{{Short description|Species of amphibian}} {{Speciesbox | name = Bleeding toad | image = Leptophryne cruentata 2011 stamp of Indonesia.jpg | image2 = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Leptophryne cruentata'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T138045255A3020276 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T138045255A3020276.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> | taxon = Leptophryne cruentata | authority = (Tschudi, 1838) | synonyms = ''Bufo cruentatus'' <small>Tschudi, 1838</small><br /> ''Cacophryne cruentata'' <small>(Tschudi, 1838)</small><br /> ''Bufo montanus'' <small>Werner, 1897</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/> }}
The '''bleeding toad''', '''fire toad''' or '''Indonesian tree toad''' ('''''Leptophryne cruentata''''') is a species of true toad in the amphibian family Bufonidae, endemic to Java, Indonesia.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=Frost/> ''L. javanica'' was, formerly, synonymous with the bleeding toad prior to its description as a distinct species in 2018,<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> although the degree of differentiation between these species is low.<ref name=Frost/> The bleeding toad is listed as a critically endangered species due to a drastic population decline. The factors behind this decline are unclear, but appear consistent (despite ambiguous observations) with the global spread of chytrid fungus, a particularly lethal fungal spore for frogs and toads; once infected, the animals develop a condition known as ''chytridiomycosis'' before ultimately dying.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />
== Description == Bleeding toads are medium-sized toads that have dark red/purple bodies with blood-red to yellow marbling present on the back and legs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.amphibianark.org/bleeding-toad/|title=Bleeding Toad, Critically endangered from Habitat Loss and Chytrid|newspaper=Amphibian Ark|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> Males measure {{convert|20|-|30|mm|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|25|-|40|mm|abbr=on}} in snout���vent length.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> They resemble other toads in the family Bufonidae with several distinctions. They have reduced Bidder's organs, and partially fused pectoral epicoracoid cartilage. In addition, they have a slender habitus and elongate limbs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graybeal|first1=Anna|last2=Cannatella|first2=David C.|date=1995 |title=A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa |journal=Herpetologica |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=105–131 |jstor=3892580}}</ref> They received the common name "bleeding toad" due to the red back markings and the skin secretions they produce when stressed.<ref name=":0" />
== Distribution == Bleeding toads are endemic to western Java and are known from a small number of sites in the Mount Gede Pangrango National Park and from around Mount Halimun Salak National Park. They prefer the boundary zones between the moist lowland areas and mountainous forests, and are at present typically found between altitudes of {{convert|1200|–|2000|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. They breed and lay their eggs in slow moving, vernal streams in which the larvae develop.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />
== Threats == Bleeding toads are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN: once locally abundant, it has declined dramatically and the remaining population is estimated to be no more than 250 adults.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> It was initially believed that the eruption of Mount Galunggung in 1987 was responsible for a significant portion of this decline due to the loss and degradation of habitat,<ref name=":0" /> but at present the decline looks more consistent with chytridiomycosis,<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> as the observed patterns of decline resemble declines of other mountainous stream-breeding amphibians that have been affected by the fungus, but no positive identification of the disease on a bleeding toad has been made.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last2=Skerratt|first2=L. F.|last3=Garland|first3=S.|last4=Berger|first4=L.|last5=Endarwin|first5=W.|year=2008|title=Chytridiomycosis in frogs of Mount Gede Pangrango, Indonesia|journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms|volume=82|issue=3|pages=187–194|doi=10.3354/dao01981|pmid=19244970|last1=Kusrini|first1=M. D.|doi-access=free|url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/6196/1/6196_Kusrini_et_al_2008.pdf}}</ref> In addition, tourist activities are threatening at least one subpopulation.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />
The effects of global climate change may also contribute to the decline of the species.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> As temperatures rise, the range of suitable habitat for many mountainous species is moved to higher elevations. The result of this is a smaller total amount of suitable habitat, that can support smaller populations. Additionally, these populations are often isolated, which can leave them vulnerable to events such as the eruption of Mount Galungung.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Robert J.|last2=Gutiérrez|first2=David|last3=Gutiérrez|first3=Javier|last4=Martínez|first4=David|last5=Agudo|first5=Rosa|last6=Monserrat|first6=Víctor J.|date=2005-11-01|title=Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change|journal=Ecology Letters|language=en|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1138–1146|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00824.x|pmid=21352437|bibcode=2005EcolL...8.1138W |issn=1461-0248}}</ref>
== References == {{Commons category|Leptophryne cruentata}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Leptophryne&where-species=cruentata |title=''Leptophryne cruentata'' |year=2013 |work=AmphibiaWeb |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Leptophryne/Leptophryne-cruentata |title=''Leptophryne cruentata'' (Tschudi, 1838) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2020 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> }}
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Category:Leptophryne Category:Endemic fauna of Java Category:Endemic amphibians of Indonesia Category:Amphibians described in 1838 Category:Taxa named by Johann Jakob von Tschudi