Bembix rostrata

{{Short description|Species of wasp}} {{Speciesbox | image = Bembix_fg01.jpg | taxon = Bembix rostrata | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonyms = *''Apis rostrata'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Bembex dissecta'' Dahlbom, 1845 *''Bembex gallica'' Mocsáry, 1883 *''Bembex paradoxa'' Giner Marí, 1943 *''Bembex rostrata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *''Bembex tarsata'' (Giner Marí, 1943) *''Bembex vidua'' Lepeletier 1845 *''Epibembex rostrata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *''Vespa armata'' Sulzer, 1776 | synonyms_ref = <ref name = CoL>{{cite web| url = http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/e155a4277b66d1114182cafd875afbe3/source/tree| title = ''Bembix rostrata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (accepted name)| accessdate = 17 May 2017| publisher = Catalog of Life}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> }}

'''''Bembix rostrata''''' is a species of sand wasp native to Central Europe. The genus ''Bembix'' - of which ''B. rostrata'' is among the most distinctive species - has over 340 species worldwide and is found mostly in warm regions with open, sandy soils; Australia and Africa have a particularly rich variety of species.

== Distribution == ''Bembix rostrata'' ranges in distribution from Europe and the Mediterranean to Central Asia, and as far north as Denmark and Sweden.

== Characteristics == ''Bembix rostrata'' displays distinctive behaviour in front of its nest, digging its burrows with fast, synchronised movements of its forelegs. In addition, the insect can turn very rapidly about its own axis, the flapping of its wings as it does this producing a buzzing sound reminiscent of a gyroscope. Its size ({{cvt|15|–|24|mm|disp=or}}), striking yellow and black-striped abdomen and the labrum, extended into a narrow beak, are distinctive features.

== Life History == ''Bembix rostrata'' goes through 4 general life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult females burrow nests into the sand and lay their eggs there. Once the eggs hatch, the new larvae continue their development in the nests that they were born in. Each individual grub develops in its own burrow, this reduces competition for development space and necessary nutrients. Adult B. ''rostrata'' gather prey and bring the food back for the developing grubs to feed on. When the young reach the pupal stage, females dig another nest to lay more eggs.

== Behaviour == ''Bembix rostrata'' forms colonies between a dozen and several hundred insects, where the females each construct a tube up to {{cvt|20|cm}} long containing a single brood cell. This is stocked with dozens of insects, predominantly large flies (Tabanidae, Syrphidae), which provide the larva with food for its two-week development to the imago stage. The female carefully re-seals the nest tube after each feeding. Because of this intensive maternal care, a female can raise at most only eight larvae during the high summer. ''B. rostata'' is very faithful to its nest sites, often nesting in the same places year-on-year, even if these change over time and alternative habitats are available.

The species has become rare due to loss of large open-sand surfaces in warm areas, such as in the sand dunes of the upper Rhine Graben. It is also the host for several parasitoids in families such as Bombyliidae, Conopidae, and Mutillidae. A cuckoo wasp which specialises in ''B. rostrata'' is ''Parnopes grandior''.

The behaviour of ''B. rostrata'' led the famous naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre to conduct intensive studies of the species.

[[Image:Bembix fg02.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A sand dune near Darmstadt, in the Rhine Graben: open sandy areas like this are the typical habitat for ''B. rostrata''.]]

== References == {{Commons}} {{Reflist}} *{{cite book |author=Evans, H. E. |year=1957 |title=Studies on the comparative ethology of digger wasps of the genus ''Bembix'' |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesoncompara0000evan|url-access=registration|publisher=Ithaca: Comstock |page=[https://archive.org/details/studiesoncompara0000evan/page/248 248] pp|author-link=Howard Ensign Evans }} *{{cite journal |author=Guichard, K. M. |year=1989 |title=The genus ''Bembix'' (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in Arabia |journal=Fauna of Saudi Arabia |volume=10 |pages=134–151}} *{{cite journal |author1=Hemmingson, A. M. |author2=Nielson, E. T. |name-list-style=amp |year=1925 |title=Über die Lebensinstinkte der dänischen ''Bembix rostrata'' L. |journal=Entomologiske Meddelelser |volume=16 |pages=14–127|language=de}} *Larsson, F. K. (1986). Increased nest density of the digger wasp ''Bembix rostrata'' as a response to parasites and predators (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), Entomol. Gener. 12:71-75.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829162613/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=1560663&q=%22+Larsson%2C+F.+K.%22&uid=790961500&setcookie=yes] *Larsson, F. K. (1990). Female body size relationships with fecundity and egg size in two solitary species of fossorial Hymenoptera (Colletidae and Sphecidae). Entomol. Gener. 15:167-171.[https://archive.today/20130112210319/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19930233399.html;jsessionid=AC3A9BB97B702D0A385C8D14D41466FB] *Larsson, F. K. (1991). Some take it cool, some like it hot — A comparative study of male mate searching tactics in two species of hymenoptera (Colletidae and Sphecidae). J. Therm. Biol. 16:45-51.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306456591900513] *Larsson, F. K. & Tengö J. (1989). It is not always good to be large; some female fitness components in a temperate digger wasp, ''Bembix rostrata'' (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) J Kansas Entomol Soc. 62:490–495.[https://www.jstor.org/pss/25085125] *“Sand Wasp - What’s That Bug?” Accessed December 1, 2020. <nowiki>https://www.whatsthatbug.com/2009/07/06/sand-wasp-5/</nowiki>. *“Bembix Rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758) | BWARS.” Accessed December 6, 2020. <nowiki>https://www.bwars.com/wasp/crabronidae/nyssoninae/bembix-rostrata</nowiki>.

Category:Bembicidae Category:Hymenoptera of Europe Category:Insects described in 1758 Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus