{{short description|1864 battle of the American Civil War}} {{Use American English|date=October 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Okolona | partof = the [[American Civil War]] | date = {{Start date and age|1864|02|22|p=1}} | place = [[Chickasaw County, Mississippi]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34.0021|-88.7556|type:event_region:US-TN|display=title}} | result = [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] victory | combatant1 = {{flag|Confederate States|1863}} | combatant2 = {{flag|United States|1863}} ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]) | commander1 = {{flagicon|CSA|army}} [[Nathan Bedford Forrest|Nathan B. Forrest]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|United States|1863}} [[William Sooy Smith|William S. Smith]] | units1 = [[File:Forrest's Cavalry Corps Flag.svg|15px]] [[Forrest's Cavalry Corps]] | units2 = Cavalry Division, [[XVI Corps (Union Army)|16th Army Corps]] | strength1 = 2,500 | strength2 = 7,000 | casualties1 = 144 | casualties2 = 388 | map_type = Mississippi | map_size = 280 | map_label = Okolona | map_relief = Yes | map_caption = Location of Okolona in Mississippi | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Meridian and Yazoo River Expeditions}} }}
The '''Battle of Okolona''' took place on February 22, 1864, in [[Chickasaw County, Mississippi]], between [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] and [[Union Army|Union]] forces during the [[American Civil War]]. Confederate cavalry, commanded by Major-General [[Nathan Bedford Forrest|Nathan B. Forrest]], faced over 7,000 [[cavalry]] under the command of Brigadier-General [[William Sooy Smith|William S. Smith]] and defeated them at [[Okolona, Mississippi|Okolona]], causing 100 casualties for the loss of 50.<ref name=ABPP>The American Battlefield Protection Program [https://web.archive.org/web/20150304120057/http://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ms013.htm ''Okolona''] retrieved July 7, 2007</ref>
Smith's force had been ordered to set off from [[Memphis, Tennessee]], and rendezvous with the main Union army of 20,000 that was marching on [[Meridian, Mississippi]], and was under the command of Major-General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William T. Sherman]]. However, Smith disobeyed orders<ref name=ABPP/> and delayed his march for ten days waiting on a unit that was ice bound in [[Kentucky]]. When he eventually left, he encountered the Confederate cavalry force on February 21, and on February 22 was engaged in a running battle across eleven miles with Forrest's forces. With Confederate reinforcements, Forrest routed Smith but did not pursue due to lack of ammunition, and Smith limped over the state line to [[Tennessee]] on February 26, where he was criticized for putting Sherman's [[Meridian campaign]] in danger.<ref name=ABPP/>
== Background == {{main|Meridian campaign}} [[File:CMH Pub 75-15 page 13.jpg|200px|thumb|left|1864 Meridian campaign]] Meridian was an important railroad center, and was the objective of a campaign launched from [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]], on February 3 by Sherman, who brought 20,000 men to the outskirts of the town. Seven thousand cavalry under Smith's command were stationed in Memphis, and on February 1 these were ordered to leave for Meridian along the [[Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad|Mobile & Ohio Railroad]] and rendezvous with the main Union force on February 10.<ref name=ABPP/> While Sherman feinted his way towards Meridian to throw off Confederate forces, Smith delayed his own advance for ten days before leaving on February 11. His force moved unopposed through the countryside, destroying railroads and crops as well as picking up 1,000 slaves. On February 16 he passed through [[New Albany, Mississippi|New Albany]], his progress slowed due to muddy roads. On February 18 he drove a Confederate force from [[West Point, Mississippi|West Point]]; and he was just outside West Point, 90 miles from Meridian, on February 20 when Sherman eventually left his position in the town and returned to Vicksburg, fearing for Smith's whereabouts.<ref name=ABPP/> Smith, hearing of this, turned about and headed for Okolona.
Later on February 20, Smith fought an initial battle with Confederate forces under Forrest's command at [[Prairie, Mississippi|Prairie Station]] and [[Aberdeen, Mississippi|Aberdeen]]. On February 21, having decided to withdraw to West Point because of concern over the size of the Confederate forces and the fate of the slaves if they were captured, Smith was lured into the swampy area around the [[Tombigbee River]] by a Confederate cavalry brigade under Colonel [[Jeffrey E. Forrest]]. Smith was forced again to retreat, leaving a rearguard, which followed his main force two hours later.<ref name=ABPP/>
==The battle== [[File:Okolona_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Okolona Battlefield core and study areas by the [[American Battlefield Protection Program]]]] Forrest arrived to conduct the battle as the rearguard began to retreat, and led the first attack at dawn on February 22 on the prairie south of Okolona. The Union forces had dismounted and constructed barricades around their positions. Forrest began a frontal assault and probing flank attacks, and with Confederate reinforcements, cut gaps in the Union battle lines and prompted a general retreat, with five cannons being abandoned.<ref name=B48/>
The Union forces reformed on a ridge, and during a flurry of attacks and counterattacks<ref name=ABPP/> Col. Forrest, the major general's younger brother, was killed by a shot to the neck.<ref>Wyeth p. 289</ref> He allegedly died in the arms of his brother, who muttered "Jeffrey, Jeffrey."<ref name=B48/> Faltering after the colonel's death, the Confederate attack was revitalized by the older Forrest, who led a charge to "exact vengeance" and break the Union positions.<ref>Browning p. 56</ref> During the pursuit, Forrest and his group were briefly overwhelmed before Col. McCullough arrived with reinforcements.<ref name=B48>Browning p. 48</ref>
The Union forces began an eleven-mile running battle as they withdrew, falling back through a series of defensive positions including plantations and roadblocks. However, these positions were quickly abandoned in the face of Confederate attacks. Towards the end of the day, the Union forces drew into three lines on a field, and charged the Confederates, who used volley fire to disrupt both charges at a range of 40 yards. Facing such defeat, Smith began a further withdrawal.<ref name=B48/> Forrest quickly ordered the end of the pursuit due to lack of ammunition, but Smith was forced to contend with other [[Mississippi State Troops|Mississippi militia]] units for the rest of his retreat to the Tennessee border.<ref name=ABPP/>
At [[Collierville, Tennessee]], Smith crossed the state line on February 26 with the remainder of his forces, where he was reprimanded for disobeying his initial orders to start out for Meridian on February 1.<ref name=ABPP/> Due to failing health Smith left the military in September 1864 and returned to civilian life.<ref name=CWR>Civil War Reverence [http://www.civilwarreference.com/people/index.php?peopleID=4272 ''CWR''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015108/http://www.civilwarreference.com/people/index.php?peopleID=4272 |date=2012-03-24 }}</ref>
== Battlefield preservation == The [[American Battlefield Trust]] and its partners have acquired and preserved more than {{convert|269|acres|km2}} of the Okolona battlefield.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/okolona-battlefield|title=Okolona Battlefield|website=[[American Battlefield Trust]]|access-date=June 20, 2023}}</ref>
== References == === Citations === {{reflist|30em}}
=== Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * Browning, Robert M., ''Forrest: The Confederacy's Relentless Warrior'', Brassey's, 2004, {{ISBN|1-57488-625-8}}. * Wyeth, John Allan, ''That Devil Forrest: Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest'', Harper, 1959, {{ISBN|0-8071-1578-9}}. * The American Battlefield Protection Program [https://web.archive.org/web/20150304120057/http://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/ms013.htm ''Okolona''] retrieved July 7, 2007. {{refend}}
== Further reading == * Beck, Brandon H. ''The Battle of Okolona: Defending the Mississippi Prairie''. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-59629-778-4}}.
{{Mississippi in the Civil War}} {{portal bar|American Civil War|Mississippi}} {{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Okolona, Battle Of}} [[Category:1864 in Mississippi]] [[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Mississippi]] [[Category:Battles of the western theater of the American Civil War]] [[Category:Chickasaw County, Mississippi]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1864]] [[Category:Confederate victories of the American Civil War]] [[Category:February 1864]] [[Category:Meridian and Yazoo River Expeditions]]