Bath Gorgon

{{Short description|Stone sculpture in Bath}} {{Infobox artwork | title = Bath Gorgon | other_language_1 = | other_title_1 = Green Man | other_language_2 = Latin | other_title_2 = Sulis Minerva | image = 'Gorgon's Head' - Bath Temple Pediment.jpg | image_upright = | alt = A Partially restored Pediment featuring a Gorgon Head | caption = (Partially restored) Pediment from Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath | artist = | year = c. 1st century C.E. | completion_date =  | catalogue = | medium = stone | movement = | subject = Gorgon | height_metric =  | width_metric = | length_metric = | diameter_metric = | height_imperial = 8 | width_imperial = 1 | length_imperial = 26 | diameter_imperial = | dimensions = | dimensions_ref = | metric_unit = | imperial_unit = ft | weight = | designation = | condition = | museum = | city = | coordinates = {{coord| 51.381|-2.360|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | owner = | accession = | preceded_by =  | followed_by =  | module = | website = {{URL|https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/temple-pediment-and-gorgons-head}} }} The '''''Bath Gorgon''''' is a ruined pediment from the Temple of Sulis Minerva,<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-24 |title=Key objects of the collection |url=https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/key-objects-collection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421140657/https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/key-objects-collection |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=RomanBaths.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Eleri |title=Springs Eternal |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN=150702096 |volume=71 |issue=7 - Jul2021 |issn=0018-2753 |authorlink=Eleri Cousins |magazine=History Today |pp=54–65}}</ref> in the Roman Baths in Bath in Somerset, England. The pediment features a Gorgon (or water god)'s head.<ref name=":33" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of the World - Object : The Gorgon's Head Pediment, Roman Baths |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/5Yc4AgykRBa1CyGJarGZww |website=BBC.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="cousins gorgon" /> The figure has been identified as Oceanus, and is sometimes referred to as The '''Green Man''', a Celtic mythological figure.<ref name="Digital Digging">{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2014 |title=The Gorgon from the Roman baths at Bath. A Possible Case of Mistaken Identity. |url=https://www.digitaldigging.net/roman-bath-gorgon-oceanus/ |website=DigitalDigging.net}}</ref><ref name="GuardianGorgon" /><ref name="Durand">{{Cite web |title=The Sol-Gorgon Mystery at the Roman Baths |url=https://edwarddurandwriter.weebly.com/articlethesolgorgonmysteryattheromanbaths.html |website=Edward Durand Writer}}</ref>

It was likely carved in the first century CE, by craftsmen from northern Gaul.<ref name="cousins gorgon">{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Eleri H |author-link=Eleri Cousins |date=2016 |title=An Imperial image: the Bath Gorgon in context |url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/9527/Cou |url-status=live |journal=Britannia |volume=47 |pages=99–118 |doi=10.1017/S0068113X16000131 |s2cid=191391802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509134423/https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/136073/2/Cousins_2016_Britannia_AM.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-09 |access-date=2025-02-07 |via=Lancs.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name="GuardianGorgon">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |date=25 July 2012 |title=The male Medusa: Gorgon's Head |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2012/jul/25/gorgon-s-head-british-art |website=The Guardian}}</ref> It was discovered by archaeologists in 1790.<ref name=":33" /><ref name="RB.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=Temple pediment and Gorgon's head |url=https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/temple-pediment-and-gorgons-head |website=RomanBaths.co.uk}}</ref>

==Sculpture== Originally at a height of fifteen metres, the pediment would have been supported by four fluted columns.<ref name=":33" /> The pediment was {{convert|26|ft|m|1}} wide and {{convert|8|ft|m|1}} from the apex to the bottom,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richmond |first=I. A. |last2=Toynbee |first2=J. M. C. |year=1955 |title=The Temple of Sulis-Minerva at Bath |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |publisher=The Roman Society |volume=45 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.2307/298749 |jstor=298749 |s2cid=162695154}}</ref> above the pillars on the front of the building. The Gorgon's head would have been {{circa}}{{convert|15|m}} from the ground. There are also several accompanying images on the pediment, such as Tritons (the half-fish and half-men servants to Neptune), a face-helmet shaped like a dolphin's head, a small owl, and female ''Victories'' standing on globes.<ref name="RB.co.uk" /><ref name=":33" />

In early 2010 various stones on the pediment were conserved and rearranged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bath Roman Baths repairs by Minerva |url=http://www.minervaconservation.com/projects/bath.htm |access-date=19 January 2010 |publisher=Minerva Stone Conservation}}</ref> In 2016, planning permission was received for a new learning centre aimed at schoolchildren and linked to the baths by a tunnel. Funding was sought from the Heritage Lottery Fund, and the centre opened in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2016 |title=Planning permission granted for Archway Project at the Roman Baths |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/news/planning-permission-granted-archway-project-roman-baths |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233252/http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/news/planning-permission-granted-archway-project-roman-baths |archive-date=18 September 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016 |publisher=The Roman Baths}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2016 |title=Roman Baths learning centre planning permission granted |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-37395508 |access-date=18 September 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=The Roman Baths set to reopen on 17 May |url=https://www.totalguidetobath.com/lifestyle/the-roman-baths-set-to-reopen-on-17-may/ |website=TotalGuideToBath.com}}</ref>

==Interpretations== thumb|left|The "Gorgon head" from the Temple pediment The central figure on the pediment of the Roman Baths (Bath), often referred to as "The Gorgon," has been subject to various interpretations. It has been identified as the sea god Oceanus and sometimes compared to the Green Man, a figure from Celtic mythology.<ref name="Digital Digging" /><ref name="GuardianGorgon" /><ref name="Durand" />

Some scholars suggest the head represents a local Celtic sun god,<ref name="timetravel">{{Cite web |title=The Roman Baths |url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/05/April/romanbaths.shtml |access-date=1 November 2007 |website=TimeTravel Britain}}</ref> while others draw parallels to Roman artistic motifs, such as the Jupiter Ammon clipei found in Roman fora, which sometimes depicted local river gods in Celtic provinces.<ref name="cousins gorgon" /> The name "Gorgon" comes from the Gorgons of Greek mythology, particularly Medusa. According to myth, Perseus slew the Gorgon and presented its severed head to Athena, who placed it on her aegis. This has led the Roman Baths Museum to propose a connection between the pediment's design and the goddess Sulis Minerva, a local deity syncretized with Minerva, the Roman equivalent of Athena.<ref name=":33" />

However, unlike the mythological Gorgon—who is female—the Bath pediment's Gorgon is distinctly male. Some scholars argue this represents a fusion of Celtic and Roman artistic traditions.<ref name=":33" /> Others suggest it reflects a water deity, citing similarities to depictions of Oceanus, such as on a silver dish from Mildenhall.<ref name=":33" />

A 2016 study by Eleri H. Cousins identified elements of imperial iconography within the pediment, including the Victories, an oak wreath, and a star at the apex.<ref name="cousins gorgon" /> Cousins also noted similarities between this imagery and architectural features in Gaul and Hispania, arguing that the Forum of Augustus served as a stylistic archetype.<ref name="cousins gorgon" /> She suggested the pediment reflects a fusion of local and empire-wide artistic influences rather than a strictly 'Roman' or 'Celtic' design.<ref name="cousins gorgon" />

The head itself features snakes entwined within its beard, wings above its ears, prominent brows, and a heavy moustache.<ref name="New Addition">{{Cite web |title=New addition to Gorgon's head |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/press+releases/2006/lifeandleisure/New+addition+to+Gorgons+head.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204082519/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/press+releases/2006/lifeandleisure/New+addition+to+Gorgons+head.htm |archive-date=4 December 2007 |access-date=1 November 2007 |website=Bath and North East Somerset Council}}</ref> While the presence of snakes is characteristic of Gorgon imagery, the figure's masculinity has fueled debate over its precise meaning.<ref name="RBHead">{{Cite web |title=The Gorgon's head |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=BC2C8F00-61EA-4D00-841E578908654FC5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102123834/http://romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=BC2C8F00-61EA-4D00-841E578908654FC5 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |access-date=31 October 2007 |website=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The prevailing view among scholars is that the image represents a deliberate syncretism—combining Minerva's Gorgon emblem with the face of a local water deity associated with the sacred spring.<ref name="cousins gorgon" />

Archaeologist R. G. Collingwood appreciated the meeting of Roman and Celtic art,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Philip Irving |date=July 1, 2018 |title=Civilizational Sickness and the Suspended Middle -R.G. Collingwood, Christopher Dawson, and Historical Judgment |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN=130295259 |journal=Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture |volume=21 |issue=3 - Summer2018 |page=99 |doi=10.1353/log.2018.0019 |issn=1091-6687 |url-access=registration |via=EBSCOHost.com}}</ref> finding that the sculptor creator was a "skilled artist".

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{official website}} at RomanBaths.co.uk

Category:Stone sculptures in England Category:1790 archaeological discoveries Category:1st-century Roman sculptures Gorgon, Bath Category:Pedimental sculpture Category:Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom