{{Short description|1513 battle of the War of the League of Cambrai}} {{Distinguish|Battle of the Golden Spurs}} {{For|the 19th-century confrontation in Kansas|Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)}} {{Infobox military conflict | image = Georg Lemberger, Battle of Guinegate (1513), Triumphzug Kaiser Maximilians.jpg | image_size = 300px | coordinates = {{coord|50|34|29|N|2|14|10|E|region:FR-62|display=it}} | map_type = France#English Channel | map_relief = 1 | caption = ''Triumphzug Kaiser Maximilians'', [[Georg Lemberger]] | partof = the [[War of the League of Cambrai]] | conflict = Battle of the Spurs | date = 16 August 1513 | place = [[Enguinegatte|Guinegate]], [[Kingdom of France]] | result = Anglo-Imperial victory | combatant1 = [[Kingdom of England|England]]<br />[[Holy Roman Empire]] | combatant2 = [[Kingdom of France|France]] | commander1 = [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]<br />[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]<br />[[Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex|Henry Bourchier]]<br />[[George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury|George Talbot]]<br />[[Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester|Lord Herbert]] | commander2 =[[Jacques de La Palice|Jacques Palice]]{{POW}}<br />[[Charles IV, Duke of Alençon|Charles IV of Alençon]]<br />[[Louis I d'Orléans, duc de Longueville|Louis d'Orléans]]{{POW}}<br />[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard|Chevalier de Bayard]]{{POW}} | strength1 = 30,000 overall, many fewer were engaged | strength2 = 7,000 | casualties1 = Light | casualties2 = 3,000 killed, wounded, captured, or missing }} {{Campaignbox War of the League of Cambrai}}
The '''Battle of the Spurs''' or '''(Second) Battle of Guinegate'''<ref>({{Langx|fr|Journée des éperons}}, "Day of the Spurs"; ''deuxième bataille de Guinegatte'')</ref> took place on 16 August 1513. It formed a part of the [[War of the League of Cambrai]] of 1508 to 1516, during the [[Italian Wars]]. King [[Henry VIII of England]] and Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] were besieging the [[France in the early modern period | French]] town of [[Thérouanne]] in [[Artois]] (now [[Pas-de-Calais]]). Henry's camp was at Guinegate (present-day [[Enguinegatte]]).<ref>English contemporary sources call the town "Turwyn".</ref> A large body of French [[heavy cavalry]] under [[Jacques de La Palice]] was covering an attempt by [[light cavalry]] to bring supplies to the besieged garrison. [[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] troops surprised and routed the French cavalry. The battle resulted in the precipitate flight and extensive pursuit of the French. During the pursuit, a number of notable French leaders and knights were captured. After the fall of Thérouanne, Henry VIII besieged and took [[Tournai]].
==Prelude==
===Context=== Henry VIII joined the Holy League, as the League of Cambrai was also known, on 13 October 1511 with Venice and Spain to defend the [[Papal states|Papacy]] from its enemies and France with military force. Henry promised to attack France at [[Guyenne]], landing 10,000 men at [[Hondarribia]] in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] in June 1512. This army was conveyed by the admiral [[Edward Howard (admiral)|Edward Howard]], and commanded by [[Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset]]. It remained at [[Bayonne]] till October supporting [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]'s action in the [[Kingdom of Navarre]], though undersupplied and in poor morale. Maximilian joined the league in November. [[Louis XII of France]] hoped that Scotland would aid France against England.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1952|pp=271–277}}; {{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=nos. 1176, 1239, 1286, 1292, 1326–27, 1375, 1422}}</ref>
===Siege of Thérouanne=== [[File:Meeting of Henry VIII and Maximilian.png|thumb|Contemporary woodcut of the meeting of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]] at the siege of [[Thérouanne]]]]
In May 1513 English soldiers began to arrive in number at [[Calais]] to join an army commanded by [[George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury|George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury]], [[Lord Steward of the Household]]. Shrewsbury was appointed Lieutenant-General on 12 May, John Hopton commanded the troop ships. On 17 May Henry announced to the [[Cinque Ports]] and [[Edward Poynings]], Constable of [[Dover Castle]], that he would join the invasion in person, and had appointed commissioners to requisition all shipping. In Henry's absence across the sea (''ad partes transmarinas''), [[Catherine of Aragon]] would rule England and Wales as Rector and Governor (''Rectrix et Gubernatrix'').{{sfn|Rymer|1712|pp=367–370}}
The ''Chronicle of Calais'' recorded the names and arrivals of Henry's aristocratic military entourage from 6 June onwards. At the end of the month the army set out for [[Thérouanne]]. Shrewsbury commanded the vanguard of 8,000, and [[Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester|Charles Somerset, Lord Herbert]] the rearward of 6,000.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1952|pp=277–279}}</ref> Henry VIII sailed from Dover,<ref>''HMC Calendar of Manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury'', vol. 1 (London, 1883), pp. 3–4.</ref> and arrived at Calais on 30 June, with the main grouping of 11,000 men.{{sfn|Nichols|1846|pp=10–13}} The army was provided by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] as [[Almoner]], and comprised several different types of martial forces including [[cavalry]], [[artillery]], [[infantry]], and [[longbow]]men using arrows with hardened steel heads, designed to penetrate armour more effectively. Eight hundred German mercenaries marched in front of Henry.
Shrewsbury set up a [[Artillery battery|battery]] and [[Mining (military)|dug mines]] towards the town's walls, but made little progress against the defending garrison of French and German soldiers in July. The town was held for France by [[Créquy family|Antoine de Créquy, sieur de Pont-Remy]] who returned fire until the town surrendered, and the English called one distinctive regular cannon shot the "whistle."<ref>{{harvnb|Potter|2003|p=137}}; Hall, Edward, and Richard Grafton, ''Chronicle'' (1809), pp. 259–264, has "Bresquy" for Créquy</ref> Reports of setbacks and inefficiency reached Venice. On the way to Thérouanne two English cannon called "John the Evangelist" and the "Red Gun" had been abandoned, and French skirmishing hampered their recovery with loss of life. Edward Hall, the chronicle author, mentions the role of [[Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex|Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex]] in this operation and the advice given by [[Rhys ap Thomas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|1809|p=542}}; Grafton, Richard, ''Chronicle at Large'', vol. 1 (1809), pp. 256, 257–258</ref> An Imperial agent of [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Savoy]] wrote that two "obstinate men" govern everything, these were [[Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk|Charles Brandon, Viscount Lisle]] who he called the "Grand Esquire" and the Almoner Wolsey.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2051 & following papers, see no. 2071 & 2141}}</ref> [[File:Flemish School, 16th century - The Meeting of Henry VIII and the Emperor Maximilian I - RCIN 405800 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|The meeting of Henry VIII and Maximilian (fore and middle ground). The Battle of the Spurs and the besieged town of [[Thérouanne]] (background). Flemish School 16th century.]]
Henry camped to the east of Thérouanne at a heavily defended position, described by English chronicles as environed with artillery, such as "[[Falconet (cannon)|falcons]], [[Veuglaire|serpentines]], cast [[Arquebus|hagbushes]], ''tryde harowes'', and spine trestles (bolt firing ''tarasnice'')", with Henry's field accommodation consisting of a wooden cabin with an iron chimney, with large tents of blue water-work, yellow, and white fabric, topped by the King's beasts, the Lion, [[Welsh Dragon|Dragon]], [[White Greyhound of Richmond|Greyhound]], Antelope, and [[Dun Cow]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|1809|p=543}}; Grafton, Richard, ''Chronicle at Large'', vol. 1 (1809), pp. 259, 260; Henry's tents at Thérouanne are also depicted in paintings (see external links) and detailed in a [[British Library]] manuscript, BL Add MS 11321 fol. 97–100</ref>
The Emperor Maximilian came to [[Aire-sur-la-Lys]] in August, with a small force (either a small escort that cannot be called an army<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacFarlane |first1=Charles |title=The cabinet history of England, an abridgment of the chapters entitled 'Civil and military history' in the Pictorial history of England [by G.L. Craik and C. MacFarlane] with a continuation to the present time. 13 vols. [in 26] |date=1851 |publisher=Blackie and son |pages=87, 88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX8DAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA88 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> or about 1,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Law |first1=Ernest |title=England's First Great War Minister: How Wolsey Made a New Army and Navy and Organized the English Expedition to Artois and Flanders in 1513, and how Things which Happened Then May Inspire and Guide Us Now in 1916 |date=1916 |publisher=G. Bell & Sons |page=230 |url=https://archive.org/stream/englandsfirstgre00laweuoft/englandsfirstgre00laweuoft_djvu.txt |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> to 4,000 horsemen,{{sfn|Howitt|1865|pp=127, 128}} depending on the sources). Henry donned light armour and dressed his entourage in cloth-of gold and came to Aire on 11 August, where Maximilian's followers were still dressed in black in mourning for his wife [[Bianca Maria Sforza]]. Henry hosted Maximilian at a tent with a gallery of cloth-of-gold at his camp over the weekend beginning 13 August. According to the chronicles, the weather on the day of the meeting was the "foulest ever."<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|1809|pp=544–545, 548–489}}; {{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2227}}</ref> News of Henry's meeting with Maximilian in person delighted Catherine of Aragon, who wrote to Wolsey that it was an honour for Henry and would raise Maximilian's reputation; he would be "taken for a nother man that he was befor thought".{{sfn|Ellis|1825|p=85}}
[[Louis XII of France]] determined to break the siege. In July a force of 800 Albanians commanded by Captain Fonterailles pushed through the besieger's lines and successfully delivered gunpowder and supplies including bacon to the gates of the town, leaving 80 soldiers as reinforcements. Fonterailles was helped by covering artillery fire from the town. Reports sent to Venice mentioned 300 English casualties or more, and Fonterailles' statement that the town could hold out till the [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of the [[Nativity of Mary|Nativity of the Virgin]], on 8 September. The Venetians were aware that their French sources might have been misrepresenting the situation to gain their support.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1867|loc=nos. 269, 271, 273–274, 281, 291 (possibly exaggerated reports heard in Venice)}}</ref>
==Battle==
===French attempt to supply Thérouanne=== [[File:Bomy2.jpg|thumb|View from a hill at [[Bomy]], illustrating the terrain of the battle]] A second French attempt was organized for 16 August, with a force assembled at [[Blangy-sur-Ternoise|Blangy]] to the south. This French army was made up of companies of [[Gendarme (historical)|gendarmes]] and [[pikemen]], with some other troops as well. These included a type of French light cavalry called "[[Stratioti|stradiotes]]" (stradiots), equipped with short stirrups, beaver hats, light lances, and [[Kilij|Turkish swords]]. These may have been Albanian units.{{sfn|Hall|1809|pp=543, 550}}
In response to the new threat, English military engineers had built five bridges overnight over the [[Leie|river Lys]] to allow their army free passage to the other side and Henry moved his camp to Guinegate (now called ''Enguinegatte''), on 14 August, after displacing a company of French horse armed with spears who were stationed at the Tower of Guinegate.{{sfn|Grafton|1809|p=262}}
The French infantry were left at Blangy, while the heavy cavalry were divided into two companies, one under the command of La Palice and [[Louis I d'Orléans, duc de Longueville|Louis, Duke of Longueville]], the other under [[Charles IV, Duke of Alençon]]. Alençon's smaller force attacked the besieging positions commanded by [[George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury|Lord Shrewsbury]], the larger force against the south of the besieging lines where [[Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester|Lord Herbert]] commanded.{{sfn|Oman|1998|p=293}} Both attacks were designed to act as diversions in order that the stradiots be able to reach Thérouanne with supplies. Each stradiot had a side of bacon at his saddlebow and a sack of gunpowder behind him.{{sfn|Oman|1998|pp=292–293}}
===Combat=== [[File:Tower of London (8145526931).jpg|thumb|right|An early armour of Henry VIII with a contemporary horse armour. This is indicative of the appearance of English men-at-arms at the battle. Royal Armouries.]] The French had hoped to catch the besieging army unprepared by moving out before dawn; however, the English 'border prickers' ([[Border reivers|light cavalry]] from the Scottish borders) were out and they detected the movement of the larger of the two bodies of French cavalry. Henry VIII drew up a field force from the siege lines sending out a vanguard of 1,100 cavalry, following this with 10,000–12,000 infantry. La Palice's force encountered English scouts at the village of [[Bomy]], 5 miles from Thérouanne; the French, realising that the English were alert, checked themselves on the edge of a hillside. The stradiots then began their rather forlorn attempt to contact the garrison, riding in a wide arc towards the town.{{sfn|Oman|1998|p=293}} [[File:The Battle of the Spurs, from Der Weisskunig MET DP834057.jpg|thumb|right|A near contemporary illustration of the battle. The English men-at-arms, right centre, are charging the French men-at-arms, left centre, who are being thrown into confusion. At the top right are English longbowmen in action. A horse armour is marked "HB", presumably to indicate Henry Bourchier, the commander of the English cavalry.]]
Historical accounts derived from English and Imperial sources differ slightly.
According to Sir [[Charles Oman]], whose narrative is largely based on the mid-16th century English ''Chronicle'' of [[Edward Hall]], La Palice made a mistake in staying in his exposed position too long, presumably he was doing so in order to allow the stradiots the greatest possibility of success. The English heavy cavalry of the vanguard drew up opposite Palice's front, while the mounted archers dismounted and shot at the French from a flanking hedgerow. Now aware of the approach of the English infantry in overwhelming numbers, La Palice tardily ordered his force to retreat. At this point the [[Clarenceux King of Arms|Clarenceux Herald]] is said to have urged the [[Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]] to charge. The English [[men-at-arms]] and other heavy cavalry charged just as the French were moving off, throwing them into disorder. To complete the French disarray, the stradiots crashed in confusion into the flank of the French heavy cavalry, having been driven off from approaching the town by cannon fire. At much the same time, a body of Imperial cavalry also arrived to menace the other flank of the French horsemen. Panic now seized the French cavalry, whose retreat became a rout. La Palice tried to rally them but to no effect. In order to flee more quickly the French gendarmes threw away their lances and standards, some even cut away the heavy armour of their horses. The chase went on for many miles until the French reached their infantry at Blangy. During the pursuit many notable French knights were captured, along with a royal duke and the French commander, La Palice, himself.{{sfn|Oman|1998|pp= 294–295}}<ref>Hall, p. 550</ref> Meanwhile, the smaller French force had been driven off, [[Sir Rhys ap Thomas]] capturing four of their standards.{{sfn|Oman|1998|p=295}} The initial cavalry clash took place between the village of Bomy and Henry's camp at Guinegate.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2227, newsletter locating the battle at Bomy}}; {{harvnb|Lingard|1860|pp=15–17}}; {{harvnb|Brown|1867|loc=no. 308 ([[Marino Sanuto the Younger|Sanuto]] diaries)}}</ref> According to [[Reinhold Pauli]] and others, Maximilian recommended that parts of the troops should be sent to the flank and rear of the enemy and lighter cannons should be put on the ridge of the neighbouring hill. He then commanded 2,000 vanguard cavalry troops himself.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pauli |first1=Reinhard |title=Beiträge zur Englischen Geschichte bis 1880 |date=2012 |publisher=Dogma |isbn=9783955072056 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TbpZfUDC48C&pg=PA194 |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Guggenberger |first1=Anthony |title=A General History of the Christian Era: The Protestant revolution. 10th and 11th ed. 1918 |date=1913 |publisher=B. Herder |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsIPAAAAIAAJ |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Howitt |first1=William |title=John Cassell's illustrated history of England. The text, to the reign of Edward i by J.F. Smith; and from that period by W. Howitt, Volume 2 |date=1865 |publisher=Cassell, ltd |pages=127, 128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA127 |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> [[François Joseph Ferdinand Marchal|Marchal]] reports that the emperor had prepared the battle plan in mind even before arriving at the English headquarters.<ref name=Marchal>{{cite book |last1=Marchal (chevalier) |first1=François Joseph Ferdinand |title=Histoire politique du règne de l'empereur Charles Quint |date=1836 |publisher=H. Tarlier |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr0-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA191 |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> Henry had wanted to lead the cavalry charge but was advised against this by his allies; so the task fell upon the 53-year-old emperor (he had won two battles in the same area, including the [[Battle of Guinegate (1479)|First Guinegate]] where he was a young leader supported by veterans), who in battle acted as commander-in-chief of the allied forces and directed the military operations in person. He charged with the cavalry against the French as soon as contact was made.{{snf|MacFarlane|1851|p=89}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menzel |first1=Thomas |title=Der Fürst als Feldherr: militärisches Handeln und Selbstdarstellung zwischen 1470 und 1550 : dargestellt an ausgewählten Beispielen |date=2003 |publisher=Logos |isbn=9783832502409 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlUvAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> The French cavalry initially charged back strongly, but quickly gave way and retreated. According to Howitt, the French retreat was intended as a distraction that would allow Duke of Alençon to provide the city with supplies (but the Duke was repelled by Lord Herbert before reaching the gates of the city), but soon turned into a disastrous flight that the French commanders could not control.{{sfn|Howitt|1865|pp=127,128}}
===Contemporary accounts=== The day was soon called the "Battle of the Spurs" (in French: ''La Journée d'Esperons'') because of the haste of the French horse to leave the battlefield. In the summer of 1518 the English ambassador in Spain, [[John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners|Lord Berners]], joked that the French had learned to ride fast at the "jurney of Spurres."<ref>J. G. Nichols, ed., ''Diary of Henry Machyn'', Camden Society (1848), p. 401; ''Letters & Papers'', vol. 2 (1864), no. 4282</ref>
The same evening the [[Thurn-und-Taxis-Post|Imperial Master of the Posts, Baptiste de Tassis]] sent news of the battle to [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Savoy]] from [[Aire-sur-la-Lys]] in [[Artois]]; <blockquote>Early in the day the Emperor and the King of England encountered 8,000 French horse; the Emperor, with 2,000 only, kept them at bay until four in the afternoon, when they were put to flight. A hundred men of arms were left upon the field, and more than a hundred taken prisoners, of the best men in France; as the Sieur de Piennes, the Marquis de Rotelin, and others.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2168, translated from French}}</ref></blockquote> Henry sent his account to Margaret of Savoy on the following day. He mentioned that the French cavalry had first attacked Shrewsbury's position blockading the town, capturing 44 men and wounding 22. An Imperial cavalry manoeuvre brought the French horse within range of the guns, and the French cavalry fled.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2170}}</ref>
The chronicle writer Edward Hall gave a somewhat different account. Hall, who says the French called it the "battle of the Spurs", centres the action around a hill, with English archers at the village of "Bomye." He has the French cavalry break after a show of English banners organized by the Clarenceux Herald, [[Thomas Benolt]]. Hall mentions that Maximilian advised Henry to deploy some artillery on another hill "for out-scourers" but does not mention any effect on the outcome. Although Henry wished to ride into the battle, he stayed with the Emperor's foot soldiers on the advice of his council.<ref>Hall, p. 550</ref>
After a three-mile chase, amongst the French prisoners were [[Jacques de la Palice]], [[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard]] and Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville. Although reports mention the Emperor's decision for his troops to serve under Henry's standard,<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2227}}</ref> Hall's account suggests friction between the English and Imperial forces, during the day and over prisoners taken by the Empire, who were "not brought to sight" and released. Henry returned to his camp at Enguinegatte and heard reports of the day's actions. During the fighting the garrison of Thérouanne had come out and attacked Herbert's position.{{sfn|Hall|1809|pp=550–551}} According to the report, three English soldiers of note were killed, with 3,000 French casualties. Nine French standards were captured, with 21 noble prisoners dressed in cloth-of-gold.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2227}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
===Fall of Thérouanne=== On 20 August, now unthreatened by French counter-attacks, Henry moved his camp from Guinegate to the south of the town. Thérouanne fell on 22 August, according to diplomatic reports the garrison were initially unimpressed by a show of captured colours, but the French and German garrison were drawn into negotiation with Shrewsbury by their lack of supplies. Shrewsbury welcomed Henry to the town and gave him the keys. Eight or nine hundred soldiers were set to work demolishing the walls of the town and three large bastions which were pushed into the deep defensive ditches. The dry ditches contained deeper pits which were designed for fires to create smoke to choke assailants. The Milanese ambassador to Maximilian, Paolo Da Laude, heard that it was planned to burn the town after demolition was completed.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1867|loc=no. 308 (Sanuto diaries)}}; {{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2227}}</ref> On 5 September [[Pope Leo X]] was told of the English victories by the Florentine ambassador and his congratulations were conveyed to Cardinal Wolsey.<ref>Rymer, Thomas, ed., ''Foedera'', vol. 13 (1712), p. 376</ref>
===Siege of Tournai=== [[File:01 Tournai TO2aJPG.jpg|thumb|Bastion at [[Tournai]] called "Tour de Henri VIII" or the "Grosse Tour", built at [[Cardinal Wolsey|Wolsey's]] command c.{{nbsp}}1515.<ref>Colvin, Howard, ed., ''History of the King's Works'', vol. 3 part 1, HMSO (1975), pp. 375–382</ref>]] While demolition continued at Thérouanne, after discussions on 4 September, allied attention moved to [[Tournai]], though Henry would have preferred an attack on [[Boulogne]]. Maximilian and Henry went to [[Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise|St Pol]], [[Saint-Venant|St Venan]], Neve and [[Béthune]], and on 10 September Henry entered [[Lille]] with great ceremony where Margaret of Savoy held court. That evening, Henry played on the lute, harp, lyre, flute, and horn,<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1867|loc=no. 328}}; instruments identified in Dumitrescu, Theodor, ''Early Modern Court and International Musical Relations'', Ashgate, (2007), p. 37, citing Helms, Dietrich, ''Heinrich VIII. und die Musik'', Eisenach, (1998)</ref> and danced with "Madame the Bastard" till nearly dawn, "like a stag", according to the Milanese ambassador. The same day the army began the siege of Tournai, and Maximilian and Henry visited on 13 September.<ref>{{harvnb|Hinds|1912|pp=390–397}}, "Madame" was a lady-in-waiting of Margaret, who is called here the "Madame of Spain."</ref>
At this time Henry VIII was troubled by Scottish preparations for the invasion of England in support of France and had exchanged angry words with a Scottish herald at Thérouanne on 11 August.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|p=972 no. 2157}}</ref> The Scots army was defeated at the [[battle of Flodden]] on 9 September. Before Tournai fell [[Catherine of Aragon]] sent John Glyn to Henry with the blood-stained coat and gauntlets of [[James IV of Scotland]]. Catherine suggested Henry should use the coat as his battle-banner, and wrote that she had thought to send him the body too, but "Englishmen's hearts would not suffer it." It was suggested that James' body would be her exchange with Henry for his French prisoner, the [[Duke of Longueville]]. Longueville had been captured at Thérouanne by John [[Clerke baronets|Clerke]] of [[Thame|North Weston]], sent to Catherine, and lodged in the [[Tower of London]]. The idea of an exchange was reported to [[Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara|Alfonso d'Este]] [[Duke of Ferrara and of Modena|Duke of Ferrara]] in Italy, that Catherine had promised, as Henry "sent her a captive duke, she should soon send him a king".<ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|1825|pp=82–84, 88–89}}; {{harvnb|Ellis|1846|pp=152–154}}; {{harvnb|Brown|1867|loc=no. 328}}; {{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2268}}</ref>
Tournai fell to Henry VIII on 23 September. The defenders of Tournai had demolished houses in front of their gates on 11 September, and burnt their suburbs on 13 September. On 15 September the wives and children of the townspeople were ordered to repair damage to the walls caused by the besieger's cannon. On the same day the town council proposed a vote on whether the town should declare for France or the Empire. The vote was suspended (''mis en surseance'') and the people appointed deputies to treat with Henry VIII. Charles Brandon captured one of the gatehouses and took away two of its statues as trophies, and the garrison negotiated with Henry and [[Richard Foxe]], [[Bishop of Winchester]], on 20 September.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=nos. 2286–87, 2294 (extracts from the records of Tournai.)}}; {{harvnb|Brown|1867|loc=no. 316}}</ref> The events within the town were misunderstood in English chronicles, [[Raphael Holinshed]] and [[Richard Grafton]] wrote that a disaffected "vaunt-parler" had set fire to the suburbs to hasten their surrender, while the Provost canvassed the townspeople's opinion.<ref>Grafton, Richard, ''Chronicle at Large'', vol. 2 (1809), p. 267; Holinshed, ''Chronicle'', vol 3 (1808), p. 588, a "vaunt-parler" was a spokesman, an official position in contemporary Tournai (e.g., ''L&P'', vol. 3, no. 493), but the term suggested busy-body in English.</ref>
Henry attended mass in [[Tournai Cathedral]] on 2 October and knighted many of his captains. The town presented Margaret of Austria with a set of tapestries woven with scenes from the ''[[The Book of the City of Ladies|Book of the City of Ladies]]'' by [[Christine de Pizan]].<ref>Bell, Susan Groag, ''The Lost Tapestries of the City of Ladies'', University of California, (2004), pp. 42–44, 72–73</ref> Tournai remained in English hands, with [[William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy]] as Governor. The fortifications and a new citadel were reconstructed between August 1515 and January 1518, costing around £40,000. Work ceased because Henry VIII planned to restore the town to France. Tournai was returned by [[Treaty of London (1518)|treaty on 4 October 1518]]. The surveyor of [[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]], Thomas Pawne, could not find a market for the unused building materials there, and sent stones by boat via Antwerp to Calais, some carved with English insignia, along with the machinery of two watermills. The construction work at Tournai has been characterized as retrogressive, lacking the input of a professional [[Military engineering|military engineer]], and an "essentially medieval" conception out of step with Italian innovations.<ref>Colvin, Howard, ed., ''History of the King's Works'', vol. 3 part 1, HMSO (1975), pp. 375–382; {{harvnb|Cruikshank|1971|pp=169–175}}; Pepper, Simon, ''The chivalric ethos and the development of Military Professionalism'', (2003), p. 136; Hocquet, A., 'Tournai et l'occupation Anglaise,' in ''Annales de la Société Historique et Archéoloqie de Tournai'', no. 5 (1900), p. 325</ref>
===Propaganda=== [[File:Innsbruck 1 312.jpg|thumb|Marble relief at the [[Hofkirche, Innsbruck]] by [[Alexander Colyn]], 1553, after [[Albrecht Dürer]] showing the meeting of Maximilian and Henry at Thérouanne]] Henry and Maximilian jointly published an account of their victories, under the title; ''Copia von der erlichen und kostlichen enpfahung ouch früntliche erbietung desz Küngs von Engelland Keyser Maximilian in Bickardy'' ([[Picardy]]) ''gethon, Unnd von dem angryff und nyderlegung do selbs vor Terbona'' (Thérouanne) ''geschähen. Ouch was un wy vyl volck do gewäsen, erschlagen, und gefangen. Ouch die Belägerung der stat Bornay'' (sic: Tournai) ''und ander seltzam geschichten'', (1513), which can be translated as; ''Of the honourable and sumptuous reception and friendly courtesy shown by the King of England to the Emperor Maximilian in Picardy; and of the attack and defeat which took place there before Thérouanne. Also what and how many people there were slain and captured. Also the siege of the town of Tournay and other strange histories.''The book contains a woodcut of their meeting and one of Maximilian in battle. The battle at Guinegate was described in this manner;<blockquote>About twelve o'clock the French in three divisions appeared upon another hill (for here and there are little hills and valleys); and as soon as the Emperor knew it he got up and sent for the German horsemen, numbering scarcely 1,050, and the Burgundians, about 1,000 (or 2,000), and commanded to muster the troops and to keep the Germans by him. The French united in one division amounting to 10,000 (or 7,000) cavalry in array and fired guns at the Emperor's horsemen, but all went too high and did no hurt. Thus the Burgundians and certain English struck [them], and as they turned and the Emperor saw the Burgundians hard pressed, he at once ordered the German horsemen to attack on the flank; but before they struck the French had turned about and fled. Our horsemen pursued them until within a short mile of their camp and brought back the prisoners and banners hereafter indicated. When the Emperor saw that no more harm could be done them, and they were near their camp wherein were yet 20,000 foot, he retired all the men in good order and marched to the camp, remaining all night in the field. In this skirmish the English used no other cry than Burgundia.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2173 & extract translated in appendix}}</ref></blockquote>
An Italian poem, ''La Rotta de Francciosi a Terroana'' on the fall of Therouanne was printed in Rome in September 1513.<ref>{{harvnb|Brewer|1920|loc=no. 2247}}, noted: reprinted ''La Rotta de Francciosi a Terroana novamente facta, La Rotta do Scocesi'', [[Roxburghe Club]], no. 37, (1825), presented by [[George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer|Earl Spencer]].</ref> Maximilian also commissioned woodcut images of his meeting with Henry from [[Leonhard Beck]], and from [[Albrecht Dürer]] who included a scene of the mounted rulers joining hands in the [[Triumphal Arch (woodcut)|''Triumphal Arch'']].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database.aspx See "Historical subjects from the Triumphal Arch," British Museum collection database]; Schauerte, Thomas Ulrich, ''Die Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian I'', [[Deutscher Kunstverlag]], (2001), pp. 281–282, the complete woodcut has the following Latin inscription; "Illud vero laude non caret, cu' Flandos, atque sicambros suos valida manu inviseret, ut reges Angliae partes, ad versus regem Franciae tueretur, Id quod sine sanguine fieri nequit, Unde cu' iam utraque ex parte dimicatum esset fortiter, ac utinque haud pauci occubissent victoriu portitas est Caesar deinde Terrauonam solo aequevet Tornavia, oppugnationem nom sustilem pacta pace cu' Caesare, in potestatem illum receptem."</ref> Henry commissioned commemorative paintings of the meeting and of the battle which showed him involved in the centre of the action, though Hall pointed out he took advice to stay with the foot soldiers.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130628202820/http://www.bridgemanart.com/asset/424158/Flemish-School-16th-century/The-Battle-of-the-Spurs-16-August-1513-c.1513- Painting of the battle, Royal Collection, Bridgman Art Library]</ref> In [[Inventory of Henry VIII of England|Henry's inventory]], one painting was noted as "A Table wherein is conteined the Seginge of Torney and Turwyn".<ref>{{harvnb|Starkey|1998|p=385 no. 15413}}; {{harvnb|Lloyd|Turley|1990|p=48}}; {{harvnb|Bentley-Cranch|2004|pp=62–63}}</ref> A painting made by "Master Hans", perhaps [[Hans Holbein the younger|Hans Holbein]] in 1527 for a banqueting house at [[Greenwich Palace]] showed the siege of Therouanne with the "very manner of every man's camp". Henry VIII insisted that his guests, the French ambassadors, should turn to look at the picture.<ref>Sydney Anglo, ''Spectacle Pageantry, and Early Tudor Policy'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), pp. 215, 220.</ref>
Maximilian's tomb at the [[Hofkirche, Innsbruck]], constructed in 1553 to designs by [[Bernhard, Arnold, and Florian Abel|Florian Abel]] includes a marble relief of the meeting by [[Alexander Colyn]] following Dürer's woodcut. In the immediate aftermath of the battle, Maximilian objected to the use of his name in the battle report (even before that, he adopted the red rose and the Cross of Saint George, and declared that he would serve as Henry's soldier, to avoid the complaint that his force was too small in comparison with his position and his promises).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nye |first1=Bill |title=Bill Nye's History of England: From the Druids to the Reign of Henry VIII |date=1900 |publisher=Lippincott |page=1513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvg_AAAAYAAJ&dq=1513&pg=PA190 |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Smith |editor-first1=John Frederick |title=John Cassell's Illustrated History of England, Volume 2 |date=1858 |publisher=W. Kent and Company |pages=124–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125 |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowle |first1=John |title=Henry VIII: A Biography |date=1965 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-7250008888 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQmgAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> According to [[Patrick Fraser Tytler]], Howitt and others, Maximilian had an ulterior motive in his flattering behaviours towards Henry, which was later understood by some historians (such as Comyn<ref>{{cite book |last1=Comyn (Sir) |first1=Robert Buckley |title=The History of the Western Empire |volume=2 |date=1841 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Company |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Asc9IjBGN7oC&pg=PA355 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>) as Maximilian acting like a mercenary soldier, as Henry was the side who footed the bill for the whole campaign. Additionally, Maximilian wanted to destroy the city walls of Tournai (which usually served as a foothold for French intervention and threatened his grandson Charles's Burgundian territories). He accomplished this with his counsel and the help of [[Thomas Wolsey]], to whom he promised help in getting the bishopric of Tournai (Wolsey, who turned out to be the biggest winner in the aftermath according to Derek Wilson, did get the bishoprics of both Lincoln and Tournai. Later he relinquished the latter in exchange for a pension of 12,000 livres.).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tytler |first1=Patrick Fraser |title=Life of Henry the Eighth: With Biographical Sketches Of...contemporaries... |date=1854 |publisher=Nelson |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMLLV9YdADYC&dq=%22accomplished+maximilian%22+henry&pg=PA56 |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Howitt|1865|p=129}}{{sfn|Smith|1858|pp=124–126}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Derek |title=A Brief History of Henry VIII: King, Reformer and Tyrant |date=2013 |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-1472107633 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RaeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> On the other hand, Henry VIII and his queen Catherine did feel genuine gratitude for Maximilian's assistance and later sent him the sizeable sum of 100,000 golden florin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barany |first1=George |title=The Anglo-Russian Entente Cordiale of 1697–1698: Peter I and William III at Utrecht |date=1986 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0880331043 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt5oAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
===English knights made at the Battle of Spurs and in Tournai=== The following were made [[knight banneret|knights banneret]] after the battle of the Spurs on 16 September 1513,{{sfn|Shaw|1906|p=31}} Edward Hall specifically mentioned the knighting of John Peachy, captain of the King's horse, as a banneret and John Car who was "sore hurt" as a knight.{{sfn|Hall|1809|p=551}} * [[Andrew Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor|Andrew Wyndsore]], Treasurer of the King's middle-ward * Robert [[Dymoke]], Treasurer of the rear-ward * Randolph Brereton, marshall of the rear-ward {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[John Arundell (admiral)|John Arundell]] * [[John Aston (knight banneret)|John Aston]] * [[Thomas Cornwall]] * [[Peter Edgecumbe (died 1539)|Piers Edgecombe]] * [[Henry Guildford]] * [[John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford|John Hussey of Sleaford]] * [[John Seymour (1474–1536)|John Seymour]] * [[Anthony Ughtred]] * [[Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr|Thomas West]] * [[Henry Wyatt (courtier)|Henry Wyatt]] * John Audely * Thomas Blount * Richard Carew * Henry Clifford * George Holford * Thomas Leighton * William Pierpoint * John Reynsford * Henry Sacheverell * John Warbleton * Richard Wentworth }}
On 2 October 1513, after Henry attended mass at [[Tournai Cathedral]] the following were knighted:<ref>{{harvnb|Metcalfe|1885|pp=45–56}}; however according to {{harvnb|Hall|1809|pp=565–566}}, the manuscript quoted in Metcalfe (1885) has an impossible date of "25 December 1513" and instead Hall dates it to 2 October 1513</ref> {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley|John Tuchet, Lord Audely]] * [[Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham|Thomas Brooke, Lord Cobham]] * Edward, Lord Grey * [[Anthony Wingfield]] * Thomas Tyrell of [[Gipping]] * Christopher Willoughby of [[Parham, Suffolk|Parham]] * [[Edward Guildford]] * [[William Compton (courtier)|William Compton]] * [[Richard Sacheverell]] * Thomas Tyrell of Heron, Essex * [[William Eure, 1st Baron Eure|William Eure]] * Thomas Borough * Robert Tyrwhit * [[Thomas Fairfax (Gilling)|Thomas Fairfax]] * [[Edward Hungerford (died 1522)|Edward Hungerford]] and [[Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury|Walter Hungerford]] * [[Giles Capel]] * Edward Doon * [[Edward Belknap]]e * [[Edward Ferrers (died 1535)|Edward Ferrers]] * [[William Hussey (died ?1531)|William Hussey]] * Owen Perrot * [[William FitzWilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton|William Fitzwilliam]] * [[Christopher Garneys]] * Henry Poole * [[John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford|John Vere]] * [[John Marney, 2nd Baron Marney|John Marney]] * John Markham * John Savage * Edward Stradling * John [[Thomas Ragland|Ragland]] * [[Edward Chamberlain (1480–1543)|Edward Chamberlain]] * [[William Griffith (born 1480)|William Griffith]] * [[William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Horton|William Parr]] * Edward Neville * John Neville of [[Liversedge]], captain of Northern Light Horsemen * Robert Neville of Liversedge, (knighted at Lille) * William Essex * [[Ralph Egerton]] * James Framlingham * John Mainwaring * John Mainwaring of [[Ightfield]], (knighted at Lille) * William Tyler * John Sharpe * [[Thomas Lovell|Thomas Lovell, junior]] of [[Barton Bendish]] * Richard Jerningham * Lewis Orell * Geffrey Gates * [[Richard Tempest]] * [[William Brereton (groom)|William Brereton]] * Henry Owen * [[John Giffard (died 1556)|John Giffard]] * Henry Longe * William Hansarde * [[William Askew|William Ascu (Askew)]] or [[Ainscough]] of [[Stallingborough]] * Christopher Ascu (Askew) * John Zowkett (German) * Lewis de Waldencourt ("de [[Hainaut (province)|Hannonia]]") * Nicholas Barrington * John Bruges * [[Thomas Finch (soldier)|William Finch]] * George Harvey * Nicholas Heydon * Lionel [[Dymoke]] * Edward Benstead * William Smith * John Daunce * [[Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln|Thomas Clinton]] * Richard Whethill * William Thomas * John [[Wiseman baronets|Wiseman]] * The heir of [[John la Zouche, 7th Baron Zouche, 8th Baron St Maur|Baron Zouche]] * [[Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley|(Edward) Sutton, heir of Baron Dudley]] * Christopher Baynham of [[Clearwell]] }} With others, and more including Walter Calverley (1483–1536) were knighted at Lille on 13 and 14 October.{{sfn|Shaw|1906|p=42}}
==Notes== {{reflist|30em}}
==References== *{{citation|last=Bentley-Cranch |first=Dana |year=2004 |title=The Renaissance Portrait in France and England |publisher=Honore Champion |pages=62–63}} *{{citation |editor-last=Brewer |editor-first=J.S. |year=1920 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=1120 |title=Letters & Papers Henry VIII |volume=1 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research}} *{{citation |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Rawdon |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=1000 |title=Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice (1509–1519) |volume=2 |year=1867 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research}} *{{citation |last=Cruikshank |first=Charles Greig |title=The English Occupation of Tournai |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1971}} *{{citation |editor-last=Ellis |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Ellis (librarian) |year=1825 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9ngMl4MwOkC |title=Original Letters Illustrative of English History |series=First Series |edition=Second |volume=1 |publisher=Harding, Triphook, & Lepard |location=London }} *{{citation |editor-last=Ellis |editor-first=Henry |year=1846 |title=Original Letters Illustrative of English History |series=3rd Series |volume=1 |pages=152–154}} *{{citation |last=Grafton |first=Richard |year=1809 |title=Chronicle at Large |volume=2 |page=262}} *{{citation |editor-last=Hinds |editor-first=Allen B. |year=1912 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=1038 |title=Calendar State Papers, Milan |volume=1 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research}} *{{citation |last=Hall |first=Edward |authorlink=Edward Hall |year=1809|title=Chronicle: Union of the Two Noble and Illustrate Families of Lancastre and Yorke (collated eds. of 1548 and 1550)|location=London |publisher=J. Johnson, F.C. Rivington, etc. |page=[https://archive.org/stream/hallschronicleco00halluoft#page/550/mode/2up 550]}} *{{citation |last=Lingard |first=John |authorlink=John Lingard |year=1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr4VAAAAYAAJ |title=History of England |volume=6 |location=New York |publisher=O'Shea}} *{{citation |last1=Lloyd |first1=Christopher |last2=Turley |first2=Simon |year=1990|title=Henry VIII, Images of a Tudor King |publisher=Phaidon / HRP| page=48}} *{{citation |last=Mackie |first=J.D. |title=Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 |location=Oxford |year=1952}} *{{citation |editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=John Gough |editor-link=John Gough Nichols |year=1846 |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofcalai00turprich |title=Richard Turpyn's Chronicle of Calais |publisher=Camden Society|pages=10–15, 67–68}} *{{citation |last=Metcalfe |first=Walter Charles |year=1885 |title=A Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath, and Knights Bachelor made between the fourth year of King Henry VI and the restoration of King Charles II ... |location=London |publisher=Mitchell and Hughes |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofknightsban00metcuoft}} *{{citation |last=Oman |first=Sir Charles W. C. |year=1998 |title=History of the Art of War in the 16th Century |edition=reprinted |publisher=Greenhill Books |isbn=0-947898-69-7}} *{{citation |last=Potter |first=David |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZA5mJmoB1oC |title=War and Government in the French Provinces |location=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521893008}} *{{citation |editor-last=Rymer |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Rymer |year= 1712 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6FSAAAAcAAJ |title=Foedera, Conventiones, Literae, Et Cujuscunque Generis Acta Publica, Inter Reges Angliae |volume=13 }} (Latin & English) *{{citation|last=Shaw |first=William Arthur |year=1906 |title=The Knights of England: A complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, incorporating a complete list of knights bachelors dubbed in Ireland |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Sherratt and Hughes|url=https://archive.org/details/knightsofengland02shawuoft}} *{{citation |editor-last=Starkey |editor-first=David |year=1998 |title=Inventory of Henry VIII | page=385}}
==External links== * [https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/10/collection/405800/the-meeting-of-henry-viii-and-the-emperor-maximilian-i Painting of 'The Meeting of Henry VIII and the Emperor Maximilian I', RCT RCIN 405800] * [https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/11/collection/406784/the-battle-of-the-spurs Painting of the Battle of Spurs, RCT RCIN 406784] * [http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/asset69104_863-.html English painting of the meeting at Thérouanne , c. 1520] at the [[Tower of London]], via UK [http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/index.php National Education Network] * [http://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/5550/maximillian-meeting-king-henry-viii-of-england Albrecht Dürer's woodcut of the meeting], [[Auckland Art Gallery]], (without inscription) * [http://www.fortified-places.com/tournai/ History of fortification at Tournai, Fortified Places] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409161452/http://www.fortified-places.com/ |date=9 April 2008 }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spurs, Battle of the}} [[Category:1513 in France]] [[Category:Battles of the War of the League of Cambrai]] [[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of England]] [[Category:Battles involving France]] [[Category:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:Military history of Hauts-de-France]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1513]] [[Category:16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England]] [[Category:England–France relations]] [[Category:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Category:Henry VIII]]