{{Short description|Second Temple Jewish village}} {{Distinguish|Tell Maon}} {{Distinguish|Horvat Maon (disambiguation){{!}}Horvat Maon}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Bethmaus | native_name = בית מעון | native_language = he | alternate_name = | image = | alt = | caption = | map_type = Israel northeast#Israel | map_alt = | map_caption = Location within Israel's Northern District##Location within Israel | map_dot_label = Bethmaus | map_label_position = left | location = {{flag|Israel}} | region = Lower Galilee | coordinates = {{coord|32|47|40|N|35|32|00|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | type = | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | built = Second Temple period | abandoned = Ottoman period | epochs = {{unbulletedlist | Persian | Hellenistic | Roman/Byzantine}} | cultures = Jewish | dependency_of = | occupants = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = Ruined | ownership = | public_access = | notes = }}
'''Bethmaus''', ({{langx|el|Βηθμαούς}}) or '''Beth Maʿon''' ({{Langx|he|בית מעון}}), also called '''Maon''', was a Jewish village during the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic periods, tentatively identified with the site of Nasir ad-Din by Guérin (1875) and with Tell Maʿūn slightly west of it by Kitchener (1881).<ref name= Guérin>{{cite book |last= Guérin |first= Victor |author-link= Victor Guérin |title= Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine |year= 1880 |lang= fr |volume= Galilée I |location= Paris}} pp. 264–265.</ref><ref>Conder & Kitchener (1881), p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/371/mode/2up 371]. ''Tell Maʿūn'' is shown on the 1880 Survey of Western Palestine map, sheet no. 6.</ref><ref>Cf. Conder, C.R. (1879), p. [https://archive.org/details/tentworkinpalest02conduoft/page/181/mode/1up 181].</ref> Ishtori Haparchi had situated it in 1322 upon the hill directly north-west{{clarify |On maps further down it's SW of Tiberias! Was Ishtori aware in 1322 of the more southerly Roman city? I really don't think so, and even vs that one it's W or WNW at best. |date= April 2026}} of the city of Tiberias,{{clarify |See prev. tag: Tiberias of his tome, or the Roman city? How did he know about the latter? |date= April 2026}} at a distance of one biblical mile,<ref>Ishtori Haparchi (2007), p. 56, who makes mention of the village ''Maʿon'', which he describes as being "within a Sabbath day's journey to the west of Tiberias." The editor of the volume has identified the site as ''Beth Maʿon'', mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud, ''Sotah'' 1:8, and ''Baba Metziah'' 7:1. Ishtori Haparhi had mistaken this ''Maʿon'' in Galilee for being the one where David and his men took refuge from King Saul, in {{bibleref |1 |Samuel |23:24}}.</ref> rising to an elevation of {{convert|250|m|ft|}} above sea-level. It is now incorporated within the modern city bounds of Upper Tiberias. The remaining historical structure at the site is a sheikh's tomb.<ref name= AY>{{cite book |last=Yitzhaki |first=A. |author-link=:he:אריה יצחקי |title= מדריך ישראל : אנציקלופדיה שימושית לידיעת הארץ |trans-title=Israel Guide - Lower Galilee and Kinneret Region (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) |lang=he |volume=3 |publisher=Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence |location= Jerusalem |year=1978 |page=216 |oclc= 745203905}}, s.v. Ancient sites in the vicinity of Tiberias: The ruin of Beit Ma'on</ref>
thumb|"Tell Mā'un (Sahn et Tell)" on a hill and "Kh. Nāsir ed Dīn" east of it, 1940s map Some modern researchers place the ancient Bethmaus (Ma'on) at the site of the ruined Arab village of Khirbet Nadhr ad-Din or Kh. Naṣr ad-Din, saying that with the passing of time, the old namesake was transferred to Tell Maʿūn, a short distance away.<ref>M. Aviam & P. Richardson, "Josephus' Galilee in Archeological Perspective", 177-201.</ref>
The Midrash (''Genesis Rabba'' § 85:7) says of the village, "Beth Maʿon, they ascend to it from Tiberias, but they go down to it from Kefar Shobtai."<ref>Klein, S. (1939), p. 16</ref><ref>Neubauer, A. (1868), p. 218</ref> The Jerusalem Talmud, citing a variant account, says that they would go down to Beth Maʿon from its broad place.<ref>Original: ''paloṭetha'', perhaps derivate of πλατεια ("a broad place"). Above Bethmaus there was an extensive plateau. See Jerusalem Talmud, ''Sotah'' 1:8 (7a)</ref>
==Historical sources== Josephus, the Jewish general turned historian, mentions that when he was put in charge of the public affairs of Galilee by the people of Jerusalem during the war with Rome, he moved with two of his fellow-legates who were priests of Aaron's lineage from Sepphoris to the village ''Bethmaus'' (henceforth: Beth Maʿon), a village situated four furlongs (stadia) distant from Tiberias.<ref>Josephus, ''Vita'' § 12, which happens to be the equivalent of a biblical mile.</ref> It was at Beth Maʿon that Josephus met Justus of Tiberias. There, they convened a meeting with the principal persons of Tiberias, to discuss a plan to demolish a house built by Herod the Tetrarch in Tiberias, and which had the figures of living creatures in it (contrary to Jewish law), but to restore the royal furniture of that house, consisting of candlesticks made of Corinthian brass, and of royal tables, and of a great quantity of uncoined silver, to the king. However, when Josephus took leave of Beth Maʿon and went into Upper Galilee, before Josephus and the senate of Tiberias could carry out their schemes, certain mariners and poor people of Galilee had plundered the house built by Herod of its effects, and taken away the spoils.
In the early 2nd-century CE, following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Beth Maʿon became the residence of one of the priestly clans known as ''Ḥuppah''. Around this time, representatives of the twenty-four priestly wards moved and settled in the Galilee.<ref>Klein, S. (1939), p. 164 (s.v. '''בית מעון'''); Klein, S. (1945), p. 65</ref><ref>Rosenfeld, B. (1998), p. 82 [26]</ref> In the 20th century, three stone inscriptions were discovered bearing the names of the priestly wards, their order and the name of the locality to which they had moved after the destruction of the Second Temple: In 1920, a stone inscription was found in Ashkelon showing a partial list of the priestly wards; in 1962 three small fragments of one Hebrew stone inscription bearing the partial names of places associated with the priestly courses (the rest of which had been reconstructed) were found in Caesarea Maritima, dated to the third-fourth centuries;<ref>Avi-Yonah, M. (1962), pp. 137–139</ref><ref>Avi-Yonah, M. (1964), pp. 24–28</ref> in 1970 a stone inscription was found on a partially buried column in a mosque, in the Yemeni village of Bayt al-Ḥaḍir, showing ten names of the priestly wards and their respective towns and villages. The Yemeni inscription is the longest roster of names of this sort ever discovered unto this day, and mentions the priestly course in Beth Maʿon. The seventh-century poet, Eleazar ben Killir, echoing the same tradition, also wrote a liturgical poem detailing the 24-priestly wards and their places of residence{{clarify |Does he mention Bet Maon? Under what name? |date= April 2026}}.<ref>Poem entitled, ''Lamentation for the 9th of Ab'', composed in twenty-four stanzas, and the last line of each stanza contains the name of the village where each priestly family lived.</ref>
In the 3rd-century CE, Rabbi Yohanan officiated in the synagogue of Maon and was called to render a decision in the case of a ritual slaughterer (''shochet'') who had improperly slaughtered a chicken and whether or not he was to be held liable on that account.<ref>Babylonian Talmud (''Baba Kama'' 99b)</ref> Many other incidents are attributed unto Rabbi Yohanan in Maon,<ref>Cf. Babylonian Talmud (''Shabbat'' 139a; ''Yebamot'' 64b), Jerusalem Talmud (''Eruvin'' 5:1)</ref> one of which involved the kid of a goat that was roasted whole over a spit without first removing the suet (forbidden fat).<ref>Babylonian Talmud (''Ḥullin'' 97a)</ref>
In extant Turkish documents dating to May 1566, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ordered that water be drawn from Beth Maʿon{{clarify |What name did the document use? It's essential! |date= April 2026}} and brought to Tiberias,<ref>Heyd, U. (1966), p. 199.</ref> the purpose of which is not now known, although thought to have been for agricultural crops. By April 1566, when the work had not yet been completed and the workers (under Don Joseph Nasi) demanded more money from the sultan to complete the project, he refused their demand. Below Beth Maʿon, between the ruins of the ancient village and Tiberias, are found three natural springs: ''ʿAin el-Kelbeh'', ''ʿAin et-Tineh'' and ''al-Biyyar''.{{cn|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Survey of Western Palestine 1880.06.jpg|thumb|Palestine Exploration Fund map of 1880, showing ''"Tell Mʿaûn"'' WSW of Tiberias]] [[File:1794 Anville Map of Israel, Palestine or the Holy Land in Ancient Times - Geographicus - IsraelPalestine-anville-1794.jpg|thumb|1794 d'Anville map of "Palæstina" (Holy Land), showing "Bethmaus" SW of Tiberias or "Tabarie"]]
==Archaeology== Based on the potsherds found ''in situ'',{{where |Tell or khirba? |date= April 2026}} the place was inhabited as early as the Bronze Age and Iron Age.<ref name= AY/>
==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{ref begin}} *{{cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=M. |author-link=Michael Avi-Yonah|title= A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea|journal= Israel Exploration Journal|volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=137–139 |jstor=27924896 |date=1962}} *{{cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=M. |author-link=Michael Avi-Yonah|title= The Caesarea Inscription of the Twenty-Four Priestly Courses |journal= Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies |volume= L.A. Mayer Memorial Volume (1895-1959) |pages=24–28 |jstor= 23614642 |date=1964|language=he}} *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|year=1879|url=https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up|title=Tent Work in Palestine - A Record of Discovery and Adventure|location=London|publisher=Richard Bentley & Son|volume=2}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/n8/mode/1up|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|year=1881|volume=1|location=London|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener}} *{{cite journal |last=Heyd |first=U. |author-link=:he:אוריאל הד |title=Turkish Documents on the Rebuilding of Tiberias in the sixteenth century |journal=Sefunot: Studies and Sources on the History of the Jewish Communities in the East |volume=10|pages=193–210 |date=1966|jstor=23416042 }} *{{cite book |last=Ishtori Haparchi |author-link=Ishtori Haparchi |title=Sefer Kaftor Ve'ferah |editor=Avraham Yosef Havatzelet |volume=2 (chapter 11)|date=2007 |location=Jerusalem |language=he }} *{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=S.|author-link=Samuel Klein (scholar)|title=Barajta der vierundzwanzig Priester Abteilungen (Baraitta of the Twenty-Four Priestly Divisions)|journal=Beiträge zur Geographie und Geschichte Galiläas|date=1909|language=de }} *{{cite book|title=Sefer Ha-Yishuv (The Book of the Yishuv: A treasure of information and records, inscriptions and memoirs, preserved in Israel and in the people in the Hebrew language and in other languages on the settlement of the Land of Israel)|first=S.|last=Klein|author-link=Samuel Klein (scholar)|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Bialik Institute|year=1939|language=he }} *{{cite book|title=Land of the Galilee: From the Time of Babylonian Immigration until the Redaction of the Talmud|first=S.|last=Klein|author-link=Samuel Klein (scholar)|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Mossad Harav Kook|editor=Yehuda Elitzur |year=1945|language=he }} *{{cite book|title=Géographie du Talmud |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DIgYKxhNNL8C|first=A.|last=Neubauer|author-link=Adolf Neubauer|location=Paris|publisher= M. Lévy Frères|year=1868|language=fr}} *{{cite journal |last=Rosenfeld |first=Ben-Zion |title=Places of Rabbinic Settlement in the Galilee, 70-400 C.E.: Periphery versus Center |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=69|pages=57–103 |date=1998|jstor=23508858 }} *{{cite book |editor-last=Yitzhaki|editor-first=Arieh |contribution=Ancient Places in the Vicinity of Tiberias |title=Israel Guide - Lower Galilee and Kinneret Region (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)|volume=3 |publisher=Keter Publishing House |location=Jerusalem|year=1978|language=he|oclc=745203905 }} {{refend}}
==External links== * Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8369 IAA], Wikimedia commons
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bethmaus}} Category:Geography of Israel Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee Category:Geography of Palestine (region) Category:Talmud places Category:Josephus