Bhagya Chandra

{{Short description|King of Manipur (r. 1759–62, 1763–98)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} {{tone|date=January 2014}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Bhagya Chandra Ching-Thang Khomba | image = Ching-Thang Khomba 2000 stamp of India.jpg | succession = King of Manipur | reign = 1759–1761, 1763–1798 | coronation = 7th Sajibu, 1759 | predecessor = Gaurisiam | successor = Rabinchandra | alt = Bhagyachandra | caption = | spouse = Akham Chanu Bhanumati | issue = Rabinchandra Madhuchandra Kuranganayani Chourjit Singh Marjit Singh Gambhir Singh | house = House of Karta | dynasty = Ningthouja dynasty | father = Syam Sai | mother = Wayenbam Chanu Chakha Loikhombi | birth_name = | birth_date = 13th Poinu 1748 | birth_place = Janmasthan Moirangkhom, Imphal | death_date = 1798 | death_place = Murshidabad, West Bengal | occupation = Rajarshi – Raja (monarch) as well as Rishi (saint) | religion = Hinduism }} {{Kingdom of Manipur}} '''Bhagya Chandra''' (also known as '''Ching-Thang Khomba''' and '''Jai Singh''') (1748–1798) was a king of Manipur in the 18th century CE. He was the grandson of Gharib Niwaz and ruled Manipur for almost forty years (1759–1798). During his rule, he faced several invasions from the Burmese empire, introduced cultural reforms, consolidate Moirang kingdom into Meitei kingdoms and went into exile, but eventually made peace with Burma.

Bhagya Chandra is known for spreading Vaishnavism in the Manipur state.<ref name="CP">{{cite web |title=Manipur |url=http://www.culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810120408/http://culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm |archivedate=10 August 2009 |accessdate=11 November 2016}}</ref> He invented the Manipuri Raas Leela dance. His daughter (Shija Laioibi) played the role of Radha at the first performance and became a popular figure in Manipur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheram |first=AK |year=2012 |chapter=Manipuri, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref> [[File:Jayapatra or Khunti of Rajarshi Bhagyachandra.JPG|thumb|300px|The Jayapatra or Khunti of Rajarshi Bhagyachandra, being displayed in front of his statue in the Kangla Fort in 2014]]

==Background== {{main|Ahom expedition to Manipur}} Bhagya Chandra was a grandson of King Gharib Niwaz, born to his eldest Syam Sai. Syam Sai was the legitimate heir to Gharib Niwaz, but the latter promised the throne to a son of his second wife, Chit Sai (Ajit Shah). Accordingly when Gharib Niwaz abdicated in 1748, Chit Sai became the king.{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=33–34}}{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=167}} According to the Royal Chronicle, Chit Sai expelled Gharib Niwaz in 1750 and the latter went to Burma, where his niece Sicha was a queen. Syam Sai was also in Burma at this time. In 1751, it was reported that both Gharib Niwaz and Syam Sai had "returned", and Chit Sai sent an expedition to have them killed, and it was done "on the banks of Brahmaputra", according to the royal chronicle.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|loc=pp. 168–169: "It is unclear why Garibniwaz was so far north. It may have been a further journey after returning from Aawa [Burma]."}}

Chit Sai's treachery was soon discovered and he was chased out of Manipur. He fled to Kachar. His brother Bharat Sai (Bharat Shah) took the throne. But he was also thrown out within a year.{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=33–34}}

In 1753, Syam Sai's eldest son '''Gourisiam''' (or '''Gour Shah''', also known as '''Marampa''') became the king.{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=33–34}}{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|p=170}} A Manipuri tradition states that Gourisiam and Bhagya Chandra made a pact to rule alternatingly in five year terms.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|loc=p. 170, Sakabda 1675 (1753 CE), note 1; p. 172, Sakabda 1681 (1759 CE), note 3}} Accordingly, Gourisiam abdicated in 1759 allowing Bhagya Chandra to ascend the throne.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|loc=p. 172}}

== Burmese invasions == While Manipur was going through such turmoil, Burma was rejuvenating itself. The Toungoo dynasty collapsed soon after Gharib Niwaz's death, and Alaungpaya rose to be king, founding a fresh Konbaung dynasty in 1752. The Burmese also started using firearms, possibly acquired from European traders.{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|pp=115–116}}{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=34–35}}

The Burmese record states that the Manipuris invaded again in 1754 and Alaungpaya set out to settle scores with Manipur. He personally led an invasion in 1758.{{sfnp|Cocks, A Short History of Burma|1919|pp=69–70}} Gaurisiam sent Bhagyachandra and his uncle Anand Sai to meet the invasion at Samjok and Tamu respectively. The Tamu force got repulsed to Kakching. Gaurisiam went to join it at Kakching, possibly with additional forces, but they were all defeated. Bhagyachandra fought at Leisangkhong, but he was also defeated. The Manipur Chronicle states that the country was devastated. The Burmese established themselves in the "Land of Meeteis".{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005|loc=p. 171}} According to a historian of Burma, Alaungpaya halted in Imphal for thirteen days, took what loot there was (many residents having fled to the hills), threw two heavy cannons into the river, and returned to Ava, while leaving permanent stockades at Tamu and Samjok.{{sfnp|Harvey, History of Burma|1925|pp=238–239}} The Kabaw Valley was "permanently annexed".{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=34–35}}

This was only the first of many Burmese invasions to come.{{sfnp|Singha, Marriage Diplomacy|2016|loc=p. 878: "The first devastation took place in 1755 [possibly erroneous] which was followed by attacks in 1758, 1764, 1769 and 1782."}}

Bhagyachandra ascended the throne in 1759, but his position became "precarious" due to the intrigues of his uncle Chit Sai (Ajit Shah), who was ensconced in Cachar and is said to have appealed to the British authorities for assistance in regaining the throne of Manipur.{{efn|The British fought the Battle of Plassey against Siraj-ud-Daulah in 1757, and installed Mir Qasim on the throne of Bengal. Qasim granted Chittagong to the British. These were still early days of British Empire in India, whose strength was based in South India at Madras.}} Upon hearing about this, Bhagyachandra sent his own mission, via an envoy called Haridas Gosain, to Harry Verelst, the Chief of Chittagong. Gosain argued the Manipuri case effectively, sought help against Burmese invasions, and persuaded the British that there were opportunities for trade with China via Manipur.{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=34–35}} As the British were preoccupied with the affairs in Delhi, it was not until 14th September 1762, that a formal treaty was signed by Haridas Gossain on behalf of Jai Singh and Harry Verelst.{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|p=117}}

Six companies of British sepoys were sent towards Manipur in 1763, with instructions to "fix post at Manipur and make themselves acquainted with the strength and disposition of the Burmese".{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=35–36}} The British troops made it as far as Khaspur, then capital of Kachari kingdom, but returned due to an impending war with Mir Qasim.{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|p=117}} It is also heard that heavy rains at that time hampered further progress and that the troops suffered losses due to sickness.{{sfnp|Phayre, History of Burma|1883|pp=228–229}} Gourishyam, who had become king again in 1761, wrote to Verelst sending 500 gold rupees for the expenses incurred and promising to pay in produce for the troops to be stationed in Manipur. But the British cut off the transaction after this point.{{sfnp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=36–37}} Gourishyam died in 1763, and Bhagyachandra became king again.

The Burmese king Hsinbyushin invaded in 1764, which is again said to be in response to a Manipuri invasion.{{sfnp|Cocks, A Short History of Burma|1919|loc=p. 75: "The Manipuris had planned an invasion of Burma and obtained a promise of help from the East India Company.... the Raja of that state undertook the invasion unaided in the following year. The king [Hsinbyushin] determined to punish the Manipuris himself, leaving the conduct of the Siamese campaign to his generals."}} The Burmese invasion was devastating, causing Bhagyachandra to flee to Tekhao, Assam.{{sfnp|Singha, Marriage Diplomacy|2016|loc=p. 878: "The invasion of Manipur by the Burmese in 1764 under their able King Hsinbyushin was so fierce that the then ruling king of Manipur Bhagyachandra (1759-1762 and 1763-1798) had to flee from his kingdom and it took around four years for the King to regain his lost throne."}} Hsinyubshin took away many captives, whom he used for populating his new capital at Ava.{{sfnp|Harvey, History of Burma|1925}} A sizeable Manipuri population was formed in Ava, serving in a variety of functions, most notably as cavalry.{{sfnp|Thant, The Making of Modern Burma|2001|loc=p. 573: "Thousands of Manipuris were forcibly deported to the Burmese capital and the combination of war, flight and deportation left Manipur virtually empty for years. Many of these captives were boatmen, smiths, weavers and artisans who became hereditary crown servants at Ava, and for generations they, their descendants and later Manipuri deportees formed an underclass in the valley, acting as domestic servants, menial labourers and agricultural workers for the Burmese royal family and nobility. They also formed the new Cassay Horse, an elite cavalry regiment, a few gaining fame as the best polo-players of their generation."}}

Bhagya Chandra, along with his queen and a few loyal attendants, fled to Ahom (modern-day Assam),{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009|loc=p. 3: "Chingthangkhompa fled to the land of Mayang [Kachar] and reached Tekhao [Assam]. Most of the inhabitants of the land went and stayed at Moirang."}} where they lived under the protection of its ruler, Rajeswar Singha.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===First expedition=== After a test of faith, Bhagya Chandra appealed to Rajeswar Singha for military assistance. Singha agreed and sent an army to overthrow Chitsai and reinstate Bhagya Chandra. The expedition was set back in Nagaland where they were attacked by Naga tribesmen and poisonous snakes. Rajeswar Singha called off the unsuccessful venture in 1767.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Second expedition=== In November 1768, Bhagya Chandra and Rajeswar Singha decided to make another attempt to invade Manipur. Bhagya Chandra led 10,000 Ahom troops across the Kachar to the Mirap river. Many battles ensued between the Ahoms and Meiteis on one side, and the Naga, Chitsai and the Burmese on the other. In 1773, Bhagya Chandra was reinstated as the king of Manipur.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1782048 |jstor=1782048 |title=A History of Assam by Edward Gait |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=271 |year=1927 |author=C. E. A. W. O.}}</ref>

==Reign== thumb|Monument of Bhagya Chandra During his reign, the Meiteis repelled the Burmese from Manipur. Though his exploits did not equal to Pamheiba's exploits, his reign was characterised by security and consoliadation. He was a great patron of the arts and religion, and his strong Manipuri Vaishnavism reflected on the Meiteis. He was an ardent devotee of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and during his reign a statue of Nityananda was created in 1795.<ref>{{cite book|surname=Singh |given=Kunj Bihari |year=2004 |orig-year=1963 |chapter=Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |title=Sociology of Religion in India |editor=Rowena Robinson |series=Themes in Indian Sociology, 3 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |pages=125–132 |url={{Google books|Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-7619-9781-4}} p. 128.</ref>

In 1796 he moved his capital to Kangla. A year later, on 5 February 1798, he abdicated the throne to his eldest son Rabinchandra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sana |first=Rajkumar Somorjit |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs ( From 1666 to 1850 CE) |year=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |location=Imphal |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=188}}</ref> He spent his later years on pilgrimage to various Vaishnavite holy sites, including Nabadwip. He died on 25th December, 1798 in Murshidabad, West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sana|first=Rajkumar Somorjit|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (From 1666 to 1850 CE)|year=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|location=Imphal|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9|page=189}}</ref>

== Seniority of [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/269192-haochong-manipur.html Haochong] and [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/270533-ngaprum-manipur.html Ngaprum] villages by a royal verdict<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Arambarn Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur/C1DB5D51F88A82F9A10F89DDDBEDE1E5 |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur |date=2009 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-638-3}}</ref> == In 1783, the villages of Haochong and Ngaprum villages contested over seniority and they were presented to the court. The descendants of Meitei King Naothingkhong went to establish village at Yireng mountain to do the formal works which were previously done by the Mayangs. After that, they established themselves in the villages at Haochong and later named as Haochongpan. The court officials examined the royal records and found that Ngaprum villages were established in the reign of Meetingu Khagemba. So, Haochong villages were senior to Ngaprum villages and a royal verdict of that were made known to both of the parties.<ref name=":0" />

== Relationship with hill tribals <ref name=":0" /> == In 1781, the Wokphrun Haos paid respect to Maharaja and they were invited to a polo match.<ref name=":0" />

In 1783, Maharaja subjugated Nga (headman from Satang village) with 250 its villagers. Maharaja gave them spades, daos and clothes and settled them at the top of Nongsakam Mountain (probably Nongsamei mountain near Bishnupur District).<ref name=":0" />

In 1784, the Wokphrun Haos came to Court and the king gave them clothes, spades and daos, salt and fruits. <ref name=":0" />

In 1786, the Chirus of Moirang were gathered and established a village at Maku. <ref name=":0" />

In 1790, 304 Luhuppa Haos were made to establish a village at Purumpan (probably Porompat). 35 Kharam Haos were made to settle at Waikok. The Moirang Luhuppa Haos presented the king one head of Kharam Hao.<ref name=":0" />

In 1792, Kabuis from the mountain range were hired to build river bank of Chandranadi (a river in Canchipur).<ref name=":0" />

In 1794, the Lakpa of Wangkei left to inspect Snayan Lokchao for housing for Chothe. The Tarao and the people from Pallel caught one rhinocero and presented it to the king. A royal Hanchapa supervised the migration of people from Chothe main village of Lammangdong (present Bishnupur) and lead them to a new settlement.<ref name=":0" />

== Conflicts with Haos (hills tribals and valley tribals) ==

=== Wokphrun Haos === In 1783, the Jubraj marched at night to Waichei to repel Wokphrun Haos and blocked the Iril River at Sekta. Many people went to dam up the Iril River at its source. In 1784, the Jubraj went to Soisa Kameng and negotiated with the Wokphrun Haos and the matter was settled.<ref name=":0" />

=== Khongjai Expedition === In 1786, the Maharaja gather its people for swearing of Khongjai expedition. A royal encampment was made at Kuchu valley. Two Khongjais presented a bell metal gong and other gifts to the king at that royal encampment. Luhuppa Haos were present during the expedition and show their strength of spears and was able to penetrate the shields of Khongjais. On reaching Tuyai area, the king's army plundered paddy of the Khongjais and also burnt the paddy. A message was received to the king that there was infighting among Khongjais themselves. After that, Maharaja performed spear dance and sang Ougri to indicate subjugation. Stone pillars were also erected at Tuivai. Maharaja returned to the army encampment and stayed at Kentak. Many subjugated people presented gifts to the king. After that, the king returned to his capital through Maputhou army camp, Leimatak and reached Lammangdong (present Bishnupur). <ref name=":0" />

=== Saiton === In 1789, the king went to Bishnupur to attack Saiton and encamped at Cheklapai, the king scatter the Saiton village. In 1791, villagers of Tumman and Saipum presented to the king 60 heads of Saiton people as war trophies.<ref name=":0" />

=== Chothe === In 1795, Chothe Haos killed 4 people from the Sikhong. Later they raided Andro killing 12 people. The Lakpa of Wangkei repelled the Chothe Haos. In 1796, Chothe Haos raided at Kameng and they were repelled.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kharam === In 1790, the Lakpa of Wangkei attacked the Kharam Haos. Kharam Haos killed 32 Pena musicians.<ref name=":0" />

== Religion and culture contributions ==

=== Religion === An image of Sanamahi was made for the first time in 1778. In 1779, the image of Sanamahi was inaugurated. <ref name=":0" />

In 1788, Maharaja, Queen and most of the royal ladies feasted on fruit offered to Sanamahi. Maharaja dedicated an elephant to Sanamahi.<ref name=":0" />

In 1775, he made to carve the Govinda murti from jack fruit tree at Kaina hills. In 1779, many performances of his now-popular Rasa Lila dance were performed.<ref name=":0" />

=== Life in Assam === Chitsai wrote a letter to Rajeswar Singha saying that the person taking refuge at his court was not the true Bhagya Chandra, and advised Singha to banish Bhagya Chandra. Singha was somewhat persuaded by this letter and began treating Bhagya Chandra with suspicion.<ref name="io">{{cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/main.php?id=295|title=Manipur – A Land of Krishna Conscious Culture|last=Swami|first=Jayadwait|accessdate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004214838/http://btg.krishna.com/main.php?id=295|archivedate=4 October 2007}}</ref>

In Meitei legends, the real Bhagya Chandra was said to have had supernatural powers. To see whether the usurper was correct, Singha designed a test at the behest of his court. In a public arena, Bhagya Chandra, while unarmed, was to catch and tame a wild elephant.

Confronted with insurmountable odds, King Bhagyachandra is said to have prayed to Govinda (Krishna) for guidance. Govinda appeared to him in a dream and instructed him to enter the arena donning a garland while holding japa beads. At the end of the instructions, Govinda assured him of victory.<ref name="io" />

The dream also stated that Bhagya Chandra would be the sole king of Manipur. Upon regaining the kingdom, he should install a Krishna murti. The deity, Govinda, should be carved from a certain old jackfruit tree growing on the slopes of Kaina hill.

After installing the deity, Govinda said the king should arrange for the performance of a Rasa-Lila, in which Krishna would be worshipped with song and dance. Bhagya Chandra also received in this vision a complete plan on how to execute the Ras Lila.<ref name="io" />

Bhagya Chandra entered the arena, donning the garland and japa as instructed in his vision. In the ensuing fight, the spectators noted that the elephant seemed to recoil as if struck by a ghost. King Bhagya Chandra said that he saw "Lord Krishna as the mahout".<ref name="io" />

===Cultural works=== The tradition of Rasa Lila in Manipur is attributed to Ching-Thang. The first ''Manipur Maha Rasleela'' was performed in 1777.<ref name="IIT" /><ref name="m20">{{cite web|url=http://manipuri.20m.com/#ras|title=Manipuri Dance: Both Ritualistic and Recreational|accessdate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317042756/http://manipuri.20m.com/#ras|archivedate=17 March 2014}}</ref>

It was his daughter Shija Lailoibi who first took the role of Radha in the Manipuri Raas Leela dance.

Under the influence of Bengali missionaries, he also started the tradition of Sankirtan in Manipur. <ref name="nar">{{cite web|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/snipdec3.html|title=Information – Snippets – narthaki.com|accessdate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011065057/http://www.narthaki.com/info/snipdec3.html|archivedate=11 October 2008}}</ref>

===Literary works=== *''Laithok Laikha Jogi''<ref name="nar" />

==Family and succession == Ching-Thang Khomba was son of Syam Sai (Khurai-Lakpa), who had two brothers Mantri Ananda Shai and Chitsai. Ching-Thang Khomba had many siblings, the most famous of whom was Gaurisiam, King of Manipur until his death in 1763.<ref name="IIT" />

Bhagya Chandra had eight sons: Sanahal, Rabinchandra (Labanya Chandra), Madhuchandra, Tulsijit, Chaurajit, Marjit, Daoji (Khongjai Ngamba) and Gambhir Singh. Sanahal died early. Bhagya Chandra placed Rabinchandra on the throne before he retired to Nabadwip. From this time up to the First Anglo-Burmese War, Manipur faced fratricidal wars among Bhagya Chandra's sons.{{sfnp|Roy, History of Manipur|1972|p=56}}

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="IIT">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html|title=History of Manipur – The Medieval Period|publisher=IIT Guwahati|accessdate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html|archivedate=5 June 2011}}</ref> }}

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{{s-start}} {{succession box | before= Gaurisiam| title=King of Manipur | years=1769–1798 | after=Rabinchandra }} {{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Bhagya}} Category:1748 births Category:1799 deaths Category:Devotees of Krishna Category:Gaudiya religious leaders Category:Hindu monarchs Category:Ningthouja kings Category:18th-century Indian monarchs