{{Short description|Chibchan language spoken in Costa Rica}} {{Infobox language | name = Boruca | altname = Bronca, Bronka, Brunca | states = Costa Rica | ethnicity = 1,000 Boruca people (1991)<ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|brn|Boruca}}</ref> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chamoreau |first=Claudine |date=2024-04-01 |title=Introduction |url=https://hal.science/hal-04632894v1/file/2024_Chamoreau_TILA_Pesh_2023_version.pdf |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |language=en |volume=90 |issue=S1 |pages=S3–S33 |doi=10.1086/728138 |issn=0020-7071}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castro |first=Damaris |date=September 2010 |title=The noun phrase in Boruca: studying a recently extinct language |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1524/stuf.2010.0019/html |journal=STUF - Language Typology and Universals |language=en |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=196–220 |doi=10.1524/stuf.2010.0019 |issn=1867-8319|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | familycolor = Chibchan | fam1 = Chibchan | fam2 = Isthmic | fam3 = Talamanca | extinct = 2013 | iso3 = brn | glotto = boru1252 | glottorefname = Boruca | revived = Taught in schools | speakers2 = April 2018, with the death of Nemesio González (last semispeaker)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanson |first=Seibert |last2=E |first2=Aroline |date=August 2019 |title=Reexamining the classification of an endangered language: The vitality of Brunca |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24899 |language=en-US |issn=1934-5275}}</ref> | glottoname = Boruca | glotto2 = quep1238 | glottoname2 = Quepo | nativename = {{lang|brn|Brúnkajk}} }}
'''Boruca''' ({{langx|brn|Brúnkajk}};<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Seibert|last2=E|first2=Aroline|date=2019|title=Reexamining the classification of an endangered language: The vitality of Brunca|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24899|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation|language=en-US|volume=13|pages=384–400|issn=1934-5275}}</ref> also known as '''Bronka''', '''Bronca, Brunca''') is the native language of the Boruca people of Costa Rica. Boruca belongs to the Isthmian branch of the Chibchan languages. Though exact speaker numbers are uncertain, UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger has listed Boruca as "critically endangered".<ref name=":0" /><ref>UNESCO. “UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger”. 2017. http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php.</ref> It was spoken fluently by only five women in 1986, while 30 to 35 others spoke it non-fluently. The rest of the tribe's 1,000 members speak Spanish.
Boruca is taught as a second language at the local primary school Escuela Doris Z. Stone. One can hear Bronka words and phrases mixed into Spanish conversations but it is extremely rare to hear prolonged exchanges in Bronka.
== Grammar == The personal pronouns in Boruca (the '''ᵛ''' represents a glottal stop.){{sfn|Quesada Pacheco|1995|p=33}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Person !! Singular !! Plural |- | 1st || {{lang|brn|át}} || {{lang|brn|diᵛ / diᵛ rójc}} |- | 2nd || {{lang|brn|bá}} || {{lang|brn|biᵛ / biᵛ rójc}} |- | 3rd || {{lang|brn|i}} || {{lang|brn|i rójc / iᵛ rójc}} |}
The numbers (the "n̈", "n" with the diaeresis "¨" on top may be unavailable in some fonts, it represents a slightly different sound from the normal n or ñ.){{sfn|Quesada Pacheco|1995|p=82}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Numbers !! Boruca |- | 1 ||{{lang|brn|éᵛxe, éᵛxi}} |- | 2 ||{{lang|brn|búᵛc}} |- | 3 ||{{lang|brn|man̈}} |- | 4 ||{{lang|brn|bájcan̈}} |- | 5 ||{{lang|brn|shishcán̈}} |- | 6 ||{{lang|brn|téshan}} |- | 7 ||{{lang|brn|cúj, cújc}} |- | 8 ||{{lang|brn|éjtan̈}} |- | 9 ||{{lang|brn|cújtan̈, éjcuj}} |- | 10 ||{{lang|brn|téjcuj, cróshtan̈, búᵛc cúj}} |}
== Greetings == :{{lang|brn|¿Ishójcre rában?}} 'What's up?' :{{lang|brn|Morén, morén.}} 'Fine, well.'<ref>{{cite book|last=Maroto Rojas|first=Espíritu Santo|title=Lengua o dialecto Boruca o Brunkajk|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica|year=1999|isbn=9977-67-554-6|version=(in Spanish and Boruca)|location=San José, Costa Rica|page=49|chapter=Palabras varias Saludos}}</ref>
==See also== *Brunca Sign Language
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book |last=Quesada Pacheco |first=Miguel Ángel |author-link=Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco |title=Hablemos Boruca |year=1995 |publisher=Ministerio de Educación Pública |location=San José, Costa Rica |isbn=9977-60-114-3 |page=33 |version=(in Spanish and Boruca) }}
== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=map+boruca&hl=en&ll=9.001919,-83.324497&spn=0.00569,0.009184&t=h&z=17 Map of Boruca]
{{Chibchan languages}}
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Category:Chibchan languages Category:Languages of Costa Rica Category:Endangered Chibchan languages
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