Beiyang

{{Short description|Geographic region of Qing China}} {{Other uses|Beiyang, Lufeng, Guangdong}} {{More references|date=December 2009}} The term '''Beiyang''' ({{Zh|c=北洋}}; [[pinyin]]: Běiyáng; [[Wade-Giles]]: Peiyang) literally means '''Northern Ocean'''.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1547402X.2019.1583920?af=R&journalCode=ytcr20 Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899], Hong Zhang, The Chinese Historical Review Volume 26, 2019 - Issue 1</ref> Initially a purely geographic term, it originated toward the end of the [[Qing dynasty]], and it referred to the coastal provinces of [[Zhili Province|Zhili]] ([[Traditional Chinese]]:直隸, [[Simplified Chinese]]: 直隶, [[pinyin]]: Zhílì, today's [[Hebei]]), [[Shandong]] and [[Liaoning]] that bordered the [[Yellow Sea]] (itself a [[marginal sea]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]]) and surrounded the imperial capital of [[Beijing]] (then known as Peking).

The term later acquired a political significance, denoting the imperial heartland. The position of Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣) in the late Qing Dynasty was held by the [[Viceroy of Zhili]], whose main responsibilities were trade relations and occasionally foreign affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-22 |title=北洋通商大臣 |url=https://hk.drsunyatsen.museum/documents/3.-Exhibition/3.-Past-Exhibitions/past-exhib-18b/warlords_QR1.pdf |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum}}</ref>

==See also== *[[Beiyang Army]] *[[Beiyang Fleet]] *[[Beiyang Government]] *[[Beiyang University]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Qing dynasty]]