Beit Lahia

{{Short description|City in the Gaza Strip, Palestine}} {{Distinguish|Beit Lahia, Lebanon}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Beit Lahia | native_name = {{lang|ar|بيت لاهيا}} | translit_lang1 = Arabic | translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]] | translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ar|بيت لاهيا}} | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Latin script|Latin]] | translit_lang1_info1 = Bayt Lahiya (official{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}) | translit_lang2_type = [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] | translit_lang2_info = {{Script/Hebrew|בית לאהיא}} | type = [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|City]] | image_skyline = Images of war 23-25 from Gaza, by Jaber Badwen, IMG 5646.jpg | image_caption = Palestinians in the ruins of Beit Lahia, destroyed by [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]], February 2025 | image_blank_emblem = BeitLahia_Logo.jpg | blank_emblem_type = Municipal Seal of Beit Lahia | pushpin_map = Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Beit Lahia within [[Palestine]] | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|31|33|N|34|30|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]] | grid_position = 102/106 | subdivision_type = State | subdivision_name = State of Palestine | subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of the State of Palestine|Governorate]] | subdivision_name1 = [[North Gaza Governorate|North Gaza]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = | government_footnotes =  | government_type = [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|City]] | leader_title = Control | leader_name = {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]] | leader_title1 = Head of Municipality | leader_name1 = Izz al-Din al-Dahnoun | unit_pref = dunam | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_dunam = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> | population_total = 89838 | population_as_of = 2017 | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning | blank_info_sec1 = "House of Lahi"<ref name=Palmer381>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/358/mode/1up 358]</ref> | website = [http://www.bietlahia.mun.ps/ www.bietlahia.mun.ps] | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''Beit Lahia''' or '''Beit Lahiya''' ({{langx|ar|بيت لاهيا}}) is a city in the [[Gaza Strip]], north of [[Jabalia]], in the [[North Gaza Governorate]] of the [[State of Palestine]]. It sits next to [[Beit Hanoun]] and close to the [[Gaza–Israel barrier|border with Israel]]. According to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], the city had a population of 89,838 in 2017.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" />

==Geography== Beit Lahia is surrounded by dunes, some of which rise to {{convert|55|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. The area is renowned for its many large [[Ficus sycomorus|sycamore fig trees]]. The city is known for its fresh, sweet water,{{Clarify|date=November 2023|reason=Unclear what this means. Perhaps there are fresh water springs in the area of the city? If that is the meaning, then the word "springs" should be added to the text. Note that the problem is already present in the source.}} berries and citrus trees.<ref name="MoG"/> According to [[Edward Henry Palmer]], "Lahia" was from "Lahi", a personal name.<ref name=Palmer381/>

==History== ===Roman period=== Beit Lahia has an ancient hill and nearby lay abandoned village ruins.<ref name="MoG"/> The town has been identified as the ''Bethelia'' and had originally a pagan temple.<ref name="BittonAKofsky">{{cite book |last1=Bitton-Ashkelony |first1=Brouri |last2=Kofsky |first2=Arieh |title=Christian Gaza In Late Antiquity |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13868-1 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lA9VwVwoyiAC |access-date=5 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=SWP233/>

According to the 5th-century historian [[Sozomen]], whose family had lived in the town for several generations, the townspeople started converting to Christianity due to the hermit [[Hilarion]] who is attributed to have healed miraculously a citizen called Alaphion.<ref name="BittonKofsky">{{cite book |last1=Bitton-Ashkelony |first1=Brouri|last2=Kofsky |first2= Arieh |title=The Monastic School of Gaza |date=February 2006 |publisher= Brill |isbn=9789047408444 |pages=13, 16 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hOx5DwAAQBAJ |access-date= 12 November 2023}}</ref> An eremitic center was founded around the year 360 in the village, housing around four [[anchorite]]s who were disciples of Hilarion.<ref name="BittonAKofsky" /> Ceramics from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period have been found.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 881</ref>

===Early Islamic period=== A [[mihrab]], or mosque alcove indicating the direction of [[salah]] (Muslim daily prayers), is all that remains of an ancient mosque to the west of Beit Lahia dating to the end of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and beginning of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] of [[Saladin]], and two other mosques dating to the [[Gaza Sanjak]] of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman era]].<ref name="MoG">[http://www.mideasttravelling.net/palestine/gaza/gaza_culture.htm Beit Lahaia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823050026/http://www.mideasttravelling.net/palestine/gaza/gaza_culture.htm |date=23 August 2013 }} Municipality of Gaza.</ref> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] (d. 1229) described "Bait Lihya" as being located "near [[Gaza City|Ghazzah]]", and he further noted that "it is a village with many fruit-trees".<ref>le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/414/mode/1up 414]</ref>

===Mamluk period=== A marble slab, deposited in the [[Maqam (shrine)|maqam]] of ''Salim Abu Musallam'' in Beit Lahia is inscribed in late [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] [[Naskh (script)|naskhi]] letters. It is an [[epitaph]] over four sons of the [[Governor of Gaza#Mamluks|Governor of Gaza]], Aqbay al-Ashrafi, who all died in the month of [[Rajab]] 897 AH (29 April–9 May 1492 CE). It is assumed that the children died of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]], described by [[Mujir al-Din]], which ravaged Palestine in 1491–1492.<ref>Sharon, 1999, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA149 149]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA151 151]</ref>

===Ottoman Empire=== In 1517, the village was incorporated into the [[Damascus Eyalet]] of the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596, Beit Lahia appeared in [[defter|Ottoman tax registers]] as being in the [[nahiyah]] (subdistrict) of the Gaza Sanjak. It had a population of 70 [[Muslim]] households and paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and/or beehives.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 144</ref>

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the area of Beit Lahia experienced a significant process of settlement decline due to [[Bedouin]] pressures on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |date=2023-01-01 |title=Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalān's hinterland, 1270 - 1750 CE |url=https://www.academia.edu/106637796 |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=82 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1838, [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] noted ''Beit Lehia'' as a Muslim village located in the Gaza district.<ref name=Robinsonp118>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/118/mode/1up 118]</ref>

In May 1863, [[Victor Guérin]] visited the village. He described it: {{blockquote|[P]eopled by 250 inhabitants, it occupies an oblong valley, well cultivated, and surrounded by high sand-dunes, which cause a great heat. It is a little oasis, incessantly menaced by moving sand-hills, which surround it on every side, and would engulf it were it not for the continued struggle of man to arrest their progress.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr03gugoog#page/n187/mode/1up 176], as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/234/mode/1up 234]</ref>}} An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Beit Lahia had a population of 394, with a total of 118 houses, though the population count included men only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/146/mode/1up 146]</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n937/mode/1up 129] also noted 118 houses</ref>

In 1883 the [[PEF Survey of Palestine|Palestine Exploration Fund's ''Survey of Western Palestine'']] described it as a "small village with fine gardens and groves of large and ancient olives in the middle of the sand. It has a well to the south [..] There is a small mosque in the village."<ref name=SWP233>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/233/mode/1up 233]-234</ref>

===Mandatory Palestine=== [[File:Beit Lahia 1931.jpg|thumb|Beit Lahia 1931 1:20,000|left]]In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] authorities, Bait Lahia had a population of 871 inhabitants, all [[Muslim]]s,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n10/mode/1up 8]</ref> increasing by the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 1,133, still all Muslim, in 223 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 2]</ref>[[File:Beit Hanoun 1945.jpg|thumb|Beit Lahia 1945 1:250,000]]

In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of Beit Lahiya consisted of 1,700 Muslims<ref name="1945p31">Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p31.jpg 31]</ref> and the land area was 38,376 [[dunam]]s, according to an official land and population survey.<ref name="Hadawi45">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Gaza/Page-045.jpg 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150132/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Gaza/Page-045.jpg |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Of this, 134 dunams were designated for citrus and bananas, 1,765 for plantations and irrigable land, 15,185 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Gaza/Page-086.jpg 86] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930174740/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Gaza/Page-086.jpg |date=30 September 2013 }}</ref> while 18 dunams were built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Gaza/Page-136.jpg 136] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930174728/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Gaza/Page-136.jpg |date=30 September 2013 }}</ref>

===2004–2023=== {{See also|2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip}} On 4 January 2005, seven civilian residents of Beit Lahia, including six members of the same family, were killed, with the incident blamed on shelling by [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) of the agricultural area where they were working.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} [[File:12 - Beit Lahiya (3225148768).jpg|left|thumb|View of Beit Lahia in 2006 after an Israeli airstrike]] On 9 June 2006, eight civilians were killed by IDF shells [[2006 Gaza beach explosion|while picnicking on the northern Gaza beach]] in Beit Lahia. The dead included seven members of the Ali Ghaliya family.<ref>[[The Guardian]]: [https://www.theguardian.com/frontpage/story/0,,1794536,00.html Death on the beach: seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic], 10 June 2006</ref> The IDF disputed they were responsible.<ref>[[Haaretz]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110423155351/http://www.haaretz.com/news/idf-probe-gaza-beach-blast-not-caused-by-wayward-army-shell-1.190119 IDF probe: Gaza beach blast not caused by wayward army shell]</ref> [[File:Palestinian UN workers inspect a classroom following an Israeli strike over a UN school in Beit Lahia, northern Gaza Strip early on January 17, 2009.jpg|thumb|Israeli bombing of a school in Beit Lahia, January 17, 2009.]] The town was a frequent target of airstrikes by Israel during the [[Gaza War (2008–2009)]] and has been a battlefield between Israel and [[Hamas]].{{when|date=August 2014}}{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The [[Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque missile strike]] occurred on 3 January 2009 as part of the Gaza War when an Israeli missile hit the Ibrahim al-Maqadna Mosque during [[Maghrib prayer|evening prayer]].<ref name=UNGazareport>{{cite news|url=https://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf|title=HUMAN RIGHTS IN PALESTINE AND OTHER OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES|author=Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict|work=The Guardian|date=15 September 2009|access-date=15 September 2009 | location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091007095811/http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf| archive-date= 7 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Witnesses said over 200 [[Palestinians]] were praying inside at the time.<ref name = "guardian_almaqadna">{{ cite news | title = Israel fires artillery shells into Gaza | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/gaza-israel-attacks-artillery | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = 3 January 2009 | location=London | first=Matthew | last=Weaver | access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name = bbc_almaqadna/> At least 14 people, including six children, were killed, and many more than 60 wounded.<ref name = bbc_almaqadna>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7809959.stm Israeli troops enter Gaza Strip] ''[[BBC News]]''. 3 January 2009</ref>

In 2017, the [[Edward Said Public Library]] was established in Beit Lahia by the poet [[Mosab Abu Toha]]; it was the first public library in the Gaza Strip for English-language works.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guzman |first=Chad de |title=Gaza-Based Poet Mosab Abu Toha Reunites With Family After Israeli Detention |url=https://time.com/6338183/palestinian-poet-mosab-abu-toha-arrested-gaza-israel/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250519190803/https://time.com/6338183/palestinian-poet-mosab-abu-toha-arrested-gaza-israel/ |archive-date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gaza war (2023–present) === In December 2023, the Israel Defence Forces began their offensive in Beit Lahia. Israel launched airstrikes on targets Hamas militants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=2023-12-03 |title=Israel says its ground forces are operating across 'all of Gaza' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/03/fresh-strike-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp-reported-as-israel-intensifies-attacks-on-gaza |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> Though they launched several assaults on the city, Israel did not fully occupy Beit Lahia. Rather, they had encircled the town and occupied the surrounding villages and farmland.

In January 2024, Israel withdrew from the majority of North Gaza, and a ground connection between Palestinian-controlled Gaza City was re-established. Around this time, the [[Gaza Soup Kitchen]] was established in Beit Lahia to provide food to Palestinians at risk of [[Gaza Strip famine|famine]].<ref name="NPR">{{Cite news |last=Peñaloza |first=Marisa |date=2024-07-16 |title=A Palestinian American raises more than $1 million to feed his family and others in Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/07/16/nx-s1-5025629/a-palestinian-american-raises-more-than-1-million-to-feed-his-family-and-others-in-gaza |work=NPR}}</ref><ref name="fox5">{{Cite web |last=Bash |first=Homa |date=2024-06-12 |title=Fairfax man raises over $1M to help feed starving families in Gaza |url=https://www.fox5dc.com/news/fairfax-man-raises-over-1m-help-feed-starving-families-gaza |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=FOX 5 DC |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Images of war 23-25 from Gaza, by Jaber Badwen, IMG 6185.jpg|thumb|Damage caused by the Israeli army in Beit Lahia, February 23, 2025]] In April 2024, Israel withdrew all territories in the Gaza Strip except for the [[Netzarim Corridor]], returning the northern villages such as [[As-Siafa]] back to Palestinian control until the second Israeli invasion of northern Gaza in May 2024 as a result of Hamas regrouping in some areas there.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/04/07/idf-withdraws-all-troops-from-southern-gaza/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=[[Israel Hayom]] |date=2024-04-07 |title=IDF withdraws all troops from southern Gaza}}</ref>

By June 2024, Gaza's Civil Defence stated the destruction in Beit Lahia "defies imagination".<ref>{{cite web |title=Level of destruction in Beit Lahiya 'defies imagination': Gaza's Civil Defense |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lqwrwHOWR8 |website=YouTube | date=26 June 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

On 29 October 2024, nearly 100 civilians, including over 20 children, were [[29 October 2024 Beit Lahia airstrike|killed]] in a bombing of a five-story building by Israeli Forces. The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 90 casualties, including 25 children, with numerous individuals trapped under the rubble.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Israel again bombs Gaza's Beit Lahiya hours after killing 93 in one strike |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/30/israel-bombs-gazas-beit-lahiya-a-day-after-killing-ninety-three-in-one-strike |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Magid |first=Jacob |date=2024-10-30 |title=US presses Israel to explain 'horrific' Gaza strike in which over 20 kids said killed |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-presses-israel-to-explain-horrific-gaza-strike-in-which-over-20-kids-said-killed/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

On 26 March 2025, ''The Guardian'' reported that hundreds of Palestinians, mostly male, had gathered in Beit Lahia, chanting [[2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests|anti-Hamas slogans]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 March 2025|title=Netanyahu repeats threat to seize territory in Gaza as anti-Hamas protests continue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/26/netanyahu-repeats-threat-to-seize-territory-in-gaza-as-anti-hamas-protests-continue|access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

== Demography == Some of Beit Lahia's residents trace their origins to [[Egypt]], while others are [[Bedouin]]s who migrated from the [[Hebron Hills|Mount Hebron]] area.<ref name=":02">Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in '''Shomron studies'''. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 385</ref>

== International relations == Beit Lahia is twin or sister cities with:

* {{Flag icon|Indonesia}} [[Padang]], Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Padang Sister City Beit Lahia Bantu Kebutuhan Warga Palestina, Baznas Sumbar Bantu Rp 500 Juta |url=https://rm.id/baca-berita/internasional/76775/padang-sister-city-beit-lahia-bantu-kebutuhan-warga-palestina-baznas-sumbar-bantu-rp-500-juta |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Rakyat Merdeka |language=id-ID}}</ref> * {{Flag icon|Turkey}} [[Talas, Turkey]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belediyeler |first=Kardeş |title=Kardeş Belediyeler |url=https://talas.bel.tr/tr/kurumsal/kardes-belediyeler |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=talas.bel.tr |language=tr}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }} *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=3}} *{{cite book | last = Dauphin | first = C. | author-link = Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ | volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford | language = fr | isbn = 0-860549-05-4 }} *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}} *{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre|archive-date=8 December 2018|access-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first = M. | author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883 }} *{{cite book|last1=Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth|first2=K.|last2=Abdulfattah|author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn=3-920405-41-2}} *{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft|first=G.|last=Le Strange|author-link=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} *{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }} *{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} *{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C|volume=II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC|first=M.|last=Sharon|author-link=Moshe Sharon|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004110836}} *{{cite journal | last = Socin | first = A. | author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879 }} {{Refend}}

==External links== {{Sister project links|auto=y}} *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 19: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8381 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.19.jpg Wikimedia commons] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060720082745/http://www.pnic.gov.ps/english/tourism/tour14.html Palestinian National Information Centre]

[[Category:Cities in the Gaza Strip]] [[Category:North Gaza Governorate]] [[Category:Municipalities of Palestine]] [[Category:Beit Lahia| ]]