Northeastern Katë dialect

{{more footnotes|date=October 2024}} {{Short description|Kamkata-vari dialect of Afghanistan and Pakistan}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox language |name= Northeastern Katë |image= |states=Afghanistan, Pakistan |region=Nuristan, Kunar, Chitral | speakers = 1,500 (Pakistani speakers only) | date = 2003 | ref = <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ&dq=shekhani+dialect&pg=RA2-PA204|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|first=William J.|last=Frawley|date=May 1, 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977178-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakngos.com.pk/developing-writing-system-for-shekhani-language-in-chitral/|title=Writing System for Shekhani Language being developed|website=Pakngos.com.pk|date=April 15, 2021}}</ref> |familycolor= Indo-European |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Nuristani |fam4=Katë |script= Arabic script |iso3= bsh |glotto=kati1270 |glottorefname= Kati }}

'''Northeastern Katë''' is a dialect of the Katë language spoken by the Kata in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. It also includes the so-called ''Shekhani'' dialect spoken in Chitral district of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chitraltoday.net/2021/04/15/experts-work-to-develop-writing-system-in-shekhani-language/|title=Experts work to develop writing system in Shekhani language|website=Chitraltoday.net|date=April 15, 2021}}</ref>

There are several subdialects spoken in the upper Landai Sin Valley. It is also spoken in Chitral District, in Gobor and the upper Bumboret Valley in Pakistan.

== Innovations == According to Halfmann (2024), the primary innovations of the Northeastern dialect include secondary vowel length from monophthongization of vowel + ''v'', a progressive suffix ''-t-'', and epenthesis of original ''*tr'' and ''*dr'' clusters.

== Orthography == In August 2022, Pakistani linguist, Rehmat Aziz Chitrali proposed a keyboard to Khowar Academy, Chitral.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chitrali |first1=Rehmat Aziz |title=Shekhani Keyboard |url=http://desktop-691f0dr:8008/ |website=Keyman |publisher=Khowar Academy}}</ref>

== History == Speakers of Eastern Katë dialects migrated from Kamdesh in Nuristan in modern-day Afghanistan to Lutkuh Valley in Chitrali Princely State in British Raj during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linguapax.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Linguistic-Diversity-multilingualism-and-social-empowerment-in-northern-pakistan-Zubair-Torwali_updated-2.pdf|title=Linguistic Diversity, Multilingualism and Social Empowerment in Northern Pakistan|website=Linguapax.org|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Most speakers in Pakistan speak either Pashto or Khowar as a second language. Many native speakers often marry the minority Pashtuns in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx9iAAAAMAAJ&q=shekhani+dialect|title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral|first=Calvin Ross|last=Rensch|date=July 25, 1992|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | !Labial !Dental/ Alveolar !Palato- alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|ʈ}} | |{{IPA link|k}} | |- !voiced |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPA link|ɖ}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate !voiceless | |{{IPA link|t͡s}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʂ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} | | |- !voiced | | |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʐ}} | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !voiceless |({{IPA link|f}}) |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} |{{IPA link|ʂ}} |{{IPA link|ɕ}} |({{IPA link|x}}) |{{IPA link|h}} |- !voiced |{{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|z}} |({{IPA link|ʒ}}) |{{IPA link|ʐ}} |{{IPA link|ʑ}} |({{IPA link|ɣ}}) | |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ɳ}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Tap | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | |({{IPA link|ɽ}}) | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Approximant !lateral | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | | | |- !central | | | |{{IPA link|ɻ}} |({{IPA link|j}}) | | |}

* Sounds /ʒ ɽ ɣ/ occur from neighboring languages. /f x/ are borrowed from loanwords mainly from Khowar or Yidgha. */ʈ/ can also be heard as an allophone [ɽ]. * [j] is heard as an allophone of /i/. * /v/ can also be heard as bilabial [β] or a labial approximant [w].

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Front !Central !Back |- !High |{{IPA link|i}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|u}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|o}} |- !Low | |{{IPA link|a}} | |}

* Mid /ə/ can be heard as a close central [ɨ].

== Vocabulary == ===Pronouns=== {|class=wikitable !colspan=2|Person !Direct !Oblique |- !rowspan=2|1st !sg. |''ũ'', ''ũċ'' |''ĩ'', ''yẽ'' |- !pl. |colspan=2|''imú'' |- !rowspan=2|2nd !sg. |''tyu'' |''tu'' |- !pl. |colspan=2|''šo'' |}

===Numbers=== # ''e'', ''ev'' # ''dyu'' # ''tëre'' # ''štëvó'' # ''puč'' # ''ṣu'' # ''sut'' # ''uṣṭ'' # ''nu'' # ''duċ'' # ''yaníċ'' # ''diċ'' # ''tëríċ'' # ''šturéċ'' # ''pčiċ'' # ''ṣeċ'' # ''stiċ'' # ''ṣṭiċ'' # ''neċ'' # ''vëċë́''

== Further reading == * {{cite thesis |last=Halfmann |first=Jakob |date=2024 |title=A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Universität zu Köln |url=https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/73732/}}

== References == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|last=Grjunberg|first=Aleksandr L.|title=Jazyk Kati: Teksty, Grammatičeskij Očerk|publisher=Moskva: Glavnaya Redaktsija Vostočnoj Literatury|year=1980}} *{{Cite book|last=Strand|first=Richard F.|title=Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages|publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1973}} *{{cite web| url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nurestani-languages| title=Nurestâni Languages| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2010| publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition| access-date=16 January 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106105936/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nurestani-languages| archive-date=6 November 2016| url-status=dead}} *{{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html| title=Kâtʹa-vari Lexicon| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2011| access-date=22 November 2020}}

== External links == {{Incubator|bsh}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/| title=Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1997–2013| access-date=16 January 2012}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/kamkata.html| title=The kâtʹa, kʹom, mumʹo, kṣtʹo, biniʹo, ǰâmčʹo, and ǰâšʹa| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1997| access-date=16 January 2012}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/Kata/kata.html| title=The kâtʹa| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1998| access-date=16 January 2012}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html| title=Kâtʹa-vari Lexicon| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2011| access-date=16 January 2012}} * {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kamkata/Kata/KataLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html| title=The Sound System of Kt'ivřâ·i vari | author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2011| access-date=16 January 2012}}

Category:Nuristani languages of Afghanistan Category:Languages of Afghanistan Category:Languages of Lower Chitral District Category:Nuristani languages

Northeastern Katë dialect

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