Rade language

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vietnam}} {{distinguish|Kru’ng language|Ede language}} {{Infobox language |name=Rade |altname=''Klei Êđê'' |states=Vietnam |ethnicity=Rade |speakers={{sigfig|177,000|2}} in Vietnam |date=2007 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Malayo-Sumbawan (?) |fam4=Chamic |fam5=Highlands |lc1=rad|ld1=Rade |lc2=ibh|ld2=Bih |glotto=rade1240 |glottoname=Rade |glotto2=biha1246 |glottoname2=Bih |ELP=1468 |ELPname=Bih |script = Latin }}

'''Rade''' (Rhade; Rade: {{Lang|rad|klei Êđê}}; {{Langx|vi|tiếng Ê-đê}} or {{Lang|vi|tiếng Ê Đê}}) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rade (klei Êđê) |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/rade.htm |website=Omniglot |language=en}}</ref>

==Classification== Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)<ref name="Doan1998" /> provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects. *Area 1 **''Area 1.1'': Krung, Kpă, Adham **''Area 1.2'': Drao. Êpan, Ktul **Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur) *Area 2 **Mdhur **Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)<ref name="Doan1998" /> assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect. *Kpă – Krung: 85.5% *Kpă – Adham: 82% *Kpă – Ktul: 82% *Kpă – Mdhur: 80% *Kpă – Blô: 82% *Kpă – Êpan: 85% *Kpă – Drao: 81% *Kpă – Bih: 73%

== Dialects == Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)<ref name="Doan1998">{{Cite book |last=Đoàn |first=Văn Phúc |title=Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê |date=1998 |publisher=Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Hanoi |language=vi |trans-title=Vocabulary of Rade Dialects}}</ref> lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

*'''Kpă''': spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột *'''Krung''': spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province *'''Adham''': spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo *'''Ktul''': spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk *'''Drao''' (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang) *'''Blô''': spoken in M'Đrăk (small population) *'''Êpan''': spoken in M'Đrăk (small population) *'''Mdhur''': spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province *'''Bih''': spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột

'''Bih''', which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nguyen |first=Tam |title=A Grammar of Bih |date=2013 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Oregon |hdl=1794/12996 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Nguyen |first=Tam |date=2015 |title=Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih |conference=Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University |language=en}}</ref>

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the '''Hmok''' or '''Hmok Pai''' is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phâm |first=Côn Sơn |title=Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ |publisher=Phương Đông Publishers |date=2005 |location=Hanoi |language=vi}}</ref>

==Phonology== The spelling is shown in italics.

===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |+Rade consonants{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Nguyen|2013|p=13}} |- !colspan=2| !Labial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- !colspan=2|Nasal |''m'' {{IPAslink|m}} |''n'' {{IPAslink|n}} |''ñ'' {{IPAslink|ɲ}} |''ng'' {{IPAslink|ŋ}} | |- !rowspan=4| Stop ! {{small|voiceless}} |''p'' {{IPAslink|p}} |''t'' {{IPAslink|t}} |''č'' {{IPAslink|c}} |''k'' {{IPAslink|k}} |{{IPAslink|ʔ}} |- ! {{small|aspirated}} |''ph'' {{IPAslink|pʰ}} |''th'' {{IPAslink|tʰ}} |''čh'' {{IPAslink|ʰ|cʰ}} |''kh'' {{IPAslink|kʰ}} | |- ! {{small|voiced}} |''b'' {{IPAslink|b}} |''d'' {{IPAslink|d}} |''j'' {{IPAslink|ɟ}} |''g'' {{IPAslink|ɡ}} | |- ! {{small|implosive}} |''ƀ'' {{IPAslink|ɓ}} |''đ'' {{IPAslink|ɗ}} |''dj'' {{IPAslink|ʄ}} | | |- !colspan=2| Fricative | |''s'' {{IPAslink|s}} | | |''h'' {{IPAslink|h}} |- !colspan=2|Approximant |''w'' {{IPAslink|w}} |''l'' {{IPAslink|l}} |''y'' {{IPAslink|j}} | | |- !colspan=2|Rhotic | |''r'' {{IPAslink|r}} | | | |}

*The voiced implosives {{IPA|/ɓ, d, ʄ/}} are also described as "preglottalized stops" ({{IPA|[ˀb, ˀd, ˀɟ]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=7–8}}{{efn|The author used the term "tiền thanh hầu hóa," which literally translates to "preglottalization." However, he also used "tiền tắc họng hóa," with the IPA glottalization symbol {{IPA|[ˀ]}} in reference to the allophonic realizations of the plain stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɟ/}}. The phonetic description of {{IPA|/ɓ, d, ʄ/}} includes a lowering of the glottis ("hạ thấp thanh hầu") prior to a stop closure, which is consistent with implosives. The author also listed a velar implosive transcribed with the letter g with a crossbar.}}{{Sfn|Tharp|Buon-ya|1980|p=vi}} *According to {{harvcoltxt|Đoàn|1993}}: **{{IPA|/ɟ/}} is as an affricate {{IPA|[d̠͡ʝ]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=7–8}}{{efn|The author acknowledged the phonetic realization as an affricate ("tắc-xát"), but still treated it as a single phonological stop ("tắc").}} **{{IPA|/t, tʰ/}} are dental ({{IPA|[t̪, t̪ʰ]}}).{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=8}} **{{IPA|/j/}} has slight friction ({{IPA|[j̝]}}).{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=8}} **There is an optional schwa between the bilabial plosives {{IPA|/p, b, ɓ/}} and {{IPA|/l, r, h/}}. Thus ''pra'' "scaffold" is pronounced {{IPA|[pᵊrä]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=9–10}} **{{IPA|/m/}} is weakened before most consonants, except before the liquids {{IPA|/l, r/}} where there may be a schwa. Compare ''mčah'' "broken" {{IPA|[ᵐcäh]}} and ''mla'' "tusk" {{IPA|[mᵊlä]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=10}} *When other consonants is followed by {{IPA|/l, r, h/}}, there may be a schwa or coarticulation. Compare ''trah'' "to fish" {{IPA|[tᵊräh]}}, ''tlao'' "to laugh" {{IPA|[tläu̯~t͜läu̯]}}, ''dlao'' "to scold" {{IPA|[dläu̯~d͜läu̯]}}, ''dhan'' "branch" {{IPA|[dhän~dʱän]}}, ''jhat'' "bad" {{IPA|[ˀɟhät̚~ˀɟʱät̚]}}, ''ghang'' "to roast" {{IPA|[ɡhäŋ~ɡʱäŋ]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=11}} * {{IPA|/w/}} can also be heard as a more bilabial {{IPA|[β̞]}}. * Glottalized final consonant sounds {{IPA|/wʔ, jʔ, jh/}} are heard only in final position.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993}}

===Vowels=== {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+Rade vowels !rowspan=2| !colspan=2|Front !colspan=2|Central !colspan=2|Back |- !{{small|short}}!!{{small|long}} !{{small|short}}!!{{small|long}} !{{small|short}}!!{{small|long}} |- !High |''ĭ'' {{IPAslink|i}}||''i'' {{IPAslink|iː}} |''ư̆'' {{IPAslink|ɨ}}||''ư'' {{IPAslink|ɨː}} |''ŭ'' {{IPAslink|u}}||''u'' {{IPAslink|uː}} |- !Mid |''ê̆'' {{IPAslink|e}}||''ê'' {{IPAslink|eː}} |''ơ̆'' {{IPAslink|ə}}||''ơ'' {{IPAslink|əː}} |''ô̆'' {{IPAslink|o}}||''ô'' {{IPAslink|oː}} |- !Low |''ĕ'' {{IPAslink|ɛ}}||''e'' {{IPAslink|ɛː}} |''ă'' {{IPAslink|a}}||''a'' {{IPAslink|aː}} |''ŏ'' {{IPAslink|ɔ}}||''o'' {{IPAslink|ɔː}} |}

*{{IPA|/aː, a/}} are central (respectively {{IPA|[ä, ɐ̆]}}).{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=17}}

== Vocabulary == {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}} *{{Lang|rad|Khoa sang}} – the most senior in age and authority *{{Lang|rad|Dega}} – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de){{Clarify|date=December 2022}} *{{Lang|rad|Ih}} – you *{{Lang|rad|Ung}} – husband *{{Lang|rad|Ñu}} – her/him *{{Lang|rad|Diñu}} – they *{{Lang|rad|Drei}} – we *{{Lang|rad|Khăp}} – love *{{Lang|rad|Bi êmut}} – hate *{{Lang|rad|idai}} – younger sibling *{{Lang|rad|amĭ}} – mom/mother *{{Lang|rad|yah}} – grandma/grandmother *{{Lang|rad|aê}} – grandma/grandfather *{{Lang|rad|Ama}} – father, dad daddy *{{Lang|rad|Jhat}} – ugly, bad *{{Lang|rad|Siam}} – pretty *{{Lang|rad|Siam mniê}} – beautiful girl *{{Lang|rad|Jăk}} – good *{{Lang|rad|Khăp}} – love *{{Lang|rad|Brei}} – give *{{Lang|rad|Djŏ}} – true *{{Lang|rad|Nao}} – go *{{Lang|rad|Kâo}} – I/me *{{Lang|rad|anăn}} – name *{{Lang|rad|Čar}} – country *{{Lang|rad|Čiăng}} – want/like *{{Lang|rad|Aê Diê}} – God *{{Lang|rad|Blŭ}} – speak *{{Lang|rad|Klei blŭ}} – language *{{Lang|rad|Bur}} – rice porridge *{{Lang|rad|Êmŏng}} – fat *{{Lang|rad|Êwang}} – skinny *{{Lang|rad|Jŭ}} – black *{{Lang|rad|Hriê/hrê}} – to be from *{{Lang|rad|Mơ̆ng}} – from *{{Lang|rad|Sa}}, {{Lang|rad|dua}}, {{Lang|rad|tlâo}}, {{Lang|rad|pă}}, {{Lang|rad|êma}} – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 *{{Lang|rad|Năm}}, {{Lang|rad|kjuh}}, {{Lang|rad|sa-băn}}, {{Lang|rad|dua-păn}}, {{Lang|rad|pluh}}: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 *{{Lang|rad|Čar Mi/čar amêrik}} – America *{{Lang|rad|Čar Kŭr}} – Cambodia *{{Lang|rad|Anak}} – person *{{Lang|rad|Hriăm}} – learn *{{Lang|rad|Roă/ruă}} – sound of displeasure/pain *{{Lang|rad|Ƀuôn Ama Y'Thuôt}} – Buôn Ma Thuột (city) *{{Lang|rad|Čih}} – type/write *{{Lang|rad|Klei Mi}} – English *{{Lang|rad|Klei Êđê}} – Rade/Ede *{{Lang|rad|loo}} – A lot *{{Lang|rad|klei Prăng-xê}} – French *{{Lang|rad|mluk}}-crazy

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Đoàn |first=Văn Phúc |title=Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê |location=Hanoi|year=1993 |language=vi |trans-title=Rade Phonetics|url=http://luanan.nlv.gov.vn/luanan?a=d&d=TTkFqWqsVACi1993.1.1&e=-------vi-20--1--img-txIN-------}} *{{Cite book |last=Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam |date=2012 |title=Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê |trans-title=Ede Grammar |location=Hà Nội |publisher=Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam |language=vi}} * {{Cite book |last=Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam |date=1993 |title=Từ điển Việt – Êđê |trans-title=Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary |location=Đăk Lăk |publisher=Nhà xuất bản giáo dục |language=vi}} * {{Cite book |last=Linh |first=Nga Niê Kdam |title=Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk |trans-title=Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak |date=2013 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại |isbn=978-604-930-599-3 |location=Hà Nội |language=vi}} * {{Cite book |last=Tharp |first=James A. |title=A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist |last2=Buon-ya |first2=Y.-Bham |date=1980 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=978-0-85883-217-6 |series=Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58 |location=Canberra |language=en |doi=10.15144/PL-C58 |hdl=1885/144435 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} {{refend}}

== External links == {{incubator|rad}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/rade.htm Alphabet and pronunciation] * ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0354 Documenting Bih] * {{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Ede|title=Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede|last=Waddington|first=Ray|website=www.peoplesoftheworld.org|access-date=2019-11-21}}

Category:Chamic languages Category:Languages of Vietnam