{{Short description|Swiss breed of dog}} {{EngvarB|date=December 2024}} {{Infobox dog breed | name = Bernese Mountain Dog | image = 3-BerneseMountainDogInGrass.jpg | image_alt = A Bernese mountain dog stands in grass. Standing at a 45-degree angle to the camera with head facing forward and mouth open. | image_caption = | image2 = | image_alt2 = | image_caption2 = | altname = {{ubl|Berner Sennenhund|Bernese Cattle Dog|Bouvier Bernois|Dürrbächler}} | stock = | country = Switzerland | distribution = | height = | maleheight = {{right|{{cvt|64|-|70|cm|abbr=on|0}}}} | femaleheight = {{right|{{cvt|58|-|66|cm|abbr=on|0}}}} | weight = | maleweight = {{right|{{cvt|36|-|55|kg|abbr=on|round=5}}}} | femaleweight = {{right|{{cvt|34|-|45|kg|abbr=on|round=5}}}} | coat = double | colour = tricolour (black, rust, and white) | litter_size = average 5–7, up to 15<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Borge | first1 = K. S. | last2 = Tønnessen | first2 = R. | last3 = Nødtvedt | first3 = A. | last4 = Indrebø | first4 = A. | title = Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds | doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034 | journal = Theriogenology | volume = 75 | issue = 5 | pages = 911–919 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21196028}} "n=137 litter size=6.4 range 1-15"</ref><ref name="Leroy"/> | kc_name = Schweizerischer Klub für Berner Sennenhunde | kc_std = https://web.archive.org/web/20240718070647/https://www.bernersennenhund.ch/rassenstandard | fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/045g02-en.pdf | notrecognised = | extinct = | note = }}
The '''Bernese Mountain Dog''', {{langx|de|'''Berner Sennenhund'''|i=no}} or {{lang|de|'''Dürrbächler'''|i=no}}, is a large dog breed originating from the canton of Bern, Switzerland and the Swiss Alps. It is one of four Sennenhund-type breeds, with ancestral roots in Roman mastiffs. The name ''Berner'' (or ''Bernese'' in English) refers to the breed's area of origin in the canton of Bern, and ''Sennenhund'' is derived from the German ''Senne'' ("alpine pasture") and ''Hund'' ("hound/dog"), as they accompanied the alpine herders and dairymen called ''Senne'' (''m pl''; ''Senn, m sg''). Historically used as a general farm dog, the large Sennenhunde also pulled carts as draft animals. The breed was formally recognized in 1912.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bshkbs.ch/phpnuke/modules.php?name=News&file=categories&op=newindex&catid=13 |title=100th Anniversary |publisher=Swiss Club for Bernese Mountain Dogs |year=2007 |access-date=January 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706223148/http://www.bshkbs.ch/phpnuke/modules.php?name=News |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>
== History == [[File:Adam, Benno, Bernese Mountain Dog and Her Pups.jpg|thumb|Benno Adam, ''Bernese Mountain Dog and Her Pups'', 1862]]
Historically, in some locales at least, the breed was called a ''Dürrbachhund''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmbe.ch/deutsch/531_5_3_1.html |title=Historical photos of the Berner Sennenhund (Bernese Mountain Dog) |publisher=Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgermendiz Bern |access-date=January 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111084048/http://www.nmbe.ch/deutsch/531_5_3_1.html |archive-date=January 11, 2011 }}. Notice the variety in appearance of the original type</ref> or ''Dürrbächler'', for a small town (Dürrbach) where the large dogs were especially frequent.<ref name="BerneMuseum">[http://www.nmbe.ch/research/vertebrates/research/kynologie/swiss-dog-breeds/bernese-mountain-dog Bernese Mountain Dog, Berner Sennenhund, Dürrbächler, Vertebrate Animals Department, Naturhistorische Museum Bern] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025065407/http://www.nmbe.ch/research/vertebrates/research/kynologie/swiss-dog-breeds/bernese-mountain-dog|date=October 25, 2012}} (in English)</ref>
The dogs have roots in the Roman mastiffs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canismajor.com/dog/bernese.html |title=Bernese Mountain Dog |work=Dog Owner's Guide |access-date=June 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=Bonnie |first2=Chris |last2=Walkowicz |title=The Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World |edition=4th |volume=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofdogbreeds00bonn/page/188 188] |chapter=Bernese Mountain Dog |year=1993 |orig-date=1989 |isbn=978-0-86622-855-8 |location=Neptune City, NJ |publisher=TFH Publications |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofdogbreeds00bonn/page/188 |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>
The breed was used as an all-purpose farm dog for guarding property and to drive dairy cattle long distances from the farm to the alpine pastures. The farmers used the dogs to transport their carts of milk and cheese and were known by the locals as "Cheese Dogs."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The dog encyclopedia|editor=Bryan, Kim |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2013|isbn=978-1-4654-0844-0 |location=New York|oclc=812257274}}</ref> In the early 1900s, fanciers exhibited the few examples of the large dogs at shows in Bern, and in 1907 a few breeders from the Burgdorf region founded the first breed club, the ''Schweizerischer Dürrbach-Klub'', and wrote the first Standard which defined the dogs as a separate breed. By 1910, there were already 107 registered members of the breed. There is a photo of a working Bernese Mountain Dog, dated 1905 at the Fumee Fall rest area in Quinnesec, Michigan.
In 1937, the American Kennel Club recognised the breed.<ref name="AKCBerner">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bernese-mountain-dog/detail/#history |title=Bernese Mountain Dog History |publisher= American Kennel Club |access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> Today, the club classifies it as a member of the Working Group.<ref name="AKCWorking">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/groups/working/ |title=AKC Working Group |publisher=American Kennel Club |access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> In the US the Bernese Mountain Dog is growing in popularity, ranking in 19th place by the American Kennel Club in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2024 |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-2024/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en}}</ref>
These dogs are very popular as family dogs in German-speaking countries. The German Association of Dog Breeders listed the Bernese at the 11th rank per live births in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vdh.de/ueber-den-vdh/welpenstatistik/|title=Welpenstatistik der VDH-Mitgliedsvereine- Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen (VDH)|last=(VDH)|first=Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen|website=www.vdh.de|access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref>
== Appearance ==
=== Colouring === Like the other Sennenhunde, the Bernese mountain dog is a large, heavy dog with a distinctive tri-coloured coat, black with white chest and rust-coloured markings above eyes, sides of the mouth, front of legs, and out around the white chest. However, it is the only breed of Sennenhund dogs with a long coat.<ref name="AKCWorking" /> The ideal of a perfectly marked individual gives the impression of a white horseshoe shape around the nose, which is always black.<ref name="Bernese Mountain Dog">{{Cite web|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bernese-mountain-dog/|title=Bernese Mountain Dog|website=AKC|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> There is a white "Swiss cross" on the chest when viewed from the front. A "Swiss kiss" is a white mark located typically behind the neck, but may be a part of the neck. A full ring would not meet the type standard. The AKC breed standard lists, as disqualifications, blue eye colour and any ground colour other than black.<ref name="Standard">{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/045A2002_en.doc |title=Bernese Mountain Dog (Berner Sennenhund, Dürrbächler) |date=May 5, 2003 |access-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501091836/http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/045A2002_en.doc |archive-date=May 1, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="AKC Standard">{{cite web|title=Bernese Mountain Dog: Breed Standard|url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bernese-mountain-dog/#standard|website=American Kennel Club|access-date=4 July 2014|date=28 March 1990}}</ref>
=== Height and weight ranges === Dogs stand some {{val|64|–|70|u=cm}} at the withers, bitches some {{val|58|–|66|u=cm}}; ideal heights according to the international breed standard are in the ranges {{val|66|–|68|u=cm}} and {{val|60|–|63|u=cm}} respectively.{{r|fci2}} Weights are approximately in the range {{val|35|–|55|u=kg}} for dogs and {{val|35|–|45|u=kg}} for bitches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bernesebreeders.btck.co.uk/AllAboutBernese/BerneseProfile |title=Bernese Mountain Dog Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091923/http://bernesebreeders.btck.co.uk/AllAboutBernese/BerneseProfile |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=usurped |publisher=Bernese Breeders Association of Great Britain |access-date=23 March 2015 }}</ref>
=== Physical traits === Considered a dry-mouthed breed,<ref name="Bernese Mountain Dog" /> the Bernese mountain dog is slightly longer than it is tall, highly muscular, with a strong, wide back.<ref name="AKCWorking" /> The head of a Bernese mountain dog is flat on the top with a moderate stop, and the ears are medium-sized, triangular, set high, and rounded at the top. The teeth have a scissors bite. The legs of the Bernese are straight and strong, with round, arched toes. The dewclaws of the Bernese are often removed. Its bushy tail is carried low. <gallery mode=packed heights=220px style="text-align:left; font-size: 93%"> File:Chien @ Plateau de Beauregard (50882152483) (cropped).jpg|In snow File:Bernese Mountain Dog - 9 months.JPG|At nine months File:Miruku, come here! (8730765020).jpg|Running File:Sezare the dog (cropped).jpg|Head close-up </gallery>
==Health== ===Medical problems=== [[File:Berner Sennenhund mit Iris-Heterochromie.png|thumb|Dog with Heterochromia iridum]]
Bernese Mountain Dogs have a high frequency of neoplasia. One study found 55% of deaths to be attributable to cancer.<ref name="Erich">{{cite journal | last1=Erich | first1=Suzanne A. | last2=Rutteman | first2=Gerard R. | last3=Teske | first3=Erik | title=Causes of death and the impact of histiocytic sarcoma on the life expectancy of the Dutch population of Bernese mountain dogs and Flat-coated retrievers | journal=The Veterinary Journal | volume=198 | issue=3 | date=2013 | doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.062 | pages=678–683| pmid=24231621 }}</ref> The breed has a high prevalence of elbow dysplasia,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Coopman | first1=F. | last2=Verhoeven | first2=G. | last3=Saunders | first3=J. | last4=Duchateau | first4=L. | last5=Van Bree | first5=H. | title=Prevalence of hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia and humeral head osteochondrosis in dog breeds in Belgium | journal=Veterinary Record | volume=163 | issue=22 | date=2008 | issn=0042-4900 | doi=10.1136/vr.163.22.654 | pages=654–658| pmid=19043090 }}</ref> with studies ranging from a prevalence of 13.91% to 26%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Roels | first1=Joséphine | last2=Genevois | first2=Jean-Pierre | last3=Fostier-Humbert | first3=Mathilde | last4=Porsmoguer | first4=Charles | last5=Blondel | first5=Margaux | last6=Chanoit | first6=Guillaume | last7=Fau | first7=Didier | last8=Cachon | first8=Thibaut | title=Prevalence of elbow dysplasia in 13 dog breeds in France: a retrospective radiographic study (2002–2022) | journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research | date=2024-03-26 | volume=85 | issue=6 | issn=0002-9645 | doi=10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0290 | pages=1–8| doi-access=free | pmid=38518402 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bellumori | first1=Thomas P. | last2=Famula | first2=Thomas R. | last3=Bannasch | first3=Danika L. | last4=Belanger | first4=Janelle M. | last5=Oberbauer | first5=Anita M. | title=Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995–2010) | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume=242 | issue=11 | date=2013-06-01 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.242.11.1549 | pages=1549–1555| pmid=23683021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Oberbauer | first1=A. M. | last2=Keller | first2=G. G. | last3=Famula | first3=T. R. | title=Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=12 | issue=2 | date=2017-02-24 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172918 | doi-access=free | article-number=e0172918| pmid=28234985 | pmc=5325577 | bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272918O }}</ref> An allele of the SOD1 gene: SOD1:c.52T has only been found in the Bernese Mountain Dog with 3.5% of Bernese Mountain Dogs having this allele. This mutation is associated with canine degenerative myelopathy. Another mutation associated with the condition — although not exclusive to the breed — has a prevalence of 38% in the Bernese Mountain Dog.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zeng | first1=R. | last2=Coates | first2=J.R. | last3=Johnson | first3=G.C. | last4=Hansen | first4=L. | last5=Awano | first5=T. | last6=Kolicheski | first6=A. | last7=Ivansson | first7=E. | last8=Perloski | first8=M. | last9=Lindblad-Toh | first9=K. | last10=O'Brien | first10=D.P. | last11=Guo | first11=J. | last12=Katz | first12=M.L. | last13=Johnson | first13=G.S. | title=Breed Distribution of SOD 1 Alleles Previously Associated with Canine Degenerative Myelopathy | journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume=28 | issue=2 | date=2014 | issn=0891-6640 | pmid=24524809 | pmc=4238831 | doi=10.1111/jvim.12317 | pages=515–521}}</ref> The Bernese Mountain Dog has an increased prevalence of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.<ref name="renal"/> A Swiss study found both the incidence and mortality of renal disease to be higher in this breed than any other — the incidence was 3.2 times higher than the average and the mortality was 8.2 times the average.<ref name="renal">{{cite journal | last1=Pelander | first1=L. | last2=Ljungvall | first2=I. | last3=Egenvall | first3=A. | last4=Syme | first4=H. | last5=Elliott | first5=J. | last6=Häggström | first6=J. | title=Incidence of and mortality from kidney disease in over 600,000 insured Swedish dogs | journal=Veterinary Record | volume=176 | issue=25 | date=2015 | issn=0042-4900 | doi=10.1136/vr.103059 | page=656| pmid=25940343 | url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9424/ }}</ref> The breed has a high risk of developing high-grade mastocytoma,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bellamy | first1=E. | last2=Berlato | first2=D. | title=Canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours: a narrative review | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=63 | issue=7 | date=2022 | issn=0022-4510 | doi=10.1111/jsap.13444 | pages=497–511| pmid=34671978 }}</ref> with an Austrian study finding Bernese Mountain Dogs being three times as likely to have the condition than the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Leidinger | first1=E. F. | last2=Freeman | first2=K. | last3=Kirtz | first3=G. | last4=Hooijberg | first4=E. H. | last5=Sick | first5=K. | title=Breed related odds ratio and anatomic distribution of canine mast cell tumours in Austria: Retrospective study of cases in the years 2000–2010 | journal=Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere | volume=42 | issue=6 | date=2014 | issn=1434-1239 | doi=10.15654/TPK-140165 | pages=367–373 | pmid=25418504 | language=de}}</ref>
Histiocytosis is a rare group of disorders that involve a build up of histiocytes in tissue and organs, causing damage to the tissue or organ. It may be benign or malignant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Histiocytosis |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/histiocytosis |website=National Cancer Institute |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> Malignant histiocytosis is a rapidly progressive multisystem cancerous disease that affects the Bernese Mountain Dog. It's a familial disease with a heritability value of 0.298 and accounts for a quarter of all tumours in the breed.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite book | last1=Rhodes | first1=Karen Helton | last2=Werner | first2=Alexander H. | title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Ames, Iowa | date=2011-01-25 | isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 | pages=382–383}}</ref> Other histiocytosis conditions such as systemic histiocytosis and cutaneous histiocytosis are also more prevalent in the breed.<ref name="Rhodes"/> Mutations have been identified that are believed to play a role in this are mutations to genes that help suppress tumours, including: CDKN2A/B, PTEN, and RB1. Another related mutation is to the PTPN11 gene, which is known to be related to histiocytosis and cancer in humans.<ref>{{cite book | title=Schalm's Veterinary Hematology | publisher=Wiley | date=2022-04-22 | isbn=978-1-119-50050-6 | doi=10.1002/9781119500537 | page=641 | editor-last1=Brooks | editor-last2=Harr | editor-last3=Seelig | editor-last4=Wardrop | editor-last5=Weiss | editor-first1=Marjory B. | editor-first2=Kendal E. | editor-first3=Davis M. | editor-first4=K. Jane | editor-first5=Douglas J. }}</ref>
The Bernese Mountain Dog is one of the more commonly affected breeds for type I von Willebrand's disease.<ref>{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}</ref>
===Life expectancy=== Despite the fact that larger breeds have a lower life expectancy than smaller breeds the life expectancy of the Bernese Mountain Dog is still low even when compared to breeds of similar size.<ref name="Klopf">{{cite journal | last1=Klopfenstein | first1=Michael | last2=Howard | first2=Judith | last3=Rossetti | first3=Menga | last4=Geissbühler | first4=Urs | title=Life expectancy and causes of death in Bernese mountain dogs in Switzerland | journal=BMC Veterinary Research | volume=12 | issue=1 | date=2016 | issn=1746-6148 | doi=10.1186/s12917-016-0782-9 | doi-access=free | page=153| pmid=27457701 | pmc=4960675 }}</ref> *In a 2016 Swiss study the life expectancy was found to be 8.4 years, based on the deaths of 381 out of 389 dogs in the study.<ref name="Klopf"/> *A 2013 Dutch study found a life expectancy of 8 years.<ref name="Erich"/> *A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 10.1 years compared to 12 years for crossbreeds and 12.7 years for purebreds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| bibcode=2024NatSR..14..531M }}</ref> *A 2013 French study found a life expectancy of 8.1 years.<ref name="Leroy">{{cite journal | last1=Leroy | first1=Grégoire | last2=Phocas | first2=Florence | last3=Hedan | first3=Benoit | last4=Verrier | first4=Etienne | last5=Rognon | first5=Xavier | title=Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds | journal=The Veterinary Journal | volume=203 | issue=1 | date=2015 | doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008 | pages=74–78| pmid=25475165 | url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122782/file/Inbreeding%20impact%20on%20litter%20size_accepted.pdf }}</ref> *A Swedish study from 2005 found 72% of Bernese Mountain Dogs to have died before reaching 10 years of age.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Egenvall | first1=A | last2=Bonnett | first2=Bn | last3=Hedhammar | first3=å | last4=Olson | first4=P | title=Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death | journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | volume=46 | issue=3 | date=2005-09-30 | pages=121–136 | issn=1751-0147 | pmid=16261925 | pmc=1624818 | doi=10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Care == ===Activities===
The Bernese's calm temperament makes them a natural for pulling small carts or wagons, a task they originally performed in Switzerland. With proper training they enjoy giving children rides in a cart or participating in a parade, such as the Conway, New Hampshire holiday parade.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young-Knox|first=Sara|title=Conway celebrates with jolly holiday parade|url=http://www.unionleader.com/article/20121203/NEWHAMPSHIRE02/121209823/1015/news13|publisher=The Union Leader|access-date=10 December 2012|date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226103516/http://www.unionleader.com/article/20121203/NEWHAMPSHIRE02/121209823/1015/news13|archive-date=2013-12-26}}</ref> Regional Bernese clubs often offer carting workshops.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite episode |title=Afghan Hound, Alaskan Malamute, Bernese Mountain Dog, Cairn Terrier, Portuguese Water Dog |series=Dogs 101 |network=Animal Planet |date=24 October 2009 |season=2 |number=4 |minutes=60 }}</ref> Carting competitions are held for the breed.{{efn-ua|For example, the Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America offers drafting trials open to all breeds; dogs can earn eight different titles—four as individual dogs (Novice Draft Dog, Advanced Novice Draft Dog, Draft Dog, and Master Draft Dog) and four brace titles, in which two dogs work one cart together. Regional Bernese clubs often offer carting workshops.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}
On July 1, 2010, the Bernese Mountain Dog became eligible to compete in AKC Herding Events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Berners exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.<ref name="Hartnagle">{{cite book |last1=Hartnagle-Taylor |first1=Jeanne Joy |last2=Taylor |first2=Ty |title=Stockdog Savvy |location=Loveland, Colorado |publisher=Alpine Publications |isbn=978-1-57779-106-5 |page=300|year=2010 }}</ref>
The breed is "energetic, attentive, impetuous," but indisposed to biting. They tend to attach to one person, and have an inherent suspicion of strangers.<ref name="Pugnetti">{{cite book |pages=45–46 |title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Dogs |series=Nature Guide Series |location=New York, Lodon, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, Singapore |first1=Gino |last1=Pugnetti |editor-first1=Elizabeth Meriwether |editor-last1=Schuler |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1980 |isbn=0-671-25527-4}}</ref> In Switzerland they excel at herd guardianship, especially in the Holy Regions. They are untiring, often unruly, resistant to the coldest winters, and excellent defenders of stable or home. They have been used by the police in Switzerland.<ref name="Pugnetti"/>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
== References == {{reflist|45em|refs=
<ref name=fci2>[http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/045g02-en.pdf FCI-Standard N° 45: Berner Sennenhund, Dürrbächler (Bernese Mountain Dog)]. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed December 2024.</ref>
}}
== Further reading == {{commonscat}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Christiansen |first1=Amy |year=2004 |title=A New Owner's Guide To Bernese Mountain Dogs |location=Neptune City |publisher=TFH Publications |isbn=978-0-7938-2818-0 |page=160}} * {{cite book |last1=Cochrane |first1=Diana |title=Bernese Mountain Dog |type=hardcover |isbn=978-0-9512206-0-3 |page=210 |year=1987 |publisher= Diana Cochrane Publications}} * {{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=Julia |chapter=The Bernese Mountain Dog |location=New York |publisher=Howell Book House |date=2000-06-13 |title=An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet |isbn=978-1-58245-162-6}} * Fogle, Dr. Bruce (2000). ''Dogalog''. New York: DK Publishing. p. 340. {{ISBN|0-7894-8394-7}}. * {{cite book |last1=Guenter|first1=Bernd |year=2004 |title=The Bernese Mountain Dog: A Dog of Destiny |location=Sun City |publisher=Doral Publishing |isbn=978-0-9745407-3-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Louise |year=2004 |title=Bernese Mountain Dog |publisher=Kennel Club Books |isbn=978-1-59378-289-4 |page=160}} * {{cite book |last1=Hartnagle-Taylor |first1=Jeanne Joy |last2=Taylor |first2=Ty |title=Stockdog Savvy |location=Loveland, Colorado |publisher=Alpine Publications |isbn=978-1-57779-106-5 |page=300|year=2010 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ludwig |first1=Gerd |last2=Steimer |first2=Christine |year=1995 |title=The Bernese and Other Mountain Dogs: Bernese, Greater Swiss, Appenzellers, and Entlebuchers: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Breeding |publisher=Barrons Educational Series Inc. |isbn=978-0-8120-9135-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/berneseothermoun0000ludw/page/64 64] |url=https://archive.org/details/berneseothermoun0000ludw/page/64 }} * Mehus-Roe, Kristin (2005). ''The Original Dog Bible: the definitive source for all things dog''. Irvine, California: BowTie Press. p. 258. {{ISBN|1-931993-34-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Ostermiller |first1=Lilian |title=Bernese Mountain Dogs |type=hardcover |page=[https://archive.org/details/bernesemountaind00oste/page/192 192] |publisher=TFH Publications |date=March 1994 |isbn=978-0-86622-572-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/bernesemountaind00oste/page/192 }} * {{cite book |last1=Petch |first1=Paddy |title=The Bernese Mountain Dog |date=April 1991 |publisher=Dickson Price Publishers Ltd. |type=Paperback |page=160 |isbn=978-0-85380-152-8}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zukE0AEACAAJ&q=bernese+mountain+dog+life+span |title=Bernese Mountain: Dog Breed Overview and Guide |first1=Nina |last1=Pustova|publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |year=2023 |isbn=979-8-3990-6919-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Russ |first1=Diane |last2=Rogers |first2=Shirle |year=1994 |title=The Beautiful Bernese Mountain Dog: A Complete American Handbook |location=Loveland, Colorado |publisher=Alpine Publications |isbn=978-0-931866-55-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/beautifulbernese00russ/page/248 248] |url=https://archive.org/details/beautifulbernese00russ/page/248 }} * {{cite book |last1=Simonds |first1=Jude |year=1990 |title=The Complete Bernese Mountain Dog |location=New York |publisher=Howell Book House |isbn=978-0-87605-050-7 |page=160}} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Sharon Chesnutt |year=1995 |title=The New Bernese Mountain Dog |location=New York |publisher=Howell Books |isbn=978-0-87605-075-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newbernesemounta00smit/page/272 272] |url=https://archive.org/details/newbernesemounta00smit/page/272 }} *Tedeschi, Silvana Vogel (2010). ''The Bernese Mountain Dog yesterday and today''. Grafica 5 -Arco (TN) - Italy. {{ISBN|88-901658-1-2|}}. * {{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Dr. Malcolm Beverly |year=1998 |title=The Bernese Mountain Dog Today |location=New York |publisher=Howell Book House |isbn=978-1-58245-038-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bernesemountaind00will/page/184 184] |url=https://archive.org/details/bernesemountaind00will/page/184 }} {{refend}}
{{Swiss dogs}} {{Livestock guardians}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Canton of Bern Category:Dog breeds originating in Switzerland Category:FCI breeds Category:Livestock guardian dogs