Brantas River

{{Short description|River in East Java in Indonesia}} {{Infobox river | name = Brantas River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Kali Brantas, Sungai Brantas | name_etymology =  | image = Brantas River in Minggiran, East Java.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Brantas river, Kediri regency. | map = | map_size = 285 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Indonesia Java#Indonesia | pushpin_map_size = 285 | pushpin_map_caption= Location of river mouth  | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = East Java | subdivision_type3 = Regency | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 =  | length ={{convert|320|km|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location=Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|579|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max =  | source1 =Arjuno-Welirang | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location =Madura Strait | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system =Brantas Basin (DAS220228)<ref name="Lampiran Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 511-2011">{{cite web | url=https://hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f2f760d2fff3/keputusan-menteri-kehutanan-nomor-sk511menhutv2011-tahun-2011 | title=Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor SK.511/MENHUT-V/2011 Tahun 2011 - Pusat Data Hukumonline }}</ref> | basin_size ={{Convert|11,900|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Lampiran Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 511-2011">{{cite web | url=https://hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f2f760d2fff3/keputusan-menteri-kehutanan-nomor-sk511menhutv2011-tahun-2011 | title=Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor SK.511/MENHUT-V/2011 Tahun 2011 - Pusat Data Hukumonline }}</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |country={{flag|Indonesia}}}} [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De rivier Brandas TMnr 3728-1021.jpg|thumb|300px|Lithography of Brantas river based on the painting by Abraham Salm (1865-1872)]] thumb|300px|Brantas river before 1940 The '''Brantas''' is the longest river in East Java, Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/6753794/kali%20brantas.html Kali Brantas] at Geonames.org (cc-by); Last updated 2013-06-04; Database dump downloaded 2015-11-27</ref> It has a length of 320 km,<ref>{{cite web|author=Ramu, Kikkeri|title=Brantas River Basin Case Study, Indonesia|series=Background Paper|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSAREGTOPWATRES/Resources/Indonesia_BrantasBasinFINAL.pdf|date=December 2004|page=36|publisher=Worldbank}}</ref> and drains an area of over 11,000 km<sup>2</sup> from the southern slope of Mount Kawi-Kelud-Butak, Mount Wilis, and the northern slopes of Mount Liman-Limas, Mount Welirang, and Mount Anjasmoro.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |author2=Soeriaatmadja, R. E. |author3=Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |date=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=132 }}</ref> Its course is semi-circular or spiral in shape: at its source, the river heads southeast, but gradually curves south, then southwest, west, then north, and finally it flows generally eastward at the point where it branches off to become the Kalimas and Porong River.

== History == thumb|Brantas River in the area of Surabaya, early 20th century thumb|300px|Shallow Brantas river near Kediri. King Mpu Sindok moved his kingdom from the Mataram kingdom in Central Java to a new location on this river circa 950 A.D. Possibly (only one of several reasons given) due to a Mount Merapi volcanic eruption, he had to leave his kingdom to this new safe place near the present city of Madiun.

== Cities and regencies on the Brantas River == * Batu * Malang Regency * Malang * Blitar Regency * Blitar * Tulungagung Regency * Kediri Regency * Kediri * Nganjuk Regency * Jombang Regency * Mojokerto Regency * Mojokerto

==Geography== The river flows in the eastern area of Java with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as ''Am'' in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).<ref name = "koppen">{{Cite journal | title = Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html| year = 2007| journal = Hydrology and Earth System Sciences| volume = 11|pages= 1633–1644 | date =|access-date=30 January 2016| doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007| first1 =M C| first2 = B L| first3 = T A| last1 = Peel| last2 = Finlayson| last3 =McMahon| issue = 5| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2007HESS...11.1633P}}</ref> The annual average temperature in the area is 26 °C. The warmest month is October when the average temperature is around 30 °C, and the coldest is June, at 24 °C on average.<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA|access-date= 11 February 2019|archive-date= 26 April 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426054225/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is 2982 mm. The wettest month is March, with an average of 496 mm of rainfall, and the driest is August, with 28 mm of rainfall.<ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web|url = http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title = NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|date = 30 January 2016|publisher = NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|access-date = 11 February 2019|archive-date = 19 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

{{climate_chart | Brantas River | 21| 28| 459 | 22| 27| 453 | 21| 27| 496 | 22| 28| 282 | 22| 29| 144 | 20| 27| 175 | 20| 29| 65 | 20| 32| 28 | 21| 35| 35 | 22| 37| 111 | 23| 35| 295 | 21| 30| 439 |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }}

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Rivers of East Java Category:Brantas basin