{{Short description|Genus of flatworms}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Bipalium strubelli.JPG | image_caption = Model of ''Bipalium strubelli'' | taxon = Bipalium | authority = Stimpson, 1857<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stimpson |author-link=William Stimpson |year=1857 |title=Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=9 |page=25 |jstor=4059187 }}</ref> | type_species = ''Bipalium fuscatum'' | type_species_authority = Stimpson, 1857 | synonyms = *''Sphyrocephalus'' <small>Schmarda, 1859</small> *''Dunlopea'' <small>Wright, 1860</small> *''Bipaliura'' <small>Stimpson, 1861</small> *''Perocephalus'' <small>von Graff, 1896</small> (in part) *''Placocephalus'' <small>von Graff, 1896</small> (in part) *''Sphaerocephalus'' <small>Loman, 1888</small> }}
'''''Bipalium''''' is a genus of large predatory land planarians. They are often loosely called "'''hammerhead worms'''" or "'''broadhead planarians'''" because of the distinctive shape of their head region. Land planarians are unique in that they possess a "creeping sole", a highly ciliated region on the ventral epidermis that helps them to creep over the substrate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curtis |first1=S.K. |last2=Cowden |first2=R.R. |last3=Moore |first3=J.D. |last4=Robertson |first4=J.L. |year=1983 |title=Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the epidermis of land planarian ''Bipalium adventitium'' |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=171–194 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051750206 |pmid=30060639 |bibcode=1983JMorp.175..171C |s2cid=51875789 }}</ref> Native to Asia, several species are invasive to the United States,<ref>Ogren, R.E. 1985. The human factor in the spread of an exotic land planarian in Pennsylvania. Proc. of the Penn. Acad. of Sci. 59: 117-118.</ref> Canada, and Europe.<ref name="JustineWinsor2018">{{cite journal |last1=Justine |first1=Jean-Lou |last2=Winsor |first2=Leigh |last3=Gey |first3=Delphine |last4=Gros |first4=Pierre |last5=Thévenot |first5=Jessica |title=Giant worms ''chez moi!'' Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, ''Bipalium'' spp., ''Diversibipalium'' spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |year=2018 |article-number=e4672 |doi=10.7717/peerj.4672 |pmc=5969052 |pmid=29844951 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filella-Subira |first1=E |year=1983 |title="Nota sobre la presència de la planària terrestre ''Bipalium kewense'' Moseley, 1878 a Catalunya". |journal=Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. |volume=49 |page=151 }}</ref> Some studies have begun the investigation of the evolutionary ecology of these invasive planarians.<ref name="Ducey, P. K., L-J. West, G. Shaw, J. DeLisle">{{Cite journal |last1=Ducey |first1=P. K. |last2=West |first2=L. J. |last3=Shaw |first3=G. |last4=De Lisle |first4=J. |title=Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian ''Bipalium adventitium'' across North America |doi=10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.002 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=49 |issue=4 |page=367 |year=2005 |bibcode=2005Pedob..49..367D }}</ref>
== Etymology == The name ''Bipalium'' comes from Latin ''bi-'', "two" + ''pala'', "shovel" or "spade", because species in this genus resemble a pickaxe.<ref name="Stimpson1861">{{Cite journal |last1=Stimpson |first1=W. |year=1861 |title=On the genus ''Bipaliura'' |journal=American Journal of Science and Arts |series=Series 2 |volume=31 |pages=134–135}}</ref>
== Description == The genus ''Bipalium'' was initially defined by Stimpson to include land planarians with the head broadened, forming a head plate. Later, in 1899, Ludwig von Graff divided it into three genera according to the shape of the head:<ref name="Ogren87">{{cite journal | last1 = Ogren | first1 = R. E. | last2 = Kawakatsu | first2 = M. | title = Index to the species of the genus ''Bipalium'' (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) | journal = The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College |series=Series 2 | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–119 | year = 1987 | url = http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008426065/en}}{{open access}}</ref> #''Bipalium'': with a well-developed head plate, much broader than long, and with elongated lateral auricles #''Perocephalus'': rudimentary head plate, not much broader than the body #''Placocephalus'': flat head plate with a circular outline
Josef Müller, in 1902, considered that no sufficient anatomical basis existed for this distinction, and reunited them under ''Bipalium''. Later, von Graff accepted Müller's conclusions.<ref name="Ogren87" />
Towards the end of the 20th century, Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu started a series of publications called "The Land Planarian Index series" in which they reviewed and organized all taxonomic information regarding land planarians. At first, they retained all broad-headed planarians in the genus ''Bipalium'', but later split them into four genera based on the anatomy of the reproductive organs: ''Bipalium'', ''Novibipalium'', ''Humbertium'', and ''Diversibipalium''.<ref name="Kawakatsu2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakatsu | first1 = M. | last2 = Ogren | first2 = R. E. | last3 = Froehlich | first3 = E. M. | last4 = Sasaki | first4 = G. | title = Additions and corrections to the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terricola) - 10 | journal = The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College |series=Series II | volume = 40 | year = 2002 | pages = 162–177 | url = http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006425368/en}}{{open access}}</ref>
Under this scenario, the genus ''Bipalium'' is defined as containing broad-headed land planarians with simple copulatory organs, without accessory ducts or copulatory bursa, and with a fold of tissue separating the male and female exit ducts.<ref name="Kawakatsu2002" />
== Feeding habits == ''Bipalium'' species are predatory. Some species prey on earthworms, while others may also feed on mollusks.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ogren | first1 = R. E. | doi = 10.1007/BF00036370 | title = Predation behaviour of land planarians | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 305 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 105–111 | year = 1995 | bibcode = 1995HyBio.305..105O | s2cid = 31413150 }}</ref><ref name="Ducey07" /> These flatworms can track their prey.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fiore | first1 = C. | last2 = Tull | first2 = J. L. | last3 = Zehner | first3 = S. | last4 = Ducey | first4 = P. K. | title = Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian ''Bipalium adventitium'' (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes) | doi = 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001 | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–334 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15518983| s2cid = 23159802 }}</ref> When captured, earthworms begin to react to the attack, but the flatworm uses the muscles in its body, as well as sticky secretions, to attach itself to the earthworm to prevent escape. The planarians cover, or cap, the prostomium, peristomium, and anterior end to stop the violent reaction by the earthworm.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ducey | first1 = P. K. | last2 = Messere | first2 = M. | last3 = Lapoint | first3 = K. | last4 = Noce | first4 = S. | title = Lumbricid Prey and Potential Herpetofaunal Predators of the Invading Terrestrial Flatworm ''Bipalium adventitium'' (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) | journal = The American Midland Naturalist | volume = 141 | issue = 2 | page = 305 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0305:LPAPHP]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid = 84249249 }}</ref>
To feed on their prey, species of ''Bipalium'' often evert their pharynges from their mouths, located on the midventral portion of their bodies, and secrete enzymes that begin the digestion of the prey. The liquefied tissues are sucked into the branching gut of the flatworms by ciliary action.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dindal | first1 = D.L. | year = 1970 | title = Feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian ''Bipalium adventitium'' | journal = The American Midland Naturalist | volume = 83 | issue = 2| pages = 635–637 | doi=10.2307/2423970| jstor = 2423970 }}</ref>
== Reproduction == Reproduction in ''Bipalium'' may be asexual or sexual and all species are hermaphroditic.
''B. adventitium'' reproduces sexually and creates egg capsules, which hatch around 3 weeks post-deposition. The egg capsules have a tough exterior and generally contain multiple juveniles.<ref name="Ducey, P. K., L-J. West, G. Shaw, J. DeLisle" />
''B. kewense'' have rarely been observed using egg capsules as a primary method of reproduction. Asexual fragmentation is its main reproductive strategy in temperate regions and most individuals never develop sexual organs.<ref name="Winsor, L.">{{cite journal |last1=Winsor |first1=L. |title=A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian ''Bipalium kewense'' Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=79 |issue=1 |year=1983 |pages=61–100 |issn=0024-4082 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb01161.x}}</ref> Juveniles of this species, unlike ''B. adventitium'', do not appear the same coloration as parents in their early days.<ref name="Ducey, P. K., J. Cerqua, L-J West, and M. Warner">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ducey | first1 = P. K. | last2 = Cerqua | first2 = J. | last3 = West | first3 = L. J. | last4 = Warner | first4 = M. | editor1-last = Eberle | editor1-first = Mark E | title = Rare Egg Capsule Production in the Invasive Terrestrial Planarian ''Bipalium kewense'' | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | page = 252 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[252:RECPIT]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid = 85970661 }}</ref>
== Toxicity == In 2014, the presence of tetrodotoxin, a very dangerous neurotoxin, was recorded in ''B. adventitium'' and ''B. kewense''.<ref name="Stokes2014">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stokes | first1 = A. N. | last2 = Ducey | first2 = P. K. | last3 = Neuman-Lee | first3 = L. | last4 = Hanifin | first4 = C. T. | last5 = French | first5 = S. S. | last6 = Pfrender | first6 = M. E. | last7 = Brodie | first7 = E. D. | last8 = Brodie Jr. | first8 = E. D. | title = Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (''Bipalium adventitium'' and ''Bipalium kewense'') | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | article-number = e100718 | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0100718 | pmid=24963791 | pmc=4070999| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9j0718S | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is the first record of tetrodotoxin in terrestrial invertebrates.
== Invasive species == thumb|Drawings of the anterior region of 6 species of the genus ''Bipalium'', showing the differences in shape and color. With the exception of ''B. nobile'', they are invasive species in the United States. ''B. nobile'' is assumed to be an invasive species in Tokyo, Japan. Little is known about the ecology of terrestrial planarians, but research has been done on different genera and species, including several native and invasive species in Brazil,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Leal-Zanchet | first1 = A. M. | last2 = Baptista | first2 = V. | last3 = Campos | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Raffo | first4 = J. F. | title = Spatial and temporal patterns of land flatworm assemblages in Brazilian Araucaria forests | doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00215.x | journal = Invertebrate Biology | volume = 130 | pages = 25–33 | year = 2011 | issue = 1 | bibcode = 2011InvBi.130...25L }}</ref> ''Arthurdendyus triangulatus'',<ref>Jones, H. D. and B. Boag. 2001. The invasion of New Zealand flatworms. ''Glasgow Naturalist'' 23(supplement):77–83.</ref> ''Rhynchodemus'' <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ogren | first1 = R.E. | year = 1955 | title = Ecological observations on the occurrence of ''Rhynchodemus'', a terrestrial turbellarian | journal = Transactions of the American Microscopical Society | volume = 74 | issue = 1| pages = 54–60 | doi=10.2307/3223842| jstor = 3223842 }}</ref> and ''Bipalium''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ducey | first1 = P. K. | last2 = Noce | first2 = S. | year = 1998 | title = Successful invasion of New York State by the terrestrial flatworm, ''Bipalium adventitium'' | journal = Northeastern Naturalist | volume = 5 | issue = 3| pages = 199–206 | doi=10.2307/3858619| jstor = 3858619 | bibcode = 1998NENat...5..199D }}</ref>
As of 2007, four invasive species of ''Bipalium'' were known in the United States: ''B. adventitium'', ''B. kewense'', ''B. pennsylvanicum'', and ''B. vagum''.<ref name="Ducey07">{{cite journal |last1=Ducey |first1=Peter K. |last2=McCormick |first2=Matthew |last3=Davidson |first3=Elizabeth |title=Natural history observations on ''Bipalium cf. vagum'' Jones and Sterrer, 2005 (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to North America |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |date=2007 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=449–460 |doi=10.1656/1528-7092(2007)6[449:NHOOBC]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4541040 |s2cid=83714176 }}</ref> These planarians are thought to have come to the US on infected plants and soil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hammerhead Worm {{!}} National Invasive Species Information Center |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/invertebrates/hammerhead-worm |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov |language=en}}</ref>
''Bipalium kewense'' has been found commonly in American greenhouses since 1901.<ref>Esser, R. P. 1981. Land Planarians (Tricladida: Terricola). Contribution no. 227, Bureau of Nematology, Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Fl.</ref> This species is a voracious predator of earthworms, and has been identified as a nuisance in the southern USA in earthworm-rearing beds.<ref>Hyman, L. H. 1951. The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela the acoelomate Bilateria, McGraw-Hill Book Co., London, 550 p.</ref> Control of the species is difficult due to the lack of predators. As noted by the University of Florida IFAS department, <blockquote>Other animals rarely devour land planarians, since surface secretions appear distasteful, if not toxic. Protozoans, including flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans, and nematodes have been detected in land planarians. Because of their cannibalistic habit, land planarians may be their own worst enemy.<ref>Choate, P.M., and Dunn, R.A., 1988. Land Planarians, ''Bipalium kewense'' Moseley and ''Dolichoplana striata'' Moseley (Tricladida: Terricola), IFAS Document EENY-049. Online:Available http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN20600.pdf</ref></blockquote>
Specimens of ''Bipalium adventitium'' are characterized by a single dark dorsal stripe. They were first discovered in the US in California and New York<ref>Hyman, L.H. 1954. Some land planarians of the United States and Europe, with remarks on nomenclature. ''American Museum Novitates'' (1667): 1-21.</ref> but have been found in Illinois<ref>Zaborski, E. 2002. Observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm ''Bipalium adventitium'' (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida :Terricola) from Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 148: 401-408.</ref> as well as most northern states.<ref name="Ducey, P. K., L-J. West, G. Shaw, J. DeLisle" /> In 2019, they were discovered in Montreal, Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Justine, J-L |display-authors=etal |title=First record of the invasive land flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Canada |journal=Zootaxa |date=2019 |volume=4656 |issue=3 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4656.3.13 |pmid=31716820 |s2cid=202024206 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-02283165/file/Justine%20et%20al.%20-%202019%20-%20First%20record%20of%20the%20invasive%20land%20flatworm%20Bipaliu.pdf }}</ref> ''B. kewense'' have five dark dorsal stripes and a partial dark collar. They have undergone several name changes since their discovery in North America. ''B. kewense'' is commonly found across the southern regions of the US.<ref name="Ducey, P. K., J. Cerqua, L-J West, and M. Warner" /> ''B. kewense'' is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.<ref name="Winsor, L." />'' Bipalium pennsylvanicum'' is characterized by its dark brown head and three dorsal stripes. As of 2014, it has only been found in Pennsylvania<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogren |first1=Robert E. |title=Description of a new three-lined planarian of the genus ''Bipalium'' (Turbellaria: Tricladida) from Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society |date=1987 |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.2307/3226281 |jstor=3226281}}</ref> and in coastal South Carolina. ''Bipalium vagum'' is characterized by two dark dorsal blotches on the head, a thick black band around the neck, and three dark dorsal stripes. This species has been found in several Gulf Coast US states,<ref name="Ducey07" /> and in 2022, specimens were located extending further north into Arkansas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsdesk |first=Region 8 |title=Dangerous species of worm found in Arkansas |url=https://www.kait8.com/2022/06/23/dangerous-species-worm-found-arkansas/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=kait8.com |date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
== Image gallery == <gallery> File:Bipalium kewense sighted in Austin, Texas 01.JPG|Close up of head of ''Bipalium kewense'' File:Bipalium from GA.jpg|Specimen of ''Bipalium'' found in Georgia, United States File:Hammerhead worm 2.jpg|Hammerhead worm found in Kerala, India File:Hammer Headed Worm.jpg|Hammerhead worm found in Chennai and Coimbatore, India File:Bipalium kewense.ogv|Video of a ''Bipalium'' sp. from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico File:Hammerhead Worm.jpg|Hammerhead worm seen in Kolkata, India File:Bipalium, Kayamkulam, Alappyzha, Kerala, India.jpg|alt=Bipalium|Hammerhead worm found in Kerala, India File:Hammerhead worm.jpg|Hammerhead worm found in Bihar, India File:Hammer head worm found in raipur chhatisgarh.jpg|Hammerhead worm found in Chhattisgarh, India </gallery>
== Species == The genus ''Bipalium'' currently includes the following species: {{div col|colwidth=27em}}
*''Bipalium adensameri'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium admarginatum'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1933}}<ref name="Soo 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Soo | first1=Oi Yoon Michelle | last2=Gastineau | first2=Romain | last3=Verdon | first3=George | last4=Winsor | first4=Leigh | last5=Justine | first5=Jean-Lou | title=Rediscovery of ''Bipalium admarginatum'' de Beauchamp, 1933 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) in Malaysia, with molecular characterisation including the mitogenome | journal=Zootaxa | volume=5277 | issue=3 | date=2023-05-03 | issn=1175-5334 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.11 | pages=585–599| pmid=37518300 | doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="Justine2023TheConversation">{{cite web | last1=Justine | first1=Jean-Lou | last2=Winsor | first2=Leigh | last3=Soo | first3=Michelle | last4=Gastineau | first4=Romain | title=Last seen 90 years ago, strange worm species is found crawling in Malaysia | website=The Conversation | date=2023-07-11 | url=http://theconversation.com/last-seen-90-years-ago-strange-worm-species-is-found-crawling-in-malaysia-205065 | access-date=2023-07-13}}</ref> *''Bipalium adventitium'' {{small|Hyman, 1943}} *''Bipalium albo-coeruleus'' {{small|(Bleeker, 1844)}} *''Bipalium alternans'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1930}} *''Bipalium bengalensis'' {{small|Bhakat, 2020}} *''Bipalium bergendali'' {{small|(Graff, 1899)}} *''Bipalium bimaculatum'' {{small|Graff, 1882}} *''Bipalium chhatarpurensis'' {{small|Chaurasia, 1988}} *''Bipalium choristosperma'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1925}} *''Bipalium costaricensis'' {{small|Hyman, 1939}} *''Bipalium crassatrium'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1939}} *''Bipalium distinguendum'' {{small|Müller, 1907}} *''Bipalium dubium'' {{small|Loman, 1890}} *''Bipalium fuscatum'' {{small|Stimpson, 1857}} *''Bipalium fuscolineatum'' {{small|Kaburaki, 1922}} *''Bipalium gestroi'' {{small|Graff, 1894}} *''Bipalium glandiantrum'' {{small|Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005}} *''Bipalium glandulosa'' {{small|(de Beauchamp, 1925)}} *''Bipalium glaucum'' {{small|(Kaburaki, 1922)}} *''Bipalium gracilis'' {{small|(Loman, 1890)}} *''Bipalium graffi'' {{small|Müller, 1902}} *''Bipalium gwangneungensis'' {{small|Song & Carbayo, 2025}}<ref name="Song2025">{{cite journal | last1 = Song| first1 = Ji-Hun| last2 = Carbayo| first2 = Fernando| title = Two New Species of Bipaliinae Land Planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) from the Republic of Korea, Based on an Integrative Taxonomic Approach| journal = Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research| date = 2025| article-number = 9954525| doi = 10.1155/jzs/9954525| doi-access = free}}</ref> *''Bipalium haberlandti'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium hilgendorfi'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium janseni'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium javanum'' {{small|Loman, 1883}} *''Bipalium kaburakii'' {{small|Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005}} *''Bipalium katoi'' {{small|Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005}} *''Bipalium kewense'' {{small|Moseley, 1878}} *''Bipalium kisoense'' {{small|Kaburaki, 1922}} *''Bipalium kraepelini'' {{small|Ritter-Zahony R., 1905}} *''Bipalium manubriatum'' {{small|Sharp, 1891}} *''Bipalium marginatum'' {{small|Loman, 1888}} *''Bipalium mjobergi'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1925}} *''Bipalium mondimentum'' {{small|Kaburaki, 1922}} *''Bipalium monolineatum'' {{small|Kaburaki, 1922}} *''Bipalium moseleyi'' {{small|Loman, 1888}} *''Bipalium muninense'' {{small|Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005}} *''Bipalium myadenosium'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1939}} *''Bipalium nigrum'' {{small|(Ritter-Zahony, 1905)}} *''Bipalium nobile'' {{small|Kawakatsu & Makino, 1982}} *''Bipalium ochroleucum'' {{small|Kaburaki, 1922}} *''Bipalium pennsylvanicum'' {{small|Ogren, 1987}} *''Bipalium penrissenicum'' {{small|Kawakatsu, Ogren & Froehlich, 1998}} *''Bipalium persephone'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1939}} *''Bipalium poiense'' {{small|de Beauchamp, 1925}} *''Bipalium rhytidoantrum'' {{small|Solà & Sluys, 2023}}<ref name=Solà2023>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Solà, E.)), ((Sluys, R.)), ((Riutort, M.)), ((Kawakatsu, M.)) | journal=Zootaxa | title=Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera | volume=5335 | issue=1 | pages=1–77 | date=18 August 2023 | issn=1175-5334 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5335.1.1| pmid=38221113 | s2cid=260985829 }}</ref> *''Bipalium rigaudi'' {{small|Graff, 1894}} *''Bipalium robiginosum'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium rugiantrum'' {{small|Solà & Sluys, 2023}}<ref name=Solà2023 /> *''Bipalium semperi'' {{small|(Graff, 1899)}} *''Bipalium simrothi'' {{small|Loman, 1895}} *''Bipalium strubelli'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium sudzukii'' {{small|Kawakatsu, 1987}} *''Bipalium sylvestre'' {{small|Kapadia, 1947}} *''Bipalium tetsuyai'' {{small|Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005}} *''Bipalium unistriatus'' {{small|Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822}} *''Bipalium univittatum'' {{small|Grube, 1866}} thumb|''B. univittatum'' *''Bipalium vagum'' {{small|Jones & Sterrer, 2005}} *''Bipalium virile'' {{small|Müller, 1902}} *''Bipalium weismanni'' {{small|Ritter-Zahony, 1905}} *''Bipalium wiesneri'' {{small|Graff, 1899}} *''Bipalium somii'' {{small|Chaurasia, 1981}} {{div col end}}
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
== External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201737/http://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turb3.php?action=1&code=8804 ''Bipalium''] by University of Maine{{'s}} Turbellarian taxonomic database * [https://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/landscape/others/ent-1004/ Land planarians] by Texas A&M University{{'s}} Insects in the City * [http://animal.memozee.com/view.php?tid=3&did=23177 Photograph of ''B. nobile''] * [https://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=0000+0000+0906+0486 Photograph of ''B. simrothi'']
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Category:Geoplanidae Category:Rhabditophora genera Category:Taxa named by William Stimpson Category:Articles containing video clips