Battiscombe Gunn

{{Short description|English Egyptologist and philologist (1883–1950)}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2024}} {{Use British English|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = Professor | name = Battiscombe Gunn | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|size=100%|sep=,}} | image = Battiscombe_Gunn,_Egyptologist.jpg | caption = Gunn in 1935 | birth_name = Battiscombe George Gunn | birth_date = {{birth date|1883|6|30|df=y}} | birth_place = London, England | death_date = {{death date and age|1950|2|27|1883|6|30|df=y}} | death_place = Oxford, England | title = Professor of Egyptology (1934–1950) | spouse = {{plainlist| * Lillian Florence Meacham * Constance Rogers }} | children = J. B. Gunn | discipline = Egyptology and Philology | education = University College, London | notable_students = Alec Naylor Dakin <br /> T. G. H. James <br /> Ricardo Caminos <br /> Labib Habachi | workplaces = Egyptian Museum, Cairo <br /> Penn Museum, Philadelphia <br /> University of Oxford | influenced = J. W. B. Barns | awards = Fellow of the British Academy }}

'''Battiscombe George''' "'''Jack'''" '''Gunn''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|size=100%|sep=,}} (30 June 1883 – 27 February 1950) was an English Egyptologist and philologist. He published his first translation from Egyptian in 1906. He translated inscriptions for many important excavations and sites, including Fayum, Saqqara, Amarna, Giza and Luxor (including Tutankhamun). He was curator at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and at the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. In 1934 he was appointed Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford, a chair he held until his death in 1950.

== Early life and background == Gunn was born in London, the son of George Gunn, a member of the London Stock Exchange, and Julia Alice Philp. His paternal grandparents were Theophilus Miller Gunn FRCS, a prominent London surgeon originally from Chard, and Mary Dally Battiscombe, from Bridport. Theophilus's father was John Gunn, a non-conformist preacher, brother of Daniel Gunn, originally from Wick in Scotland, but who spent most of his career in Chard. Both sides of the family were non-conformist. His unusual first name came from his grandmother's maiden name.

He was educated at Bedales School, Westminster School and Allhallows School, Honiton. These public schools were more liberal than the conventional Victorian Public Schools, and provided an open-minded environment. Bedales, in those days, attracted nonconformists, agnostics and liberal Jews. It had connections to Fabian intellectual circles, and to the Wedgwoods, Darwins, Huxleys and Trevelyans.<ref name=Dracula/> At the age of 14, while still in school, he began to read hieroglyphs.<ref name=JEA/> He then went to a tutor in Wiesbaden, but returned to London at the age of 18, due to a change in family finances.<ref name=Ingram/>

His father expected Jack to follow him to a career in the City, but he found he hated it. He tried banking, engineering, but they did not suit him. From 1908 to 1911 he was the private secretary to Pinero, which suited him better.<ref name=Brit_acad/> In 1911, he moved to Paris where he worked as a journalist for the ''Continental Daily Mail.''<ref name=JEA/><ref name=Times/>

He demonstrated a proficiency in languages from an early age, and began working with Egyptian hieroglyphs while still in school. While often described as entirely self-taught, the Griffith Institute Archives say that he studied hieroglyphs at University College, London, as a student of Margaret Murray.<ref name=Brit_acad/><ref name=Griffith/><ref name=Women_arch/>

== Early career, and involvement with the occult== In 1905, he played the role of "Priest of the Floods and Storms" in the Theosophical Society of London's production of ''The Shrine of the Golden Hawk'', written and directed by Florence Farr.<ref name=Theosophy2/> In 1906, his translation of "The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and The Instruction of Ke'Gemni" (from the Prisse Papyrus in Paris) was published as part of the "Wisdom of the East" series of wisdom literature.<ref name=Ptah_1906/> He later considered the translation to be premature and said: "I entirely repudiate my translation of the Prisse Papyrus, so far as one can repudiate what is in print".<ref name=Brit_acad/> But it was considered a considerable improvement over previous translations, and is still in print.<ref name=Ptah_2010/>

He also seems to have been involved with the leaders of both factions of the occult community in London at the time: Arthur Edward Waite of the magical order, the Golden Dawn, and Aleister Crowley, who created his own order, A∴A∴, after he left the Golden Dawn. On 10 January 1906, Gunn was inducted into Waite's "Independent and Rectified Rite".<ref name=Kuntz_1996/> R. A. Gilbert's biography of Waite describes Gunn as "an artist, an Egyptologist and an oriental linguist", and says that, in 1910, he "argued at great length over the correct transliteration of Hebrew terms used in the Grade rituals".<ref name=Gilbert_Waite/> Crowley based his new religion, Thelema, on the translation of the Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu, also referred to as the "Stele of Revealing". He originally (1904) had it translated by the assistant curator of the Boulaq Museum in Cairo, under the supervision of the Egyptologist Émile Brugsch. In 1912, he arranged for another translation, by Gunn and Gardiner.<ref name=Crowley_stele/>

Crowley's periodical, ''The Equinox'', contained a series of parodies aimed at Waite. In two of these, Battiscombe Gunn appeared as a minor character. In Volume 1, number 8 (Sept. 1912), Gunn appears in "Waite's Wet", a fictitious account of Waite's return to Crowley's group: "Waite's photograph, frock-coat and all, was carried in its red plush frame shoulder high by Mr. Battiscombe Gunn..." In Volume 1, number 10 (Sept 1913), Gunn appears in "Dead Weight" a false description of Waite's death (he actually lived until the 1940s): "Mr. Battiscombe Gunn was rapidly revising the funeral arrangements of the dying saint, which he proposed to found on some unedited documents of the Second Dynasty, which showed conclusively that the sacred lotus was, in reality, a corset, and the Weapon of Men Thu a button-hook". Letters from Crowley to Gunn indicate that it was more than a casual acquaintance.<ref name=Vinson_Chicago/><ref name=Vinson_Gunn/>

By 1918, Gunn had lost interest in the occult, but had become an admirer of another former member of the Golden Dawn, the British Buddhist Allan Bennett, also known as Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya. Gunn was responsible for reintroducing Bennett and Clifford Bax<ref name=Some_I_Knew/><ref name=Inland_Far/> (Bax was also a friend of Gunn's first wife, Meena, and her son Patrick, later Spike, Hughes.<ref name=opening_bars/>). This led to Bennett delivering a series of discourses on Buddhism in Bax's studio, in 1919 and 1920. These were incorporated in Bennett's ''The Wisdom of the Aryas'' (1923).

Gunn experienced a conflict between the scientific and secular aspect of his professional career, and his spiritual interests.<ref name=Inland_Far/> He next turned his interest to Freudian psychoanalysis. By 1922,<ref name=Inland_Far/> he was spending the summers (when he was not on excavations in Egypt) in Vienna, where Meena was studying under Freud. By the 1930s, Gunn had turned completely against the occult. He was highly antagonistic to Frederic H. Wood, who claimed that a long-dead Egyptian princess spoke, in ancient Egyptian, through "Rosemary". This form of "speaking in tongues" is known as xenoglossy. Rosemary's utterances were recorded phonetically and an Egyptologist, Mr. Hulme, claimed that Rosemary's speech conformed to the ancient Egyptian tongue, and could be translated into English. In the June 1937, issue of the ''Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'', Gunn claimed that Hulme had manipulated the transcriptions to fit his own expectations of what he imagined ancient Egyptian to sound like.<ref name=JEA_Rosemary/> A later examination by John D. Ray (then the Sir Herbert Thompson Professor of Egyptology at the University of Cambridge) confirmed "there could be no mistaking Hulme's incompetence".<ref name=Past_Times/> Furthermore, both Gunn and Ray pointed out that Rosemary's visions of camels as domestic transport were inconsistent, as camels were not used for transport in 18th Dynasty Egypt. Wood's book on the subject, ''Egyptian Miracle'', makes repeated derogatory references to Gunn, including "Also, the passing of our opponent Battiscombe Gunn, in 1950, can be recorded with the comment, De mortuis nil nisi bonum".<ref name=Wood/>

== Professional career == Before he went to Paris in 1911, he had met Alan Gardiner. They remained lifelong friends, and Gardiner was named in his will to co-ordinate the disposition of his professional papers. In 1913 he visited Egypt for the first time, as epigrapher on the staff of Flinders Petrie's excavation at Harageh, near Fayum, working with Reginald Engelbach.<ref name=Harageh/> The outbreak of World War I prevented him returning for the following season. Returning to England, he enlisted in the Artists Rifles, but was invalided out in 1915.

From 1915 to 1920, he worked as an assistant to Gardiner, primarily in the lexicographical work which led to the 1947 publication of ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica.'' Of this period, Gardiner said: "He was a real Bohemian and much of his research was carried on in his own lodgings at dead of night".<ref name=Gardiner/> A series of articles written while working with Gardiner led to the publication, in 1924, of his major publication, ''Studies in Egyptian Syntax.''<ref name=studies/> In this book, he identified the unusual syntactical relationship between negation and tense, now known as Gunn's Rule. Gunn's Rule still appears in modern textbooks.<ref name=read/>

In the winter of 1921 and 1922, he was a member of the team led by Thomas Eric Peet and Leonard Woolley excavating at Amarna.<ref name=Amarna/> He was then appointed (1922 to 1928) to the staff of the Service des antiquités de l'Égypte (the Service of Antiquities of the Egyptian government). During this time he worked with Cecil Firth in the investigations of the pyramid of Teti. He assisted in the translation of ostraca from the tomb of Tutankhamun. Using field glasses, he was able to read the name Sneferu in the tomb which was eventually shown to be the tomb of Hetepheres I.

He became assistant conservator of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in 1928, the year in which his son, J. B. Gunn was born. During the time he lived in Maadi, outside Cairo, he experimented with the manufacture of papyrus, growing the plant in his garden. He beat the sliced papyrus stalks between two layers of linen, and produced successful examples of papyrus, one of which was exhibited in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.<ref name=Cerny/><ref name=Lucas/>

He moved to the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1931 as curator of the Egyptian section. In 1934 he was given an honorary M.A. at Oxford, so he could be appointed Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford, a chair he held until his death. He was made a Fellow of Queen's College, and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1943.

While at Oxford, he devoted himself to his pupils and his classes, at the expense of his own research. He was Editor of the ''Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'' from 1934 to 1939, and was in active correspondence with a large number of other Egyptologists, all over the world. During World War II several of his students (including Alec Naylor Dakin) worked on code breaking at Bletchley Park. Other students include Ricardo Caminos, Warren Royal Dawson, Peter Lewis Shinnie,<ref name=Dracula/> Paul E. Kahle and T. G. H. James.

Agatha Christie's 1944 detective novel ''Death Comes as the End,'' set in Thebes in the Middle Kingdom, is based on a series of letters that he translated.

For the book ''Land of Enchanters: Egyptian Short Stories from the Earliest Times to the Present Day'', published in 1947, he provided the English translation of both the Ancient Egyptian and Coptic stories.<ref name=Enchanters/> A revised edition was published in 2002.

== Personal life == [[File:Meacham 50th Anniversary BW.jpg|right|thumb|Family picture in 1935 Back Row: Charles S. Meacham (chemist, brewer, painter), Florence Meacham (painter) Second Row: '''Battiscombe Gunn''', son in law (Egyptologist), Wendy Wood, daughter (Scottish nationalist), Meena Gunn, daughter (Freudian psychoanalyst) Third Row: Mary Barnish, granddaughter, with Meena's dog, Spike Hughes, grandson (musician, critic), Bobbie Hughes granddaughter-in-law Fourth (front) Row: J. B. Gunn, grandson (physicist), Angela Hughes, great-granddaughter.]] By 1915, Gunn had become involved with Meena Hughes, the estranged wife of musician and Irish song collector Herbert Hughes. She was born Lillian Meacham, in Maidstone, Kent, but had spent most of her teenage years in Cape Town, South Africa, where her father, C.S. Meacham, was brewery manager and corporate chemist for Ohlsson's Brewery.<ref name=opening_bars/> She was given the nickname Meena by Orage, who said that her childhood blond plaits reminded him of Princess Wilhelmina. In her late teens, she returned to London to study piano at the Royal Academy of Music. Her younger sister was Gwendoline Meacham, who became a Scots Nationalist, and changed her name to Wendy Wood.

In addition to playing piano, for which she won 2 gold medals and then stopped playing, she became part of the circle around G. B. Shaw and H. G. Wells. She was a member of the Fabian Society and attended Theosophy lectures. In 1907, not long before her marriage to Hughes, she had a brief affair with the sculptor, printmaker and typographer Eric Gill, with whom both she and Gunn were lifelong friends.<ref name=Gill/> Gunn rented a cottage in Ditchling, where Gill was located, in the summer of 1919, and he, Meena and Pat all stayed there.<ref name=opening_bars/>

In 1915, in the midst of World War I, Meena was in Florence, Italy, visiting another suitor, a "rich American". Gunn escorted her seven-year-old son, Patrick Hughes (later Spike Hughes) from London to Florence, and then returned. In his autobiography, "Opening Bars", Pat describes his part in her decision to return to England and marry Gunn.<ref name=opening_bars/> Her divorce from Herbert Hughes, however, was not finalised until 1922.<ref name=chelsea/>

During the early 1920s, while Gunn was working in Egypt during the season, Meena spent quite a lot of time in central Europe, and Gunn spent his summers there. In 1924, Meena studied psychoanalysis with Sigmund Freud in Vienna, and Sándor Ferenczi in Budapest. During this time, Gunn was asked to visit Freud and look at his Egyptian antiquities. He never said anything to Freud, but he was convinced that nearly all of them were fakes.<ref name=second_movement/> Meena was a practising psychoanalyst for the following 45 years, into her 80s. While Gunn was Professor of Egyptology at Oxford, Meena maintained a psychoanalytical practice on Harley Street in London. After World War II she worked closely with Anna Freud, and in the 1960s she practised in the US

After she completed her psychoanalytic training, Meena accompanied Gunn while he was working in Egypt, and in 1928, their son J. B. Gunn, known as Iain, (later a physicist) was born in Cairo.

In 1940, Meena and Gunn were divorced, as Meena wanted to marry Alex Grey-Clarke, a young Harley Street doctor.

In 1948, Gunn married Constance Rogers, a librarian at the Ashmolean Museum.

Gunn's death on 27 February 1950, was preceded by some characteristic last words. He sent for his son Iain and Iain's fiancée, and as he lay on his death-bed, delivered a wise and paternal little speech on the advantages of marriage, and gave the two youngsters his blessing. Then he turned to his wife and said: "I shall look a bloody fool if I don't die after that, won't I?", and died within a few moments".<ref name=second_movement/>

== References == *Dictionary of National Biography {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=Theosophy2>{{Citation | author = Council of the Federation | title = TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE FEDERATION OF EUROPEAN SECTIONS OF THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD IN LONDON JULY 6TH, 7Th, 8TH, 9Th, AND 1OTH, 1905 | page=21 | year = 1905 | location = London }} </ref>

<ref name=Brit_acad>{{cite journal | last = Dawson | first = Warren R. | title = Battiscombe George Gunn 1883 – 1950 | journal =Proceedings of the British Academy | volume = XXXVI | publisher = Geoffrey Cumberlege | location = London}} </ref>

<ref name=Griffith>{{citation | title = Griffith Institute Archive: Gunn MSS |url = http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4gunn.html}} </ref>

<ref name=Women_arch>{{cite book | editor = Getzel M. Cohen | editor2 = Martha Joukowsky | author = Margaret S. Drower | title = Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists | year = 2004 | publisher = University of Michigan | isbn = 0-472-11372-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundpi0000unse }} </ref>

<ref name=Ptah_1906>{{cite book | author = Battiscombe G. Gunn | title = The Wisdom of the East: The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and The Instruction of Ke'Gemni: The Oldest Books in the World – Translated from the Egyptian with an Introduction and Appendix | year = 1906 | publisher =John Murray, Albemarle Street | location = London | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/0/5/0/30508/30508-h/30508-h.htm}} </ref>

<ref name=Ptah_2010>{{cite book | author = Battiscombe G. Gunn | title = The Wisdom of the East: The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and The Instruction of Ke'Gemni: The Oldest Books in the World – Translated from the Egyptian with an Introduction and Appendix | year = 2010 | publisher =Kessinger Publishing, LLC | isbn = 978-1-161-35851-3}} </ref>

<ref name=JEA>{{cite journal | title = Battiscombe George Gunn | journal = Journal of Egyptian Archaeology | volume = 36 |date=December 1950 | jstor = 3855102 | pages = 104–105| last1 = Barns | first1 = John | doi = 10.1177/030751335003600115 | s2cid = 192215336 }} </ref>

<ref name=Gilbert_Waite>{{cite book |first = R. A. |last = Gilbert |title = A. E. WAITE – MAGICIAN OF MANY PARTS |year = 1987 |publisher = Crucible, Thorsons Publishing Group Limited |location = Denington Estate, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire NN8 2RQ |url = http://98.15.203.119/ebooks/Grimoires%20and%20Magick%20Related/Occult%20Carrot/R.A.Gilbert/R.A.%20Gilbert%20-%20A.E.%20Waite%20-%20A%20Magician%20of%20Many%20Parts.pdf |isbn = 1-85274-023-X }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} </ref>

<ref name=Crowley_stele>{{cite journal | author = Sr. Lutea | title = Who And What Are Those Egyptian References in Liber Resh? | journal = Golden Lotus Oasis |date=November 2009 | url = http://goldenlotus-oto.org/who-and-what-are-those-egyptian-references-in-liber-resh/}} </ref>

<ref name=Wood>{{cite book | first = Frederic H. | last = Wood | title = Egyptian Miracle | publisher = Kessinger Publishing, LLC | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7661-4010-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3bdq12Lor0MC&dq=Xenoglossy%20Rosemary&pg=PA6|page=6}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}} </ref>

<ref name=JEA_Rosemary>{{cite journal | title = Notes and News | page=123 |date=June 1937 | jstor=3854467 | journal = Journal of Egyptian Archaeology| volume=23 | issue=1 }} </ref>

<ref name=opening_bars>{{Citation | last = Hughes | first = Spike | title = Opening Bars – Beginning an Autobiography | year = 1946 | publisher = Pilot Press | location = London }} </ref>

<ref name=second_movement>{{Citation | last = Hughes | first = Spike | title = Second Movement – Continuing the Autobiography | year = 1951 | publisher = Museum Press | location = London }} </ref>

<ref name=Past_Times>{{Cite book | author = Peter and Elizabeth Fenwick | title = Past Lives – an investigation into reincarnation memories | year = 1999 | publisher = Berkley books – Penguin Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-1012-0390-3}} </ref>

<ref name=Harageh>{{citation | author = Reginald Engelbach, Battiscombe G Gunn | title = Harageh, British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian research account. Twentieth year, 1914. [Publication XXVIII] | year = 1923 | publisher = British School of Archaeology in Egypt | location = London}} </ref>

<ref name=read>{{cite book | last1 = Collier | first1 = Mark | last2 = Manley | first2= Bill | title = How to read Egyptian hieroglyphs: a step-by-step guide to teach yourself | date = 2003|orig-year=1998 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley and Los Angeles | isbn = 0-520-23949-0 | page = 146 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aroQ0Zrl8J4C&dq=%22gunn's+rule%22+egyptian&pg=PA146 }} </ref>

<ref name=studies>{{Cite book |first = Battiscombe |last = Gunn |title = Studies in Egyptian Syntax |location = 13 Rue Jacob VIe, Paris |publisher = Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geunther |year = 1924 |url = http://oilib.uchicago.edu/books/gunn_egyptian_syntax_1924.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721184313/http://oilib.uchicago.edu/books/gunn_egyptian_syntax_1924.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2011-07-21 }} </ref>

<ref name=Gardiner>{{Cite book | first = Sir Alan | last = Gardiner | title = My Working Years | location = London | publisher = Coronet Press Limited | year = 1962}} </ref>

<ref name=Amarna>{{Cite book | first1 = T. E. | last1 = Peet | first2 = C. L. | last2 = Wooley | title = The City of Akhenaton, Part I. 38th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Society}} </ref>

<ref name=Times>{{Cite news | newspaper = The Times | date = 2 March 1950 | title = Obituary Professor B. G. Gunn – The Language of Ancient Egypt}} </ref>

<ref name=Cerny>{{cite book | first = Jaroslav | last = Cerny | title = Paper and books in Ancient Egypt | publisher = H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd. | location = London | year = 1947}} </ref>

<ref name=Lucas>{{cite book | first = A. | last = Lucas | title = Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 2nd Ed | publisher = Edward Arnold and Co. | location = London | year = 1934}} </ref> <ref name=Enchanters>{{cite book | editor = Bernard Lewis | title = Land of Enchanters – Egyptian Short Stories from the Earliest Times to the Present Day | publisher = The Harvill Press | location = Lower Belgrave Street, London | year = 1948}} </ref>

<ref name=Dracula>{{cite journal | last = García | first = Juan Carlos Moreno | title = From Dracula to Rostovtzeff or: The misadventures of economic history in early Egyptology | editor = Herausgegeben von Martin Fitzenreiter | journal = IBAES | volume = X | year = 2009 | publisher = Golden House Publications | location = London | url = http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/nilus/net-publications/ibaes10/publikation/moreno-garcia_ibaes10.pdf | access-date = 11 February 2011 | archive-date = 19 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021236/http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/nilus/net-publications/ibaes10/publikation/moreno-garcia_ibaes10.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=chelsea>{{cite book | first = Angela | last = Hughes | title = Chelsea Footprints: A Thirties Chronicle | publisher = Quartet Books | location = London | year = 2008}} </ref>

<ref name=Gill>{{cite book | first = Fiona | last = McCarthy | title = Eric Gill: A Lover's Quest for Art and God | publisher = E.P. Dutton | year = 1989}} </ref>

<ref name=Inland_Far>{{cite book | first = Clifford | last = Bax | title = Inland Far | publisher = William Heinemann Ltd | location = London | year = 1925}} </ref>

<ref name=Some_I_Knew>{{cite book | first = Clifford | last = Bax | title = Some I Knew | publisher = Phoenix House Ltd | location = London | year = 1951}} </ref>

<ref name=Kuntz_1996>{{cite book | first = Darcy | last = Kuntz | title = The Golden Dawn Sourcebook | page = 191 | publisher = Holmes | location = Edmonds, Washington, USA | year = 1996}} </ref>

<ref name=Vinson_Chicago>{{citation |first = Steven |last = Vinson |title = LECTURE: Studies in Esoteric Syntax: The Enigmatic Friendship of Battiscombe Gunn and Aleister Crowley |year = 2014 |publisher = American Research Center in Egypt |location = Oriental Institute, Chicago, USA |url = http://www.arce.org/chapters/illinois/events/u774 |access-date = 30 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065930/http://www.arce.org/chapters/illinois/events/u774 |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name=Vinson_Gunn>{{ cite book | editor = William Carruthers | author = Steve Vinson | author2 = Janet Gunn | title = "Studies in Esoteric Syntax: The Enigmatic Friendship of Aleister Crowley and Battiscombe Gunn" in Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures | year = 2015 | publisher = Routledge in Taylor Francis Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-415-84369-0 | pages = 96–112 }} </ref>

<ref name=Ingram>{{citation | first = James | last = Gunn | title = The Forebears and Descendants of Ingram Gunn (1737–1800) of Wick | year = 1998}} </ref> }}

==External links== * {{Gutenberg author | id=34651}} * {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gunn, Battiscombe}} Category:1883 births Category:1950 deaths Category:Academics from London Category:People educated at Bedales School Category:People educated at Westminster School, London Category:Alumni of University College London Category:English Egyptologists Category:English philologists Category:Fellows of the Queen's College, Oxford Category:People educated at Allhallows College Category:Professors of Egyptology (University of Oxford) Category:Fellows of the British Academy Category:Artists' Rifles soldiers