{{short description|Cuman khan}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} '''Boniak''', '''Bonyak''' or '''Maniac''', also known as '''Boniak the Mangy''' (Old Church Slavonic: Бонякъ Шолудивый; {{langx|uk| Боняк Шолудивий}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Повість времʼяних літ. Роки 6584 [1076]-6604 [1096]|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pvlyar/yar.htm|access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> {{langx|ru|Боняк Шелудивый}}), was "one of the most prominent Cuman chieftains"{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=69}} in the late {{nobr|11th century}} and the early {{nobr|12th century}}. He headed a powerful Cuman tribe or clan that inhabited the steppes to west of the Dnieper River. He supported the Byzantines against the Pechenegs in the Battle of Levounion in 1091. He defeated Coloman, King of Hungary in 1097 or 1099.
== Origins ==
Boniak's descent is uncertain.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=82}} Svetlana Pletneva associates him with the Burch tribe, Peter B. Golden with the Ölberli tribe of the "Wild Cumans", and Omeljan Pritsak with the Qay clan.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=84}}{{sfn|Golden|1997|p=88 (note 5)}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=368}} Boniak's nickname{{spaced ndash}}the Mangy{{spaced ndash}}may show that he was born with the caul, according to the Hungarian historian Szilvia Kovács.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=82 (note 195)}} In Anna Komnene's ''Alexiad'', he is called Maniac.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=81}}
Boniak's exact position cannot be determined, but his career shows that he must have been the head of powerful Cuman tribal federation, tribe, or clan.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=82}} When pursuing Boniak, Sviatopolk II of Kiev and Vladimir II Monomakh "advanced to the Bug and later beyond the {{nobr|Ros'"}},<ref>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (Appendix I: ''The Testament of Vladimir Monomakh''), p. 213.</ref> according to Vladimir's ''Testament'', which suggests that Boniak's people dwelled between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug or Dniester.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=83}} His participation in military campaigns in the Balkan Peninsula also shows that his people lived near the Lower Danube.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=83}}
== Career ==
=== First records ===
Along with Tugorkan, Boniak, or Maniak, was one of the Cumans' "outstanding leaders",<ref>''Anna Comnena: The Alexiad'' (8.4.), p. 253.</ref> named by Anna Komnene, who came to assist the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos against the Pechenegs.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=307}}{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=85}} The united Byzantine and Cuman army annihilated the Pechenegs in the Battle of Levounion on 29 April 1091.{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=301, 307}} Historian Florin Curta writes that the two Cuman chieftains plundered the eastern regions of the Kingdom of Hungary on their return to the Desht-i Kypchak, or Cuman steppes.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=307}} Pletneva says that Boniak and Tugorkan together supported the pretender Pseudo-Diogenes against Emperor Alexios I in 1094, but Anna Komnene did not refer to Boniak's participation in the fights.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=85 (note 204)}}
=== Wars in Rus' ===
The ''Russian Primary Chronicle'' recorded two events connected to Boniak under the year 6604, that is 1095{{sfn|Kovács|2014|pp=58–61}} or 1096 AD.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=196 (note 137)}}{{sfn|Franklin|Shepard|1996|pp=272–273}} First Boniak and his Cumans "appeared before {{nobr|Kiev ...,}} and while ravaging the environs, they burned the prince's palace at Berestovo"<ref>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (year 6604), p. 182.</ref> around 24 May.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|pp=59, 60–61}}{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=196 (note 137)}}{{sfn|Franklin|Shepard|1996|p=272}} On 20 July, "Boniak, that godless, mangy thief and bandit, came suddenly to Kiev for the second time"<ref name=Russian_Primary_Chronicle_6604_183>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (year 6604), p. 183.</ref> and plundered three monasteries, including the Cave Monastery.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|pp=60–61}}{{sfn|Franklin|Shepard|1996|p=273}} During the second campaign, the Cumans "planted two standards before the monastery gates",<ref name=Russian_Primary_Chronicle_6604_183/> which may show that they were under the command of two chieftains, according to Kovács.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=62}} Kovács writes that Boniak's action preceded the campaign that Sviatopolk II and Vladimir Monomach launched against Oleg I of Chernigov.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|pp=61–62}} According to Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard, Boniak invaded only after Sviatopolk and his army left Kiev for a campaign against Chernigov (Chernihiv in Ukraine).{{sfn|Franklin|Shepard|1996|p=272}} Kovács says that the joint campaign of Sviatopolk and Vladimir Monomach against Boniak's land over the river Ros' that Monomach mentioned in his ''Testament'' seems to have been a retaliatory action after Bonia's plundering raids in Kiev.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=62 (note 139)}}
Sviatopolk of Kiev expelled David Igorevich, Prince of Volhynia, from his principality in the late 1090s.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=63}}{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=231}}{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=253}} David Igorevich fled to the Cumans and persuaded Bonyak and another Cuman chieftain, Altunopa, to join him to fight against Sviatopolk who had sought assistance from Coloman, King of Hungary.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=63}}{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=232}} On the eve of the battle against the Hungarians, Boniak "rode away from the troops" and "began to howl like a wolf, till first one and then many wolves answered him with their howls",<ref>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (year 6605), p. 196.</ref> according to the ''Russian Primary Chronicle''.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=84}} On his return, Boniak predicted to David Igorevich that they would defeat the Hungarians in the battle.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=84}} The Cumans annihilated the Hungarian army and seized the royal treasury.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=252}} According to the Hungarian ''Illuminated Chronicle'', "[r]arely did Hungarians suffer such slaughter as in this battle".<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 145.104), p. 132.</ref>{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=232}} However, David Igorevich could not reconquer Volhynia and was again forced to seek refuge among the Cumans.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=252}} Boniak again joined them and their united armies seized Lutsk and Volodymyr-Volynskyi.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=253}} According to the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', these events occurred in 1097, but many historians (including Kovács and Martin Dimnik) say that the fights took place two years later.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=63}}{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=231}}
The ''Russian Primary Chronicle'' recorded that five Rus' princes{{spaced ndash}}Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomach, Davyd Sviatoslavich, Oleg Sviatoslavich and Yaroslav Sviatoslavich{{spaced ndash}}assembled on the left bank of the Dnieper near Kiev in 1101.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=231}}{{sfn|Franklin|Shepard|1996|p=273}} On learning of the princes' meeting, all Cuman chieftains sent envoys to them "with propositions of peace".<ref>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (year 6609), p. 199.</ref>{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=64}} The princes and the Cuman chieftains met at Sakov on the Dnieper and made peace on 15 September.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=231}} Two years later Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomach and Davyd Sviatoslavich invaded the Cuman steppes and routed a large Cuman army, killing 20 Cuman chieftains.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=258}}
According to the Hypatian version of the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', Boniak made an incursion into the region of Zarub in the Principality of Pereyaslavl, fighting with the Torks and Berendei in the winter of 1105 and 1106.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=66}} The ''Russian Primary Chronicle'' recorded that Boniak "raided and seized many horses in the vicinity of {{nobr|Pereyaslavl' "}}<ref>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (year 6615), p. 203.</ref> in May 1107.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=258}} During the summer, he returned accompanied by Sharukan and other Cuman chieftains and laid siege to Lubno on the Sula River.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=240}} Vladimir Monomach, Prince of Pereyaslavl, persuaded Svyatopolk II of Kiev and other Rus' princes to come to fight against the invaders.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=240}} Their unified armies unexpectedly crossed the Sula, forcing the terrified Cumans to lift the siege and leave their camp on 12 August.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|pp=240–242}} According to an alternative narration, recorded in Vladimir Monomach's ''Testament'', the united forces of the Rus' princes routed Boniak and his Cuman allies on the banks of the Sula in summer, and Monomach alone defeated Boniak at Lubno alone only in 1108.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=68}}
Svyatoplok II of Kiev died on 16 April 1113 or 1114.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=267}}{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=72}} After the Cumans learned of Svyatopluk's death, the Cumans marched as far as Vyr' River.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=72}}{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|p=268}} The Cumans were under the command of Aepa and Boniak, according to the ''Testament'' of Vladimir Monomach who succeeded Svyatopolk in Kiev.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=72}} Monomach wrote that he "advanced to meet them as far as"<ref>''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (Appendix I: ''The Testament of Vladimir Monomakh''), p. 268.</ref> Romny with his sons and Oleg Sviatoslavich, forcing the Cumans to flee.{{sfn|Kovács|2014|p=72}}{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=259}}
Boniak is often represented as a sorcerer in Rus' folklore.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/C/U/Cumans.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Cumans]</ref>
==See also== *Könchek (Cuman)
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
=== Primary sources === {{Refbegin}} *''Anna Comnena: The Alexiad'' (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-0-14-044958-7}}. *''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:'' Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8008-4015-1}}. *''The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text'' (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. {{ISBN|978-0-915651-32-0}}. {{Refend}}
=== Secondary sources === {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4 }} *{{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Simon |last2=Shepard |first2=Jonathan |year=1996 |title=The Emergence of Rus, 750-1200 |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofrus750000fran |url-access=registration |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-490901 }} *{{cite journal |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |title=Wolves, Dogs and Qipčaq Religion |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=50 |pages=87–97 |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1997 |issn=0001-6446 }} *{{Cite book |last=Kovács |first=Szilvia |year=2014 |title=A kunok története a mongol hódításig ''[The History of the Cumans till the Mongol Conquest]'' |publisher=Balassi Kiadó |isbn=978-963-506-946-0 |language=hu}} *{{cite book |last=Dimnik |first=Martin |year=1994 |title=The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1054–1146 |publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies |isbn=0-88844-116-9 }} *{{cite journal |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |title=The Polovcians and Rus' |journal=Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi |volume=2 |pages=321–380 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1982 |isbn=978-3-447-08486-4 }} *{{cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2003 |title=The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu) |isbn=973-85894-5-2}} {{Refend}}
== External links == {{Refbegin}} *{{cite encyclopedia |title=Boniak |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |year=2001 |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\O\Boniak.htm |access-date=15 June 2015}} {{Refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boniak}} Category:Cumans Category:History of Kyiv