{{Short description|Military campaign in 404/403 BC}} {{Primary sources|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict=Battle of Phyle |partof=[[Phyle Campaign]] |image=Phyle map-en.svg |caption=Map showing the three battles of the [[Phyle Campaign]] |date=12 Boedromion 404 BC |place=Near [[Fyli|Phyle]], [[Attica]] |casus= |territory= |result=Athenian exile victory |combatant1=[[Athens|Athenian]] exiles |combatant2=[[Sparta]]n garrison of Athens |commander1=[[Thrasybulus]] |commander2=Callibius |strength1=700 infantry |strength2=700 infantry, two divisions of cavalry |casualties1=Light |casualties2=123 killed |notes= }} {{Campaignbox Phyle Campaign}} The '''Battle of Phyle''' was fought between [[Athens|Athenian]] exiles who were seeking to restore democracy to Athens and a [[Sparta]]n garrison trying to protect the oligarchic [[Thirty Tyrants]]. In the battle, 700 Athenian exiles under Thrasybulus decisively defeated Spartans and their Athenian cavalry in a dawn ambush.
==Prelude== Following Athens' defeat in the [[Peloponnesian War]], a narrow [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] government was imposed on the city by [[Lysander]] and the victorious Spartans. This government, which came to be known as the Thirty Tyrants as a result of its brutal actions, exiled or drove away a number of citizens. Many of these gathered at Thebes, where they received support and assistance from the anti-Spartan government of [[Ismenias]].<ref>R.J. Buck, ''Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy''</ref> Late in 404 BC, 70 of these exiles, commanded by [[Thrasybulus]], crossed the border into [[Attica]] and occupied the strong point of Phyle on [[Parnitha|Mount Parnes]].<ref>Xenophon, ''Hellenica'' [[s:Hellenica/Book 2/Chapter 4#4:2|2.4.2]]</ref>
The Thirty, seeking to dislodge this threat, marched out to attack Phyle, but, after an initial assault was repulsed, a snowstorm drove the force back to Athens. Meanwhile, more exiles began to arrive at Phyle, swelling the size of the force there. The Thirty dispatched the Spartan garrison of Athens, along with an Athenian cavalry force, to keep watch on Phyle and prevent the exiles from raiding the countryside.<ref>Xenophon, ''Hellenica'' [[s:Hellenica/Book 2/Chapter 4#4:3|2.4.3-4]]</ref>
==Battle== The Spartan force made its camp in a field two miles from Phyle, and from there kept watch on the area. By this time, however, so many exiles had come to Phyle that Thrasybulus was now in command of a 700-man force. With this army, he came down from Phyle at night and surrounded the Spartan camp; at dawn, the exiles attacked, catching the Spartan force in the midst of waking up. A total rout ensued; 120 [[hoplite]]s, just under a fifth of the Spartan force, were killed, as were three cavalrymen. The defeated force fled back to Athens in disarray; after pursuing for a mile, the victorious exiles returned to Phyle.<ref>Xenophon, ''Hellenica'' [[s:Hellenica/Book 2/Chapter 4#4:4|2.4.4-7]]</ref>
==Aftermath== This unexpected defeat shook the confidence of the government at Athens, and the Thirty began shortly afterward to prepare a refuge for themselves at [[Eleusis]] by seizing and executing a number of potential dissenters there. The exiles, meanwhile, received a great boost in prestige from the victory, and new recruits swelled their numbers rapidly. Just a few days after the battle at Phyle, Thrasybulus led a force of 1000 men to [[Piraeus]]. There, he won another victory, after which the Thirty fled to Eleusis. A stalemate then ensued, with Thrasybulus and his men holding the Piraeus while a new oligarchic government held Athens; this was brought to a close when a Spartan force under [[Pausanias of Sparta|Pausanias]] arrived; after fighting an inconclusive battle with the men from Phyle, Pausanias arranged a settlement that restored democratic governance to Athens.
The Athenians held sacrifices annually on 12 [[Boedromion]], the anniversary of the victory.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''On the Glory of the Athenians'' 7, 349f.</ref>
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== *Buck, Robert J., ''Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy: the life of an Athenian statesman''. (Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998) {{ISBN|978-3-515-07221-2}} *Fine, John V.A. ''The Ancient Greeks: A critical history'' (Harvard University Press, 1983) {{ISBN|978-0-674-03314-6}} *Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'' (Oxford University Press, 2003) {{ISBN|978-0-19-866172-6}} *{{cite wikisource |title=Hellenica |wslink=Hellenica (Xenophon) |author=[[Xenophon]] |translator=[[Henry Graham Dakyns]] |year=1890s |origyear=original 4th century BC}}
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[[Category:Battles involving ancient Athens|Phyle]] [[Category:Battles involving Sparta|Phyle]] [[Category:404 BC]] [[Category:403 BC]] [[Category:400s BC conflicts]] [[Category:Battles of the Phyle Campaign|Phyle]] [[Category:Fyli]]