungarian artists who flourished in Paris beginning between the world wars.
In the early 21st century, the discovery of more than 200 letters and hundreds of drawings and other items from the period 1940 to 1984 has provided scholars with material for understanding his later life and career.
==Early life and education== Gyula Halász, a.k.a. Brassaï (pseudonym), was born on 9 September 1899 in Brassó, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Brașov, Romania) to an Armenian mother and a Hungarian father. He grew up speaking Hungarian and Romanian. When he was three his family lived in Paris for a year, while his father, a professor of French literature, taught at the Sorbonne.
As a young man, he studied painting and sculpture at the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts (Magyar Képzőművészeti Egyetem) in Budapest. He joined a cavalry regiment of the Austro-Hungarian army, where he served until the end of the First World War. He cited Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec as an artistic influence.<ref>"Brassaï" in Horst Woldemar Janson, Anthony F. Janson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C History of Art: The Western Tradition]''. Prentice Hall Professional, 2004; {{ISBN|978-0-13-019732-0}}</ref>
==Career== [[File:Brassai-1681052842.JPG|thumb|Brassaï (1936) <br>(photo by Emiel van Moerkerken) ]] Following World War I, his hometown of Brassó, and the rest of Transylvania, was transferred from the Kingdom of Hungary to Romania at the Treaty of Trianon. Halász left for Berlin in 1920 where he worked as a journalist for the Hungarian papers ''Keleti'' and ''Napkelet''.{{sfn|Brassaï|1997|p=8}} He started studies at the Berlin-Charlottenburg Academy of Fine Arts (''Hochschule für Bildende Künste''). There he became friends with several older Hungarian artists and writers, including the painters Lajos Tihanyi and Bertalan Pór, who later moved to Paris and became part of the Hungarian circle.<ref name="Brassai">{{harvnb|Brassaï|1997|page=241}}</ref>
In 1924, Halasz moved to Paris to live, where he would stay for the rest of his life. He began teaching himself the French language by reading the works of Marcel Proust. Living among the gathering of young artists in the Montparnasse quarter, he took a job as a journalist. He soon became friends with the American writer Henry Miller, and the French writers Léon-Paul Fargue and Jacques Prévert. In the late 1920s, he lived in the same hotel as Tihanyi.<ref name="Brassai" />
Miller later played down Brassaï's claims of friendship. In 1976 he wrote of Brassaï: "[[Alfred Perlès|Fred [Perles]]] and I used to steer shy of him – he bored us." Miller added that the biography Brassaï had written of him was typically "padded", "full of factual errors, full of suppositions, rumors, documents he filched which are largely false or give a false impression."<ref>''The Durrell-Miller Letters, 1935–80'', ed. Ian S. Macniven, Faber & Faber, 1988.</ref>
Halász's job and his love of the city, whose streets he often wandered late at night, led to photography. He first used it to supplement some of his articles for more money, but rapidly explored the city through this medium, in which he was tutored by his fellow Hungarian André Kertész. He later wrote that he used photography "to capture the beauty of streets and gardens in the rain and fog, and to capture Paris by night."<ref name="Sayag">Alain Sayag, ed., ''Brassaï: The Monograph'', Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2000.</ref> Using the name of his birthplace, Halász went by the pseudonym "Brassaï", which means "from Brasso".
Brassaï captured the essence of the city in his photographs, published as his first collection in the 1933 book entitled ''Paris de nuit'' (''Paris by Night''). His book gained great success, resulting in being called "the eye of Paris" in an essay by Henry Miller. In addition to photos of the seedier side of Paris, Brassaï portrayed scenes from the life of the city's high society, its intellectuals, its ballet, and the grand operas. He had been befriended by a French family who gave him access to the upper classes. Brassaï photographed many of his artist friends, including Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Alberto Giacometti, and several of the prominent writers of his time, such as Jean Genet and Henri Michaux.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
Young Hungarian artists continued to arrive in Paris through the 1930s and the Hungarian circle absorbed most of them. Kertész immigrated to New York City in 1936. Brassaï befriended many of the new arrivals, including Ervin Marton, a nephew of Tihanyi, whom he had been friends with since 1920. Marton developed his own reputation in street photography in the 1940s and 1950s. Brassaï continued to earn a living with commercial work, also taking photographs for the U.S. magazine ''Harper's Bazaar''.<ref name="Sayag" /> He was a founding member of the Rapho agency, created in Paris by Charles Rado in 1933.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
Brassaï's photographs brought him international fame. In 1948, he had a one-man show at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, which travelled to George Eastman House in Rochester, New York; and the Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois.<ref>[http://www.photo-seminars.com/Fame/Brassai.htm "Brassaï Biography"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212013530/http://www.photo-seminars.com/Fame/Brassai.htm |date=12 February 2007 }}, Photo-Seminars. Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> MoMA exhibited more of Brassaï's works in 1953, 1956, and 1968,{{sfn|Brassaï|1997|p=xviii}} curated by Edward Steichen in 1956.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Allen (critic)|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/culture/from-pompeii-to-spray-cans-the-long-narcissistic-life-of-graffiti/news-story/3c834ba354617dc24b9ac32b049affff|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 March 2026|date=3 March 2026|title=From Pompeii to spray cans: the long, narcissistic life of graffiti (in print: The writing's on the wall|newspaper=The Australian|department=Culture|page=12}}</ref> He was presented at the Rencontres d'Arles festival in France in 1970 (screening at the Théâtre Antique, ''Brassaï'' by Jean-Marie Drot), in 1972 (screening ''Brassaï si, Vominino'' by René Burri), and in 1974 (as guest of honour).{{cn|date=April 2024}}
In 1979, Brassaï was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brassaï (Gyula Halász) |url=https://iphf.org/inductees/brassai/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=International Photography Hall of Fame}}</ref>
==Marriage== In 1948, Brassaï married Gilberte Boyer, a French woman. She worked with him in supporting his photography. In 1949, he became a naturalized French citizen after years of being stateless.<ref>[http://www.romanianculture.org/personalities/Brassai.htm "Brassaï"], Prodan Romanian Cultural Foundation. Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref>
==Death== Brassaï died on 8 July 1984 at his home on the French Riviera near Nice and was buried at Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. He was 84 years old.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Andy|last1=Grundberg|access-date=7 June 2018|title=Brassaï, Photographer of Paris Nigtlife, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/12/obituaries/brassai-photographer-of-paris-nightlife-dies.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 July 1984 }}</ref>
==Publications by Brassaï== * ''Paris de Nuit''. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques, 1933. With text by Paul Morand. **''Paris la Nuit''. Paris: Flammarion, 2001. {{ISBN|978-2080106025}}. With a preface by Morand. * ''Graffiti 1930–55: Textes et photos de Brassaï et deux Conversations avec Picasso'', Paris: Les Éditions du Temps, 1961. ** ''Graffiti'', Flammarion, 2026 {{ISBN|978-2080491152}} * ''Conversations avec Picasso''. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1964; 1997. A memoir.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=Riding|author-link=Alan Riding|access-date=7 June 2018|title=Brassaï – Photography – Auction – Report|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/30/arts/design/30bras.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 September 2006}}</ref> ** ''Conversations with Picasso''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999; {{ISBN|0-226-07148-0}}. Translated by Jane Marie Todd. * ''Henry Miller: The Paris Years''. Arcade Publishing, 1975. * ''The Secret Paris of the 30s''. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1976; {{ISBN|0-500-27108-9}}. * {{cite book|author=Brassaï|author-mask=0|title=Letters to My Parents|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1997|translator1=Peter Laki|translator2=Barna Kantor|isbn=|url=https://archive.org/details/brassailettersto00bras/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration|via=Internet Archive}}
==Collections== Brassaï's work is held in the following public collections: *Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago: 47 prints (as of June 2020)<ref>[https://www.artic.edu/collection?q=%22Brassai%22%20 "Brassaï"], Art Institute of Chicago</ref> *Museum of Modern Art, New York City: 112 prints (as of June 2018)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=7 June 2018|title=Brassaï (Gyula Halász)|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/745|website=Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> *Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: 9 prints (as of November 2018)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 November 2018|title=Search – Rijksmuseum|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=brassai&v=&s=&ii=0&p=1|website=Rijksmuseum}}</ref> *Tate, London: 30 prints (as of June 2018)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tate|access-date=7 June 2018|title=Brassaï 1899–1984|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/brassai-11259|website=Tate Etc.}}</ref> *Victoria and Albert Museum, London: 407 items (as of March 2026)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 March 2026|title=Search Results: Brassaï|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?page=1&page_size=15&q=Brassai|website=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *Tucker, Anne Wilkes, with Richard Howard and Avis Berman. ''Brassaï: The Eye of Paris''. Houston, Texas: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8109-6380-9}} *Marja Warehime, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nd30fBYDDcC Brassaï: Images of Culture and the Surrealist Observer]''. Louisiana State University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8071-2276-9}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.masters-of-photography.com/B/brassai/brassai.html "Brassaï"], Masters of Photography *[http://www.iphotocentral.com/showcase/showcase_view.php/24/0/280/1/1 "Brassaï: The Transylvanian Parisian"], I Photo Central *[https://fresques.ina.fr/europe-des-cultures-en/fiche-media/Europe00024/brassai-and-paris.html "Brassaï and Paris"], interview (2:39, in French), 5 May 1964 ORTF *[http://www.thegreatcat.org/the-cat-in-art-and-photos-2/cats-in-art-20th-century/brassai-gyula-halasz-1899-1984-hungarian/ "Brassaï's Cats"], thegreatcat.org *[https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/brassai "Brassaï"], 1998 exhibit organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (exhibited 6 December 1998 – 28 February 1999). The show traveled to the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (13 April – 4 July 1999) and the National Gallery of Art (17 October 1999 – 16 January 2000). *[https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/exhibitions/brassai/ Brassaï: The Secret Signs of Paris] 2026 exhibition at the Moderna Museet, Stockholm
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Brassai}} Category:1899 births Category:1984 deaths Category:People from Brașov Category:Hungarian emigrants to France Category:20th-century Hungarian photographers Category:Hungarian people of Armenian descent Category:French people of Armenian descent Category:20th-century French photographers Category:Portrait photographers Category:Street photographers Category:Hungarian University of Fine Arts alumni Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Category:Naturalized citizens of France Category:Pseudonymous photographers