{{Short description|Kakatiya ruler from 1076 to 1108}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Beta | title = Tribhuvana-Malla, Maha-Mandaleshvara, Vikrama-Chakrin, | succession = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] ruler | reign = c. 1076-1108 CE | predecessor = [[Prola I]] | successor = [[Durgaraja|Durga-raja]] or [[Prola II]] | dynasty = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] | father = [[Prola I]] }} '''Beta II''' (r. c. 1076-1108 CE) alias '''Tribhuvana-Malla''' was a member of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of southern India. As a [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] vassal, he obtained control of the Sabbi-1000 province centred around [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulavada]]. He commissioned a [[Shaivite]] shrine, and also donated land for a [[Jainism|Jaina]] temple.
== Career ==
Beta II was a son of the Kakatiya chief [[Prola I]]. His earliest extant inscription is the 1079 CE [[Hanamkonda|Anumakonda]] inscription, which calls him ''Shriman Vikrama-chakri Shri Beta-mandalikottamah''. His overlord, the Kalyani Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya VI]], appears to have conferred the title ''Vikrama-chakrin'' upon him. His reign probably started around the time when Vikramaditya VI ascended the throne in 1076 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47}} The 1082 CE Banajipet inscription describes him as ''Maha-mandaleshvara'' Betarasa ("king Beta"), the lord of Anmakonda-pura (city of Anumakonda).{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}} The Kakatiya inscriptions generally refer to him as ''Tribhuvana-malla'';{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=200}} this title probably signifies his submission to Vikramaditya, who held the same title.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=580-581}}
Beta appears to have been involved in a dispute with other Chalukya vassals over the control of the historical Sabbi-nadu region centered around [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulavada]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}} The 1053 CE Sanigaram inscription of Prola I states that the Chalukya king rewarded him with the territory of Sabbi-nadu.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=46}} The Kakatiya inscriptions found at Sanigaram (including the 1107 CE Sanigaram inscription of Beta II) in this region suggest that the Kakatiyas controlled this region. However, various inscriptions found at Vemulavada, the most important town of Sabbi-nadu, suggest that this region was controlled by other Chalukya governors including Rajaditya (1083 CE), the Chalukya prince [[Someshvara II|Someshvara]] (1106 CE), and the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] prince [[Jagadeva|Jagaddeva]] (1108 CE). It is possible that the Kakatiyas controlled only a part of Sabbi-nadu, which included Sanigaram but excluded Vemulavada.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}} The [[Padmakshi Temple]] inscription suggests that Beta approached the Chalukya king with the help of his minister (''dandadhipa'') Vaija, and obtained the entire Sabbi-nadu region comprising a thousand villages ("Sabbi-1000").{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48-49}}{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=200}}
Beta II's son Durga-raja was actively involved in his father's administration, as suggested by the 1098 CE Kazipet inscription, which records a donation made by a minister of Durga-raja.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=49}}
The 1120 CE Matedu inscription issued by the Kakatiya vassal Vembola Boddama Mallenayaka of the Pulinda family states that his father Reva collected tributes on behalf of Beta II and suppressed revolts.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=76}}{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=200}}
The last inscription from Beta's reign is the 1107 CE Sanigaram inscription, which suggests that his reign ended around 1108 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47}} He was succeeded by his sons, first [[Durgaraja|Durga-raja]] and then [[Prola II]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=36}}
== Cultural activities ==
The 1082 CE Banajipet inscription states that Beta II gifted land and a house site to a Jaina temple established by Medarasa, another vassal of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya alias ''Tribhuvana-malla''. Medarasa came from the Ugravadiya family of Vengomtakula, and like Beta, bore the title ''Maha-mandaleshvara''.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}}
The 1098 CE Kazipet inscription records the construction of locality called Shiva-pura in Anumakonda, and of a shrine called Beteshvara ("Lord of Beta") named after Beta. It appears that Beta commissioned the village and the temple, and his son Durga-raja granted Shiva-pura to the Shaivite ascetic Rameshvara Pandita on 24 November 1090, on the occasion of a solar eclipse. Rameshvara belonged to the [[Kalamukha]] sect, and was the ''acharya'' of Mallikarjuna-Shila matha of [[Srisailam|Shriparvata]]. Another part of the Kazipet inscription states that a minister of Durga-raja established a ''Kirti-stambha'' in 1098 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47-49}}
== Inscriptions ==
Following inscriptions from Beta II's reign have been discovered.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47}}
* 1079 CE [[Anumakonda]] inscription * 1082 CE Banajipet inscription * 1098 CE [[Kazipet]] dargah inscription, issued by his son Durga-raja * 1107 CE Sanigaram inscription
==References== {{reflist}}
=== Bibliography === {{ref begin}} * {{cite book |author=P.V.P. Sastry|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 }} * {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=M. Somasekhara Sarma |chapter=The Kakatiyas of Warangal |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts VII - XI |volume=IX: The Kākatīyas of Warangal |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0D5RAAACAAJ |oclc=59001459 |isbn=9788170691259 |ref={{harvid|Ghulam Yazdani|1960}} }} * {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=P.V.P. Sastry |chapter=The Kākatīyas |editor=R.S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |edition=1987 reprint |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |ref={{harvid|R.S. Sharma|1957}} }} {{ref end}}
{{Kakatiya dynasty}}
[[Category:Kakatiya dynasty]] [[Category:11th-century Indian people]] [[Category:12th-century Indian people]]