{{Short description|German jurist (1817–1892)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Bernhard Windscheid | image = Bernhard Windscheid (circa 1865).jpg | birth_name = Josef Hubert Bernhard Windscheid | birth_date = {{Birth date|1817|06|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Düsseldorf]], [[Prussia]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1892|10|26|1817|06|26|df=y}} | death_place = [[Leipzig]], [[German Empire]] | resting_place = Neuen Johannisfriedhof | spouse = Charlotte Windscheid (Pochhammer) | children = 4 (including [[Käthe Windscheid]]) }}
'''Bernhard Joseph Hubert Windscheid''' (26 June 1817 – 26 October 1892<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Prof. Dr. jur. Josef Hubert Bernhard Windscheid|url=https://research.uni-leipzig.de/catalogus-professorum-lipsiensium/leipzig/Windscheid_1043/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016163823/https://research.uni-leipzig.de/catalogus-professorum-lipsiensium/leipzig/Windscheid_1043/|archive-date=16 October 2020|access-date=16 October 2020|website=Catalogus Professorum Lipsiensium|language=de}}</ref>) was a German [[jurist]] and a member of the [[Digest (Roman law)|pandectistic school]] of law thought.
He became famous with his essay on the concept of a legal action, which sparkled a debate with {{Interlanguage link|Theodor Muther|de}} that is said to have initiated the studies of the processal law as we know it today. Windscheid's thesis established the modern German law concept of ''Anspruch'' (roughly, a legally enforceable claim), distinguishing it from the [[Roman law]] concept of ''actio''.
His principal work was his ''Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts'', and this was the main source of inspiration for the German Civil Code – the [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]. Between 1873 and 1883, Windscheid was part of the commission in charge of the drafting of the German Civil Code.
Additionally, Windscheid worked as a teacher at several universities in Germany and Switzerland, including [[University of Basel|Basel]], [[University of Greifswald|Greifswald]], [[LMU Munich|München]], [[Heidelberg University|Heidelberg]], and [[Leipzig University|Leipzig]].
== Family == Bernhard Windscheid married the artist Auguste Eleanore Charlotte "Lotte" Pochhammer (1830–1918) on 4 November 1858.<ref name=LWlautML>{{cite web|url=https://www.leipzig.de/jugend-familie-und-soziales/frauen/1000-jahre-leipzig-100-frauenportraets/detailseite-frauenportraets/projekt/windscheid-charlotte-geborene-pochhammer/|title=Windscheid, Charlotte (geborene Pochhammer)| work=Biografie|publisher=Susann Hänel i.A. Stadt Leipzig (1000 Jahre Leipzig - 100 Frauenporträts)| author=Dr. Manfred Leyh |date=2013|accessdate=27 December 2018}}</ref> Four recorded children resulted from this marriage. The eldest, [[Käthe Windscheid]] (1859–1943) achieved prominence as a women's rights activist and as a pioneer of women's education. {{Interlanguage link|Franz Windscheid|de}} (1862–1910) was also something of a pioneer in his chosen field: he was a [[Neurology|neurologist]]. The younger two children, Charlotte and Margarete, were twins.<ref name=KWlautGK>{{cite web| url=https://www.leipzig.de/jugend-familie-und-soziales/frauen/1000-jahre-leipzig-100-frauenportraets/detailseite-frauenportraets/projekt/windscheid-katharina-kaethe-charlotte-friederike-auguste-dr-phil/| title=Windscheid, Katharina (Käthe) Charlotte Friederike Auguste (Dr. phil.)| work=Biografie|publisher=Susann Hänel i.A. Stadt Leipzig (1000 Jahre Leipzig - 100 Frauenporträts)|author=Gerlinde Kämmerer| date=2015| accessdate=27 December 2018}}</ref>
==Published works== A full bibliography of Windscheid is provided by Felix Klein.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klein|first=Felix|title=Bernhard Windscheid 26.6.1817–26.10.1892|series=Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|year=2014|volume=168|isbn=9783428541188|location=Berlin|pages=450–458|doi=10.3790/978-3-428-54118-8}}</ref> His major works include:
* {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10549980-1|title=Zur Lehre des Code Napoleon von der Ungültigkeit der Rechtsgeschäfte|publisher=Verlag von Julius Buddeus|year=1847|location=Düsseldorf|language=de}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10567268-2|title=Die Lehre des römischen Rechts von der Voraussetzung|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1850|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10567269-2|title=Die Actio des römischen Civilrechts vom Standpunkte des heutigen Rechts|publisher=Verlagshandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1856|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10567270-4|title=Die Actio: Abwehr gegen Dr. Theodor Muther|publisher=Verlagshandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1857|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y11J9Dlio3oC|title=Zwei Fragen aus der Lehre von der Verpflichtung wegen ungerechtfertigter Bereicherung|publisher=Verlag von Alexander Edelmann|year=1878|location=Leipzig|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10623992-9|title=Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1862|edition=1|volume=I|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10623993-5|title=Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1865|edition=1|volume=II,1|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10566095-2|title=Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1866|edition=1|volume=II,2|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|url=http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10566100-8|title=Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus|year=1870|edition=1|volume=III|location=Düsseldorf|language=de|author-mask=2}} ** 3. ed., Düsseldorf 1870. [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214191%22 Vol. I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125610/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214191%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }}, [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214192%22 Vol. II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125613/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214192%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }} and Vol. III (in German). ** 5. ed., Stuttgart 1879. [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22243107%22 Vol. I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125609/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522243107%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }}, [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22243108%22 Vol. II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125614/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522243108%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }} and [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22243109%22 Vol. III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125610/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522243109%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }} (in German). ** 6. ed., Frankfurt 1887. [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214199%22 Vol. I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125610/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214199%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }}, [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214200%22 Vol. II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125608/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214200%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }} and [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214201%22 Vol. III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125615/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214201%2522 |date=27 March 2020 }} (in German). ** 9. ed., Leipzig, 1906, ed. by [[Theodor Kipp]], is the edition usually cited. * {{Cite book|last=Windscheid|first=Bernhard|title=Gesammelte Reden und Abhandlungen|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|year=1904|editor-last=Oertmann|editor-first=Paul|language=de|author-mask=2}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == * {{Cite book |last=Falk |first=Ulrich |title=Ein Gelehrter wie Windscheid: Erkundungen auf den Feldern der sogenannten Begriffsjurisprudenz |publisher=Klostermann |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-465-01866-7 |series=Ius Commune Sonderheft |volume=38 |location=Frankfurt am Main |language=de}} * {{Cite book |last=Hamza |first=Gabor |title=Entstehung und Entwicklung der modernen Privatrechtsordnungen und die römischrechtliche Tradition |year=2009 |isbn=9789632840956 |location=Budapest |publisher=Eötvös Univ. Verlag |pages=193-199 |language=de}}
== External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050110102250/http://wwwstud.uni-leipzig.de/~advokat/alt/95mai/wind.htm Leipzig University (German)]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Windscheid, Bernhard}} [[Category:1817 births]] [[Category:1892 deaths]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Greifswald]] [[Category:People from Düsseldorf]] [[Category:German legal scholars]] [[Category:Jurists from the Kingdom of Prussia]]