Benjamin Harvey Hill

{{short description|American politician (1823–1882)}} {{Use American English|date=March 2017}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Benjamin Harvey Hill | image = Benjamin Harvey Hill - Brady-Handy.jpg | jr/sr = United States Senator | state = Georgia | term_start = March 4, 1877 | term_end = August 16, 1882 | predecessor = Thomas M. Norwood | successor = Middleton P. Barrow | state2 = Georgia | district2 = {{ushr|Georgia|9|9th}} | term_start2 = May 5, 1875 | term_end2 = March 3, 1877 | predecessor2 = Hiram Parks Bell | successor2 = Hiram Parks Bell | office3 = Confederate States Senator from Georgia | term_start3 = February 18, 1862 | term_end3 = May 10, 1865 | predecessor3 = ''Constituency established'' | successor3 = ''Constituency abolished'' | office4 = Deputy to the C.S. Congress from Georgia | term_start4 = February 8, 1861 | term_end4 = February 17, 1862 | predecessor4 = ''Constituency established'' | successor4 = ''Constituency abolished'' | birth_date = {{birth date|1823|9|14}} | birth_place = Jasper County, Georgia, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1882|8|16|1823|9|14}} | death_place = Gurley, Alabama, U.S. | party = Democratic | other_party = Whig (Before 1855) American (1855–1859) Constitutional Union (1859–1861) | alma_mater = University of Georgia | signature = Benjamin Harvey Hill (1823–1882).png }} '''Benjamin Harvey Hill''' (September 14, 1823 – August 16, 1882) was a politician whose "flamboyant opposition" to Congressional Reconstruction is credited with helping inaugurate Georgia's Ku Klux Klan. His famous "brush arbor speech" in Atlanta on July 23, 1868, called for the use of violence against the governor, the legislature, and freed people.<ref name="ironconfed">{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Scott |date=1999 |title=Iron Confederacies: Southern Railways, Klan Violence, and Reconstruction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vE_qCQAAQBAJ |publisher=UNC Press |isbn=0-8078-2476-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Huffman |first=Frank Jackson |date=1974 |title=Old South, New South: Continuity and Change in a Georgia county, 1850-1880 |degree=PhD |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> His career spanned state and national politics, and the Civil War. He served in the Georgia legislature in both houses. Although he initially opposed secession and was elected as a Unionist in 1860, he nonetheless voted to secede in that year, and represented Georgia as a Confederate senator during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The National Cyclopedia of American Biography |publisher=James T. White & Co. |location=New York |volume= X |page=194 |year=1900}}</ref>

After the war and near the end of the Reconstruction era, Hill was elected in 1874 to the United States House of Representatives, and in 1877 as a U.S. senator from Georgia. He served in the Senate until his death in 1882.

==Early life== Hill was born September 14, 1823, in Hillsboro, Georgia, in Jasper County. He was of Welsh and Irish American ancestry.<ref name = "Hillspeeches">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/senatorbenjamin00hillgoog/page/n20/mode/1up |title=Senator Benjamin H. Hill of Georgia: His Life, Speeches and Writings |first=Benjamin H. Jr. |last=Hill |publisher=H. C. Hudgins & Co. |location=Atlanta, Georgia |page=11 |year=1891 |access-date=2022-04-21 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He attended the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, where he was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society. He graduated in 1844 with first honors. He was admitted to the Georgia bar later in 1844. He married Caroline E. Holt in Athens, Georgia in 1845.

==Early career== [[File:Bellevue (LaGrange, Georgia).JPG|thumb|left|alt=Bellevue plantation house|Hill's home, Bellevue]] As a politician, Hill was affiliated with a number of parties, reflecting the volatile politics before and after the American Civil War. He was elected to the state legislature of Georgia in 1851 as a member of the Whig Party. He supported Millard Fillmore running on the Know-Nothing ticket in 1856, and was an elector for that party in the Electoral College. In 1857, he ran for governor of Georgia unsuccessfully against the Democratic nominee Joseph E. Brown. In 1859, he was elected to the state senate as a Unionist. In 1860, he was again an elector, this time for John Bell and the Unionist party.

Hill was known as {{anchor|the peerless orator}}"the peerless orator" for his skill in delivering speeches,<ref>Candler, Allen Daniel (1909). [https://books.google.com/books?id=D3QOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA757 ''The Confederate records of the State of Georgia, Volume 1'']. Atlanta, GA: C. P. Byrd publishing. {{ISBN|978-1147068887}}. Retrieved July 22, 2013</ref> and he was the only non-Democratic member of the Georgia secession convention on January 16, 1861. He spoke publicly against the dissolution of the Union, along with Alexander Stephens, a former opponent. Following Stephens' highly regarded argument, based on a conservative reading of the Constitution, Hill struck a more pragmatic tone.

His arguments related to the conservative belief that disunion would ultimately lead to the abolition of slavery and the downfall of Southern society. He quoted Henry Ward Beecher, a Northern abolitionist, who enthusiastically supported the dissolution of the Union as a means to end slavery, and described the anti-slavery Republican Party as a "disunionist" party, in contrast to the "Union men and Southern men" participating in the convention. Acknowledging the need to respond to the threat of Lincoln's election, Hill argued that his fellow Georgians should continue to resist Lincoln democratically within the bounds of the Constitution. He compared this course to George Washington, "so cool, so brave, and so thoughtful." He argued that the Northern states would eventually follow the British course of rising abolitionist thought, followed by acceptance again of slavery due to economic necessity. But he allowed that the South should prepare for secession and war if it should become necessary.<ref>Freehling, William W., and Craig M. Simpson, ''Secession Debated: Georgia's Showdown in 1860'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.</ref>

Hill was elected as a Unionist,<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Civil War: The First Year Told by Those Who Lived It|publisher = The Library of America|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-59853-088-9|pages = [https://archive.org/details/civilwarfirstyea0000unse/page/14 14]|url = https://archive.org/details/civilwarfirstyea0000unse/page/14}}</ref> but voted for secession in 1860, becoming a political ally of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. When the Confederate government was formed, Hill joined the Confederate Provisional Congress. He was subsequently elected by the Georgia legislature to the Confederate States Senate, a term which he held throughout its existence.

In 1863, a debate between Hill and Senator William Lowndes Yancey of Alabama, a Davis critic, over a bill intended to create the Confederate Supreme Court erupted into physical violence when Hill struck Yancey in the head with a glass inkstand, knocking Yancey over a desk and onto the floor of the Senate. The attack was kept secret for months, and in the ensuing investigation it was Yancey, not Hill, who was censured.<ref>{{cite book |last=Walther |first=Eric H. |title=William Lowndes Yancey: The Coming of the Civil War |year=2006 |isbn=9780739480304 |pages=358–66}}</ref><ref name="Steve Humphrey 1978. p. 303">"That D----d Brownlow", Steve Humphrey. Appalachian Consortium Press, 1978. p. 303.</ref> Yancey left Congress before adjournment to recover from the injury, and his health deteriorated rapidly over the next months before he died on July 27, 1863, of kidney disease.<ref name="Steve Humphrey 1978. p. 303" /><ref>{{harvnb|Walther|2006|pp=366–371}}.</ref>

At the end of the Civil War, Hill was arrested as a Confederate official by the Union and confined in Fort Lafayette from May until July 1865.

==Later career==

In 1867, Hill wrote a series of attacks on Reconstruction in the Augusta Chronicle that he called "Notes on the Situation" that his son Ben Hill Jr. later noted were filled with "severe and bitter invective" <ref name = "Hillspeeches"/> against Congressional Reconstruction and the presence of Black voters in particular. On July 31, 1871, after Black legislators were ejected from the Georgia House of Delegates, the Klan had frightened away most Black voters in Georgia, and Georgia was readmitted to the Union, Hill became a spokesman for what he called a "New South." In 1874, Hill was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, serving from May 5, 1875 - March 3, 1877. He was later elected by the Georgia legislature to the U.S. Senate on January 26, 1877. He served in the U.S. Senate from March 4, 1877, until his death on August 16, 1882. His obituary was featured on the front page of the ''Atlanta Constitution'' on August 17, 1882.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100188206/ben-hill-dead-part-1/ |title=Ben Hill Dead |newspaper=Atlanta Constitution |page=1 |date=1882-08-17 |access-date=2022-04-21 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

==Death== Hill is buried in historic Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. [[File:Statue of Benjamin Harvey Hill.jpg|thumb|Statue of Benjamin Harvey Hill, now located inside the Georgia State Capitol]]

==Legacy and honors== * A life-size statue of Benjamin Harvey Hill looking down from atop a similarly sized plinth was installed inside the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia. * A larger than life portrait of Hill hangs in the Capitol Rotunda. * Ben Hill County, Georgia, founded in 1906, was named in his honor.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/b.pdf | title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins | publisher=Winship Press | author=Krakow, Kenneth K. | year=1975 | location=Macon, GA | pages=16 | isbn=0-915430-00-2}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} {{CongBio|H000587}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Morgan |first=Chad |title=Benjamin Hill |encyclopedia=New Georgia Encyclopedia |date=December 9, 2013 |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/benjamin-hill-1823-1882/ |access-date=January 13, 2022}} *[http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/jasper/birthplace-of-benjamin-harvey-hill Birthplace of Benjamin Harvey Hill] historical marker

{{Navboxes |title=Offices and distinctions |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=Garnett Andrews}} {{s-ttl|title=Know Nothing nominee for Governor of Georgia|years=1857}} {{s-aft|after=None}} {{s-off}} {{succession box | title = Deputy in the C.S. Congress from Georgia | years = February 8, 1861 – February 17, 1862 | before = Constituency established | after = Constituency abolished}}{{s-par|cs-sen}} {{succession box | title = Confederate States Senator (Class 3) from Georgia | years = February 18, 1862 – May 10, 1865 | before = Constituency established | after = Constituency abolished | alongside = John Wood Lewis, Sr., Herschel Vespasian Johnson}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{s-bef|before=Hiram Parks Bell}} {{s-ttl|title=Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 9th congressional district|years=1875–1877}} {{s-aft|after=Hiram Parks Bell}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=Thomas M. Norwood}} {{s-ttl|title=United States Senator (Class 2) from Georgia|years=1877–1882|alongside=John Gordon, Joseph E. Brown}} {{s-aft|after=Middleton P. Barrow}} {{s-end}} }}

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