Bliesbruck Baths

{{Short description|Roman thermal complex in France}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox historic site |name=Bliesbruck Baths |image=Römische Thermen Europäischer Kulturpark Bliesbruck-Reinheim.jpg |caption=Thermal baths, southeast facade. |region=[[Grand Est]] |coordinates={{Coord|49|07|31|N|7|10|55|E|display=inline}} |type=[[Thermae]] |location=[[Bliesbruck]], [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]], France |image_map=France relief location map.jpg |notes=Classified as [[Monument historique|MH]] (1986) and recorded as [[Monument historique|MH]] (1995) |built=Late 1st century }} The '''Bliesbruck baths''', discovered in the [[Bliesbruck|commune of the same name]] in the French department of [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]], in the [[Grand Est]] [[Regions of France|region]], are a [[Thermae|Roman thermal complex]] that was in operation from the late 1st century to the mid-3rd century.

The complex underwent renovations after about a century to enlarge the spaces and adapt them to new uses. Further modifications occurred in the 3rd century, seriously damaging the ''vicus''. During [[late antiquity]], the building was stripped of its most valuable materials. However, it was partially used towards the end of the [[Middle Ages]] or the beginning of the [[Renaissance]] when a [[fortified house]] was installed on its site. The ruins gradually deteriorated in the following centuries.

[[Archaeological excavation]]s at the Bliesbruck site began in the 1970s, and the Moselle department acquired part of the site in 1982 to conduct extensive excavations. The bath elements were uncovered between 1987 and 1993 and are now part of the [[European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim]], housed in a museum pavilion designed to preserve the remains.

== Location == [[File:Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim - Vue d'ensemble-fr.svg|thumb|Map of the various elements of the Bliesbruck-Reinheim archaeological site.]] The thermal complex is in Bliesbruck, a locality named after the nearby river, the [[Blies]].<ref name=":0" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=65}}</ref> The area is located on both sides of a [[Roman roads|Roman road]] that defines the architectural layout.<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|p=101}}</ref> The baths are located close to the river.<ref group="A">{{Harvsp|Petit|Schaub|Brunella|1995|p=36}}</ref>

Currently, the site is 10 km from [[Sarreguemines]],<ref name=":0" group="B" /> 75 km east of [[Metz]], and 15 km from [[Saarbrücken]]<ref name=":0" group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|p=176}}</ref> and it is dominated by the Homerich hill.<ref name=":0" group="F" />

== History ==

=== History of the ''vicus'' === [[File:Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim - Plan des différents quartiers.svg|left|thumb|Map of the various neighborhoods in the ''vicus'' of the [[European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim]].]] The Bliesbruck-Reinheim was occupied as early as the [[Protohistory|protohistoric]] period and gained significance in the 5th century BC with a princely Celtic character.<ref name=":0" group="F" />

The ''vicus'' reached its peak in the 3rd century, situated near a large ''villa'' with an axial plan.<ref name=":0" group="F" /> Two artisanal quarters have been identified: the western quarter had an artisanal focus. In the eastern quarter, archaeologists have discovered several food cooking installations and a 750 m<sup>2</sup> structure possibly used for the "meeting of a professional or religious association."<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|p=178}}</ref>

The urban settlement lost its urban character after the devastations of the [[crisis of the Third Century]], leading to the abandonment of most buildings. This decline continued until the middle of the 5th century.<ref name=":0" group="F" /> The site was later occupied during the Middle Ages, with a [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] necropolis and a [[fortified house]] established in the baths in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Roman ruins eventually disappeared in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|p=177}}</ref>

=== History of the thermal complex ===

==== Antiquity ==== Archaeologists have been able to determine the various phases of the building's history.<ref name=":0" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|p=68}}</ref> Despite the changes, the thermal complex has maintained its "original plan."<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=40–41}}</ref>

===== Phase 1: End of the 1st century ===== [[File:Thermes de Bliesbruck - Plan d'ensemble (fin du Ier siècle).svg|thumb|Overall plan at the end of the 1st century.]] The construction of the original complex dates back to the late 1st century<ref group="A">{{Harvsp|Petit|Schaub|Brunella|1995|p=43}}</ref> or early 2nd century,<ref name=":1" group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|p=179}}</ref><ref name=":0" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=91}}</ref> representing a significant milestone in the urban development of this secondary settlement.<ref name=":1" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|p=67}}</ref> It replaced an area that was previously occupied by earth and wood structures.<ref name=":0" group="E" /> Situated alongside a public square, the complex runs parallel to the main street.<ref group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||pages=68–69}}</ref>

Excavators have discovered lime pits dating back to the construction period, as well as areas where stones were cut for the construction.<ref name=":0" group="E" /> The pit found in the courtyard had wooden walls and a bottom.<ref name=":1" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=94}}</ref>

The complex, measuring 11 m by 22 m, consists of three rooms arranged on an east-west axis: ''[[frigidarium]]'', ''[[tepidarium]]'', and ''[[caldarium]]''.<ref name=":1" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=69}}</ref> The last two rooms are equipped with an underfloor heating system.<ref name=":0" group="E" /> Preceding these rooms to the east is a small reception area. The frigidarium, ending in an [[apse]], features a brick basin filled with cold water.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> The ''caldarium'', also with an apse, contains a basin filled with hot water.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> The rectangular ''tepidarium<ref name=":0" group="E" />'' follows a design typical in [[Campania]], particularly in [[Pompeii]], with the bathtub positioned on the north wall next to the hearth, and a sprinkling basin on the same wall.<ref name=":2" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|p=80}}</ref>

Each wing measures approximately 4.9 m by 30 m. Along the east and south sides, there is a row of seven shops located next to the [[palestra]], which is supported by a [[portico]] with wooden pillars.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> Cooking hearths have been found on the premises.<ref name=":1" group="B" />

A 6 m by 9.20 m basin is situated in the center of a courtyard to the north, with three recognized access points. The courtyard, measuring 20 m on each side,<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=93–94|p=}}</ref> is not suitable for sports activities<ref name=":3" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|p=81}}</ref> but serves as a "relaxation area" adjacent to the basin.<ref name=":4" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|p=85}}</ref> The basin is constructed of small stones covered with red plaster.<ref name=":1" group="C" /> [[File:Italy-0342 (5155569011).jpg|thumb|223x223px|View of the latrines in the [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]] forum (illustration).]] In the 2nd century, minor modifications were made, including the addition of [[latrine]]s to the south of the central complex, supplied during the emptying of the ''[[frigidarium]]'' and by another drainage channel.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> These latrines, accessible from the street, can accommodate approximately 12 people.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=82–83}}</ref> An 8.50 m long, 0.60 m wide, and 0.70 m deep canal is topped by a wooden bench for seating.<ref name=":5" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=82}}</ref> Additionally, there is a channel for rinsing sponges and a washbasin for users.<ref name=":2" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=97}}</ref>

===== Phase 2: Late 2nd century ===== [[File:Thermes de Bliesbruck - Plan d'ensemble (Seconde moitié du IIe siècle).svg|thumb|235x235px|Overall layout in the second half of the 2nd century.]] In the last third or last quarter of the 2nd century,<ref name=":6" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=71}}</ref> the complex underwent significant transformations and reached its peak.<ref name=":3" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=41}}</ref>

The small entrance building was replaced by a larger structure, the ''[[caldarium]]'' was reconstructed, and the palaestra pool was filled in.<ref group="D">{{Harvsp|Petit|2007|pages=|p=77}}</ref> The north wing was altered, connecting the building at the northernmost part to the complex, and the southeast wing was completely rebuilt.<ref name=":6" group="E" /> The north wing premises were adjusted, integrating the workshop-boutique building into the thermal complex, and the portico was also modified. The southern wing was demolished and rebuilt with columns and thicker masonry, indicating the possibility of an upper floor. The portico now has a width of approximately 3.50 meters.<ref name=":7" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=73}}</ref>

The pool was filled in by the end of the 2nd century,<ref name=":1" group="C" /> possibly due to the high operating costs of a facility that was underused due to local temperatures.<ref name=":3" group="E" /> The palaestra, now abandoned and repurposed, contains a heated room in its southeast corner, measuring 8.30 meters by 5.30 meters,<ref name=":7" group="E" /> accessible from the central complex.<ref name=":6" group="E" /> [[Exploration geophysics|Geophysical]] surveys conducted on the palaestra have uncovered either a [[nymphaeum]] or a temple.<ref name=":6" group="E" /> Nearby, a [[ronde-bosse]] sculpture of a child, viewed from behind while holding an object, was discovered.<ref name=":5" group="E" /> The area remains open to the public.<ref name=":3" group="E" />

===== Phase 3: Mid-3rd century ===== [[File:Thermes de Bliesbruck - Plan d'ensemble (milieu du IIIe siècle).svg|thumb|Overall layout in the mid-third century.]] In around 275 AD, the thermal complex underwent its final phase of expansion.<ref name=":2" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=68}}</ref><ref group="A">{{Harvsp|Petit|Schaub|Brunella|1995|p=46}}</ref> The building's dimensions were then either 92 meters by 35 meters<ref name=":2" group="B" /> or 90 meters by 40 meters.<ref name=":0" group="C" />

The addition of two large heated rooms on each side of the central door to the east of the reception room brought a significant change to the building's appearance.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> These rooms are believed to be changing rooms and were constructed in the early 3rd century.<ref name=":7" group="E" /> The expansion in surfaces and the addition of heated rooms suggest "a gradual transformation in the establishment's nature."<ref name=":1" group="F" />

The north wing underwent additional modifications, with the portico being replaced by a closed gallery.<ref name=":7" group="E" /> In the southern wing, the first two shops adjacent to the central complex were replaced by a larger room that extends into the portico. The room to the north of the central complex now features a [[hypocaust]] and a heating room that extends further into the courtyard.<ref name=":8" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=74}}</ref> The small building situated on the former palaestra was demolished, transforming the area into a service space with paved paths and a latrine exclusively designated for personnel.<ref name=":5" group="E" />

By the end of the century, the building was affected by the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] that plagued the Roman Empire.<ref name=":2" group="B" /> The destruction caused during this period dealt a fatal blow to the bathing function of the complex.<ref name=":0" group="C" />

===== Late Antiquity ===== [[File:Thermes de Bliesbruck - Plan d'ensemble (IVe siècle).svg|thumb|Overall plan in the 4th century.]] After the damages of the late 3rd century, a portion of the building was restored but no longer used for bathing;<ref name=":0" group="C" /> the rooms were gradually left unheated. Lightweight structures were erected along the road in the first half of the 4th century.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|pages=179–181}}</ref>

In the 4th century, a [[Bronze sculpture|bronze]] workshop was established in the southeastern part of the complex, and the shops located to the south were repurposed.<ref name=":1" group="B" /><ref name=":0" group="C" /> The ''[[frigidarium]]'' was also repurposed.<ref name=":2" group="C" />

==== Post-Antiquity ==== [[File:Parc archéologique Bliesbruck frigidarium et four d'époque moderne.jpg|left|thumb|View of the remains of the ''frigidarium'' with those of the 16th-century oven, built at the level of the basin in room.<ref name=":4" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=95}}</ref>]] During the Middle Ages, a section of the ''[[frigidarium]]'' floor was repurposed and transformed into the main room.<ref name=":3" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=76}}</ref> The walls from that era still measure 40 cm in thickness.<ref name=":4" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=74}}</ref> A 1.8-meter passage was created to connect to the adjacent room,<ref name=":4" group="B" /> while the access route to the ''[[tepidarium]]'' was sealed off.<ref name=":3" group="B" /> To the south, the previous heated room was also repurposed.<ref group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=77}}</ref> Materials, particularly lead, were salvaged, with individuals even dismantling walls to retrieve the pipes, leaving behind traces in the ''frigidarium''<nowiki/>'s mortar.<ref name=":2" group="E" /> [[File:Thermes de Bliesbruck - Plan d'ensemble (XVe-XVIe siècles).svg|thumb|Overall layout in the 15th and 16th centuries.]] In the 13th century, the village belonged to the [[Raville family|Luxembourgish family of Raville]] after Dietrich de Varsberg married Lore de Brücken.<ref name=":5" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=66}}</ref> The family then settled in the castle known as ''Altes Schloss''.<ref name=":5" group="B" /> The final phase of occupation of the ''[[frigidarium]]'' was reconstructed based on walls that were 1 meter in height.<ref name=":6" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||p=72}}</ref>

The thermal complex, particularly the ''frigidarium'', measuring 8 meters by 4.5 meters, underwent renovations during the 15th and 16th centuries when the Raville family still owned the village.<ref group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||pages=65–67 and 74}}</ref> The Gallo-Roman walls were restored,<ref group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||pages=|p=4}}</ref> and according to 16th-century sources,<ref name=":2" group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=181}}</ref> a small fortified house was constructed on the ruins of the baths.<ref name=":7" group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||pages=|p=67}}</ref>

== Sources, archaeological excavations, and site enhancement ==

=== Sources === A report dated 1500 mentions the baths.<ref name=":7" group="B" />

=== Archaeological excavations === The secondary Roman settlement was excavated starting in 1979. Further excavations were conducted between 1987 and 1990, revealing a substantial thermal complex at the site.<ref name=":0" group="B" />

The material uncovered during the excavations was meticulously documented.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=185}}</ref> The site revealed artifacts from the medieval period found in the ''frigidarium'', including pottery sherds,<ref group="B">{{Harvsp|Clemens|Petit|1995||pages=72 and 76|p=}}</ref> fragments of horseshoes, iron objects, and a few silver coins.<ref name=":0" group="C" />

Coins from the late 3rd century BC have been unearthed during the excavations.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> Additionally, a variety of decorative elements, including rings, beads, hairpins, and fibulae, were discovered, most of which belonged to women.<ref name=":4" group="E" /> The different types of fibulae found make it challenging to attribute them to a specific group of people. Remnants of kitchen utensils and bones associated with food processing were found in the shops.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=|pages=185–188}}</ref> Various items related to textile craftsmanship were also uncovered in the baths, although it is difficult to make precise conclusions about on-site activities.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=188|pages=}}</ref> Elements related to trade, such as [[stylus]]es, were also revealed during the excavations.<ref name=":3" group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=190|pages=}}</ref>

The excavations uncovered fragmentary sculptures, described as "fragments of divine effigies in stone."<ref name=":3" group="F" /> Among them was a stele portraying a [[Genius (mythology)|Genius]], which was unfortunately incomplete. The Genius was believed to be depicted holding a [[cornucopia]] in one hand and a [[patella]] in the other.<ref name=":9" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=87}}</ref> These fragments were discovered and [[Spolia|reused]] in masonry structures dating back to the 16th century.<ref name=":4" group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=191|pages=}}</ref> Additionally, fragments of Genii or ''[[Fortuna]]'' were found in the infill of the palaestra, along with fragments of terracotta statuettes.<ref name=":4" group="F" />

=== Evocation and heritage enhancement === [[File:Reinheim Ausgrabungen im Museumsgebäude.jpg|left|thumb|The museum pavilion housing the remains of the thermal baths.]] Significant educational work has been conducted, enabling the reconstruction of the building's state at various points in its history.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=72}}</ref>

The protection of the remains was planned from the beginning of the excavation, using temporary cover systems.<ref name=":5" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=100}}</ref> Since 1993, the remains of the Bliesbruck baths have been safeguarded by a museum pavilion.<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=14}}</ref> The museum space for the baths has been intentionally minimized to "maintain the emotional impact of the authentic excavated ruins." The remains have been stabilized, and the pavilion features an "umbrella architecture" with walkways that enable visitors to explore the site.<ref name=":5" group="C" />

== Description and operation of the complex == The monumental thermal complex is a testament to the significance of this primarily artisanal settlement. It is constructed on a north-south axis<ref name=":0" group="E" /> and spans 75 meters in length by 35 meters in width.<ref name=":1" group="F" /> The construction is part of a "global urban development plan for the settlement," with a 3.50-meter-wide paved street running along its southern part.<ref name=":6" group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=92}}</ref>

The state of the building from the mid-3rd century is well-documented. At that time, the complex was the largest, but it had lost some of its regularity due to the service rooms on the facade.<ref name=":8" group="E" />

=== Construction method and decoration === [[File:The caldarium of the bath-complex with heated floor, its walls were plastered and painted in red, European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim, Germany France (35119069780).jpg|thumb|View of the ''caldarium'' with its [[Suspensura|suspended floor]] and of the exterior wall with the tile plaster.]] The builders used the Roman foot and multiples of the [[Pace (unit)|pace]], indicating that a regular plan guided its construction.<ref name=":10" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=78}}</ref>

The building decoration is not well understood. Fragments of limestone plates have been found, but their original location is unknown. Similarly, little is known about the painted decorations that were once present.<ref name=":11" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=79}}</ref> Archaeologists have discovered interior decor elements on a white background with colored bands and plant motifs, as well as garlands from the initial phase of the building's history. In the final phase, only a few elements from the ''tepidarium'' with a decoration of red and black bands on a white background are known.<ref name=":11" group="E" />

During the refurbishment phase, a pink stucco plaster was applied to the exterior walls.<ref name=":11" group="E" /> Excavators uncovered fragments of glass.<ref name=":11" group="E" />

=== Espace thermal ''stricto sensu'' === [[File:The furnace of the caldarium, European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim, Germany France (35119303310).jpg|left|thumb|Another view of the ''caldarium''.]] The baths adhere to a specific ritual, "centered on the contrast of heat and cold,"<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=69}}</ref> reflected in the architectural design.<ref name=":1" group="E" /> The building layout is linear, reminiscent of a style found in Pompeii,<ref name=":3" group="C" /> with the monumental effect enhanced by two wings of shops that provide symmetry.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=84–85}}</ref> However, the classic circuit is disrupted by the arrangement of various spaces due to expansion works.<ref name=":4" group="E" />

In addition to the bathing area, thermal buildings could have spaces for physical exercise or leisure activities.<ref name=":1" group="E" />

The reception area was renovated to increase its capacity by adding a room. In the 3rd century, two heated changing rooms were installed, which reduced one entrance. They are furnished with simple painted plaster.<ref name=":10" group="E" /> [[File:Pièces chauffées des thermes de Bliesbruck avec sol suspendu.jpg|thumb|View of one of the heated rooms, with part of the floor restored.]] The "bathing" area, consisting of the ''[[frigidarium]]'', ''[[tepidarium]]'', and ''[[caldarium]]'', measures 22 meters by 11 meters.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> It is accompanied by another heated room measuring 8.5 meters by 7.5 meters.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> A ''[[praefurnium]]'', with a [[gabbro]] hearth, supplies heat to the tepidarium and caldarium through a heating duct.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> The three rooms originally had barrel vaults made of [[tufa]] or concrete, with vault heights ranging from 4.50 meters to 7 meters.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=78–79}}</ref> In the final phase of the building, a large room was added to the north, featuring a vaulted system.<ref name=":11" group="E" /> However, the building lacks a dry sweating room,<ref name=":4" group="E" /> a ''sudatorium'', where bathers can sweat.<ref name=":3" group="C" />

The ''frigidarium'' measures 10 meters by 4 meters with walls 90 cm thick made of bricks with lime plaster. The cold water basin is only 5 meters long.<ref name=":6" group="B" /> The floor is made of lime concrete,<ref name=":6" group="B" /> and the room has a [[barrel vault]].<ref name=":4" group="C" /> Initially, the bathtub is located in the apse and is equipped with terracotta paving<ref name=":4" group="C" /> before being enlarged to 15 square meters. The drainage system is located in the apse<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=79–80}}</ref> and connects to the latrines.<ref name=":4" group="C" /> There is a staircase to the north of the room, close to the basin drainage system,<ref name=":6" group="B" /> providing access to the ''tepidarium''.<ref name=":6" group="B" /> The room east of the ''frigidarium'' is the access area to the baths and leads to two heated rooms.<ref name=":4" group="B" />

The ''tepidarium'' measures 6.9 meters by 3.8 meters<ref name=":3" group="B" /> and is smaller than the other rooms. Its size accommodates chimney outlets and a rainwater drainage system.<ref name=":11" group="E" /> The room is furnished with wooden furniture<ref name=":2" group="E" /> and features a hypocaust heating system connected to the ''caldarium'' through a wall.<ref name=":3" group="B" /> The heating system may have experienced operational challenges.<ref name=":4" group="C" /> The lower part of the room is made of lime concrete.<ref name=":3" group="B" />

The ''caldarium'' has been expanded, and a bathtub has been installed in the southern [[exedra]].<ref name=":2" group="E" /> It is the hottest room, reaching a temperature of around 40 degrees Celsius. The room features a suspended floor with tubes running along the walls. Decorated with frescoes and marble, the exterior wall is coated with pink mortar plaster to ensure waterproofing.<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=96–97|p=}}</ref>

An 11.5-meter by 9.6-meter space located north of the "bathing" area provides access to another heating room.<ref name=":1" group="B" /> This room may have served as a space for physical exercises, oil anointing,<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=96}}</ref> or other care activities, as archaeologists have uncovered a variety of utensils used for these purposes.<ref name=":4" group="E" />

Latrines have been installed, along with boutiques along the [[palaestra]].<ref name=":1" group="B" />

=== Boutiques === [[File:A row of porticoed shops located on each side of the bath-complex, European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim, Germany France (35465697146).jpg|thumb|Ruins of stores with the pavilion housing the remains of the thermal baths in the background.]] In both the north and south wings of the baths, there are boutiques following a pattern seen in other archaeological sites around the [[Mediterranean Basin]].<ref name=":2" group="F" /> These boutiques are designed for artisanal or commercial purposes, serving as taverns and providing a barrier from street disturbances for users of the palaestra.<ref name=":12" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=83}}</ref> Additionally, a building extends from the north wing, also designated for artisanal and commercial activities.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=84}}</ref><ref name=":2" group="F" />

The boutiques are lined with a portico and initially have the same dimensions, measuring approximately 4.90 meters by 2.80 meters each.<ref name=":0" group="E" /> The total area of the boutiques is about 15 square meters, which is shared.<ref name=":12" group="E" /> The portico is constructed with wooden pillars supported by stone bases.<ref name=":6" group="C" />

The palaestra is located behind the north wing of the boutiques.<ref name=":0" group="E" /> Adjacent to it is a spacious building measuring approximately 15 meters by 11 meters,<ref name=":1" group="F" /> which also accommodated boutiques and workshops.<ref name=":0" group="E" />

The boutiques were renovated in the late 2nd century. The south wing now consists of six boutiques covering an area of approximately 26 meters by 5.80 meters.<ref name=":6" group="E" /> The floor is made of clay court or gravel, and the base of a staircase has been partially preserved. The boutiques have removable wooden panels for opening and closing, similar to those found in excavations of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], where molds of such installations have been preserved.<ref name=":12" group="E" /> There is also a service door,<ref name=":6" group="C" /> and the boutiques have an upper floor.<ref group="C">{{Harvsp|Dusseaux|2013|pages=|p=93}}</ref>

The interior equipment of the boutiques was likely made of wood. Excavations have revealed "combustion structures,"<ref name=":6" group="C" /> hearths, and ovens, probably used for meal preparation. The north wing yielded culinary utensils and tables.<ref name=":6" group="C" /> Spoons and a wine strainer were discovered, along with lead labels for imported products. Styluses were also among the findings.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=83–84|p=}}</ref>

=== Operation === [[File:Parc archéologique Bliesbruck 2012 -ruines avec canalisations d'eau en bois.jpg|thumb|View of the room ruins with restored wooden pipes.]] Thermal establishments necessitate "expertise in advanced construction techniques, heating, and water distribution." They are also expensive to operate,<ref name=":1" group="E" /> demanding "continuous maintenance and frequent repairs."<ref name=":10" group="E" /> The baths' main facility has been operational for 180 years.<ref name=":13" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=77}}</ref>

Water is abundant, as evidenced by the presence of a large basin and a nymphaeum. Archaeologists have discovered remnants of wooden pipes.<ref name=":8" group="E" /> The latrine canal is kept clean by the flow of rainwater and the drainage system of the frigidarium. [[File:Parc archéologique Bliesbruck chemin empierré et rivière.jpg|left|thumb|View of a stone path in the archaeological park, with the river in the background.]] The heating system in place enables the warming of both the warm and hot rooms, as well as heating the water for the hot room basin. A boiler is connected to the various rooms through a heating duct. The heating chamber, situated outside, contains the hearth. During reconstruction, the hearth was relocated to enhance its effectiveness. The boiler, typically constructed of bronze or lead, has two reservoirs above a masonry mass where cold water is stored to regulate temperatures.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=76–77|p=}}</ref><ref name=":2" group="C" /> The remaining rooms are heated by a built-in hearth within the wall.<ref name=":13" group="E" />

The rear of the thermal complex is used for pathways, a well, and gutters.<ref name=":8" group="E" />

In small towns, baths were not used simultaneously by men and women due to the lack of independent spaces, unlike larger thermal complexes. Afternoon time slots may have been reserved for men. The water is renewed in the morning, making it cleaner at that time of day, but access is more expensive.<ref name=":4" group="E" />

== Interpretation ==

=== Monumental element of the ''vicus'' === The Bliesbruck baths are significant and comparable to others in the northwest of the Roman Empire. Successive expansions of the construction increased the area dedicated to bathing activities and reception.<ref name=":9" group="E" />

In the 3rd century, the thermal complex was the most well-known<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=184|pages=}}</ref> and occupied an "urban front"<ref name=":3" group="C" /> of approximately 100 meters. The square also features three other public buildings and is integrated into an urban fabric of "row houses." One side of the square is taken up by a [[basilica]] with three naves measuring 31.20 meters by 15.60 meters. This building is designed for commercial or social activities rather than political or administrative purposes.<ref name=":3" group="C" /> The southern part of the square is occupied by boutiques.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=|pages=181–182}}</ref> In the center of the square, there used to be a monumental fountain with a hemicycle,<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=|pages=182–183}}</ref> although only a few remnants of it remain. There are examples of the connection between baths and a monumental fountain, and at Bliesbruck, the fountain and baths together form a "water axis" in a "functional and visually appealing architectural layout at the heart of the settlement."<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=|pages=183–184}}</ref> It is worth noting that the public center may have been larger in the 2nd century, a period that is less documented compared to the subsequent century.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=|pages=184–185}}</ref>

The baths of Bliesbruck are a key feature of "a complex with expanded social and economic functions," serving as the main building of the public center. While baths in other ''vici'' are also recognized, their significance within settlements is often overlooked, except at Bliesbruck where their "integration into the social and economic space is well understood."<ref name=":4" group="F" />

=== Example of benefaction in a ''vicus'' === The construction cost was probably "a few hundred thousand sesterces," and the annual operating cost was "several thousand sesterces." These costs were not offset by revenues, which were probably modest due to the low entrance fees charged to users. However, at Bliesbruck, there were likely additional revenues from boutiques and certain extra services offered in the thermal complex.<ref group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=87–88|p=}}</ref> [[File:Votive inscription thermae coriovallum.jpg|left|thumb|Fragmentary Latin inscription from Coriovallum, mentioning Marcus Sattoninus Iucundus, member of the College of Decurions.]] [[File:Heerlen2013, Thermenmuseum004.jpg|thumb|Model of the Heerlen thermal baths.]] The thermal complex at Bliesbruck is probably a "public property," given its location in the public center of the ''vicus''.<ref name=":14" group="E">{{Harvsp|Deru|Petit|2005|pages=|p=88}}</ref> The building's monumental nature suggests it may have been constructed through the [[euergetism]] of local notables, with its operation possibly supported by the system of [[Liturgy|liturgies]]. While no epigraphic evidence has been found on the site to confirm this, a discovery at an important thermal establishment in [[Heerlen]], where a [[Decurion (Roman cavalry officer)|decurion]] restored the complex after making a vow to [[Fortuna]], supports this hypothesis.<ref name=":14" group="E" /> Sculpted deity remains found in the baths may have served as decorative elements or symbols of patronage, with some possibly being dedicated. However, the limited elements at Bliesbruck make it challenging to draw definitive conclusions in this regard.<ref group="F">{{Harvsp|Petit|2015|page=|pages=190–191}}</ref>

Benefaction in Belgic Gaul, including among the [[Mediomatrici]], is carried out by both local elites and communities, such as ''vici'' or ''pagi'', organized under the authority of decurions. The baths of Bliesbruck were constructed either by a prominent individual or by the community, possibly with the involvement of "one or more local notables" who held official positions. The owner of the grand ''villa'' in Reinheim could have also played a significant role in such benefactions.<ref name=":14" group="E" />

=== Testimony to Romanization === Thermal facilities in the Roman Empire were not just for hygiene but also served as "centers of well-being and leisure," as well as sociability.<ref name=":1" group="E" /> They played a significant role in these aspects.<ref name=":0" group="C" />

The baths are part of the installations that demonstrate the rapid spread of the Roman lifestyle, not only in major cities but also in small settlements like the ''vicus'' of Bliesbruck.<ref name=":1" group="E" />

The history of the thermal complex of Bliesbruck, with its various phases of expansion, testifies to the growing importance, over time, of heated non-bathing rooms. The social aspect takes precedence over the bathing aspect,<ref name=":3" group="C" /> with the baths becoming a favored ''[[otium]]'' space. Therefore, social activities, discussions, games, rest, and meals all take place.<ref name=":9" group="E" />

== See also == * [[List of Roman public baths]] * [[European Archaeological Park of Bliesbruck-Reinheim]]

== References ==

* ''Bliesbruck-Reinheim, parc archéologique européen'' <references group="A" />

* ''Un habitat de la fin du Moyen ge dans les thermes gallo-romains de Bliesbruck (Moselle)'' <references group="B" />

* ''Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim, guide de visite'' <references group="C" />

* ''Les thermes publics de Bliesbruck'' <references group="D" />

* ''Au cœur de la ville, des thermes publics'' <references group="E" />

* ''Les thermes publics de Bliesbruck (Moselle, France) : un complexe aux fonctions sociales et économiques au cœur d'une agglomération secondaire de la cité des Médiomatriques'' <references group="F" />

== Bibliography == === General works === * {{Cite book |last=Collectif |title=Pérégrinations dans l'Empire romain : De Bliesbrück-Reinheim à Rome, avec Jean-Claude Golvin, peintre de l'antiquité |date=2010 |publisher=Actes sud / Conseil général de la Moselle |isbn=978-2-7427-9287-0 |location=Arles |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last1=Coulon |first1=Gérard |title=Voyage en Gaule romaine |last2=Golvin |first2=Jean-Claude |date=2002 |publisher=Actes sud / Errance |isbn=978-2-7427-3920-2 |location=Arles-Paris |language=fr}}

=== General works on Bliesbruck === * {{Cite book |last=Dusseaux |first=Diane |title=Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim, guide de visite |date=2013 |publisher=IAC Editions d’Art |isbn=978-2-916373-67-6 |location=Saint-Étienne |language=fr}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Antonelli |first1=Sonia |last2=Petit |first2=Jean-Paul |date=2017 |title=L'agglomération de Bliesbruck (Moselle) durant l'Antiquité tardive : entre ruptures et continuités |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01918561/document |journal=Gallia |volume=74 |language=fr |issue=74–1 |pages=149–164 |doi=10.4000/gallia.2428 |access-date=26 December 2020}} * {{Cite book |last1=Petit |first1=Jean-Paul |title=Bliesbruck-Reinheim : parc archéologique européen |last2=Schaub |first2=Jean |last3=Brunella |first3=Philippe |date=1995 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |isbn=978-2-7433-0033-3 |location=Paris |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last1=Petit |first1=Jean-Paul |title=Bliesbruck-Reinheim : Celtes et Gallo-Romains en Moselle et en Sarre |last2=Brunella |first2=Philippe |date=2005 |publisher=Errance |isbn=978-2-87772-298-8 |series=Hauts lieux de l'histoire |location=Paris |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last1=Petit |first1=Jean-Paul |title=De Pompéi à Bliesbruck-Reinheim : Vivre en Europe romaine |last2=Santoro-Bianchi |first2=Sara |date=2007 |publisher=Errance |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=315850300}}

=== Works on the thermal baths or the monumental center === * {{Cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=Lukas |last2=Petit |first2=Jean-Paul |date=1995 |title=Un habitat de la fin du Moyen ge dans les thermes gallo-romains de Bliesbruck (Moselle) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arcme_0153-9337_1995_num_25_1_868 |journal=Archéologie médiévale |volume=25 |language=fr |issue=25 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.3406/arcme.1995.868 |access-date=29 March 2021}} * {{Cite book |last1=Deru |first1=Xavier |title=Bliesbruck-Reinheim - Celtes et Gallo-Romains en Moselle et en Sarre |last2=Petit |first2=Jean-Paul |date=2005 |publisher=Errance |isbn=9782877722988 |pages=67–88 |language=fr |chapter=Au cœur de la ville, des thermes publics}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Follain |first1=Erik |last2=Brunella |first2=Philippe |date=2003 |title=Les thermes gallo-romains de Bliesbruck : de la recherche scientifique à l'évocation architecturale |url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/43018/CL_2003_1_6.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Les Cahiers Lorrains |language=fr |issue=1 |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624111811/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/43018/CL_2003_1_6.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Follain |first1=Érik |last2=Petit |first2=Jean-Paul |last3=Santoro |first3=Sara |date=2017 |title=Le centre monumental romain restitué |journal=Archéologia |language=fr |issue=552 |pages=46–53}} * {{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Jean-Paul |title=Le Complexe des thermes de Bliesbruck (Moselle) : un quartier public au cœur d'une agglomération secondaire de la Gaule Belgique |date=2000 |publisher=Exé productions |location=Paris |language=fr}} * {{Cite journal |last=Petit |first=Jean-Paul |date=2007 |title=Les thermes publics de Bliesbruck |journal=Les dossiers d'archéologie |language=fr |issue=323 |pages=76–95}} * {{Cite journal |last=Petit |first=Jean-Paul |date=2015 |title=Les thermes publics de Bliesbruck (Moselle, France) : un complexe aux fonctions sociales et économiques au cœur d'une agglomération secondaire de la cité des Médiomatriques |journal=Archaeologia Mosellana |series=Thermae in context, the roman bath in town and life |language=fr |volume=10 |pages=175–193}}

== External links == {{Commons category}} *Geography resource: [https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/19000.html Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire] * {{cite web |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=fr |title=Le Parc Archéologique transfrontalier de Bliesbruck-Reinheim |url=http://rpn.univ-lorraine.fr/UOH/LEPALOR/co/c_20_b_19.html |website=univ-lorraine.fr}} * {{cite web |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=fr |title=Vues en coupe de la reconstitution du complexe thermal de Bliesbruck |url=http://rpn.univ-lorraine.fr/UOH/LEPALOR/co/c_20_b_20.html |website=univ-lorraine.fr}} * {{cite web |access-date=14 April 2021 |language=fr |title=Bliesbruck-Reinheim : les Thermes (épisode 4) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owq1Mh2RtQU |website=youtube.com|date=7 May 2020 }}

[[Category:Ancient Roman baths in France]] [[Category:Architectural conservation]] [[Category:Moselle (department)]]