Barred forest falcon

{{Speciesbox | image = Halcón montés chico (Micrastur ruficollis) (vertical crop).jpg | image_caption = Rufous morph adult in Ceará, Brazil | image2 = Micrastur ruficollis - Barred Forest Falcon XC251116.mp3 | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Barred Forest Falcon ''Micrastur ruficollis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22696270A140967339 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696270A140967339.en |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=February 11, 2023|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Micrastur | species = ruficollis | authority = (Vieillot, 1817) | synonyms = | range_map = Micrastur ruficollis map.svg }}

The '''barred forest falcon''' ('''''Micrastur ruficollis''''') is a species of bird of prey in subfamily Herpetotherinae of family Falconidae, the falcons and caracaras. It occurs from southern Mexico south through most of Central America and in every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay.<ref name=IOC13.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/falcons/ |title=Seriemas, falcons |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 13.1 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=January 2023 |access-date=February 11, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=AOU1998>{{cite book | last = | first = | title =Check-list of North American Birds | publisher =American Ornithologists' Union |edition =7th | date =1998 | location =Washington, D.C. | page =105 }}</ref><ref name=SACCcountries>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023</ref>

==Taxonomy and systematics==

The barred forest falcon has these six subspecies:<ref name=IOC13.1/>

*''M. r. guerilla'' Cassin, 1849 *''M. r. interstes'' Bangs, 1907 *''M. r. zonothorax'' (Cabanis, 1866) *''M. r. concentricus'' (Lesson, 1830) *''M. r. ruficollis'' (Vieillot, 1817) *''M. r. olrogi'' Amadon, 1964

What is now the lined forest falcon (''M. gilvicollis'') was previously included as a seventh subspecies.<ref name=AOU1998/>

==Description==

The barred forest falcon is {{convert|31|to|39|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Males weigh {{convert|144|to|184|g|oz|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|200|to|322|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Adults of most subspecies are typically dark slate gray above; the tail is tipped with white and has three to six narrow white bars.<ref>Howell, S.N.G.; & Webb, S. (1995): ''A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America.'' Oxford University Press, New York. {{ISBN|0-19-854013-2}}</ref> The throat is pale gray, shading to the darker slate of the crown. The rest of the under parts, including the under-wing coverts, are white, finely and clearly barred with black or dark gray. The upper breast is a darker gray. The primary remiges are dark brownish-gray with off-white bars on the inner webs. Subspecies, ''M. r. zonothorax'' is polymorphic (at least in the northern part of its range), and also occurs in a brown morph, where most of the upperparts, head, and chest are brown or rufous instead of gray.<ref>Restall, R. L.; Rodner, C. & Lentino, M.. (2006): ''Birds of Northern South America.'' Christopher Helm, London. {{ISBN|0-7136-7243-9}} (vol. 1). {{ISBN|0-7136-7242-0}} (vol. 2)</ref> The nominate subspecies ''M. r. ruficollis'' appears to only occur in the rufous-brown morphotype, as also suggested by its scientific name, ''M. r. ruficollis''.<ref name=BAFF-BOW>Bierregaard, R. O. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Barred Forest-Falcon (''Micrastur ruficollis''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.baffal1.01 retrieved February 11, 2023</ref>

The eyes are cream to light orange brown; the bill black, becoming yellow at base of the lower mandible; the cere, lores, and orbit are yellow, and the legs are orange-yellow.<ref name=BAFF-BOW/>

thumb|left|Immature in São Paulo, Brazil ==Distribution and habitat==

The subspecies of the barred forest falcon are found thus:<ref name=IOC13.1/><ref name=AOU1998/><ref name=BAFF-BOW/>

*''M. r. guerilla'', from San Luis Potosí in central Mexico south to Nicaragua, but excluding the Yucatán Peninsula and El Salvador *''M. r. interstes'', from Costa Rica south through Panama, western Colombia, and western Ecuador into extreme northwestern Peru *''M. r. zonothorax'', the Venezuelan Coastal Range, the Serranía del Perijá on the Venezuela-Colombia border, Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Cordillera Oriental, and south in the foothills along the east side of the Andes through Ecuador and Peru into Bolivia *''M. r. concentricus'', southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and the Amazon Basin of Brazil *''M. r. ruficollis'', Brazil south of Amazonia, Paraguay, and Formosa, Chaco, and Misiones provinces of north-central and northeastern Argentina *''M. r. olrogi'', Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán provinces of northwestern Argentina

Barred forest falcons mainly use mature upland forest. In Central America, the species is generally restricted to mature tropical forest. In South America, however, the barred forest falcon lives in other kinds of forest and woodland, even relatively arid ones. For example, in the Amazon biome it occurs most often in secondary forest, gallery forest, tidal swamp forest, semideciduous forest, and forest edges. In Acre, Brazil, the barred forest falcon is reported to prefer disturbed forest types, both natural secondary and man-made, including bamboo and more open seasonally drier forest on rocky outcrops, but generally it is a bird that avoids habitat where human influence is too pronounced, and requires primary or mature secondary forest to persist in any location.<ref name=BAFF-BOW/><ref name=laverderetal2005>Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005): Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia]. ''Caldasia'' '''27'''(2): 247–265 [Spanish with English abstract]. [http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/cal/v27n2/v27n2a8.pdf PDF fulltext]</ref>

The barred forest falcon is rare on the eastern slope of Colombia's Cordillera Oriental, where it was recorded in primary forest and old secondary forest, in a narrow elevational band between {{convert|3300|and|4900|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=laverderetal2005/> Second-growth forest in these mountains is dominated by trees like Melastomaceae (e.g. ''Miconia'' and ''Tibouchina'') and trees are generally overgrown with epiphytes and hemiepiphytes like ''Coussapoa'' (Urticaceae).<ref>Salaman, Paul G.W.; Stiles, F. Gary; Bohórquez, Clara Isabel; Álvarez-R., Mauricio; Umaña, Ana María; Donegan, Thomas M. & Cuervo, Andrés M. (2002): New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the andes of Colombia. ''Caldasia'' '''24'''(1): 157–189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121030001/http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia/24%281%29/240111.pdf PDF fulltext]</ref>

==Behavior== ===Movement===

The barred forest falcon is a year-round resident throughout its range but vagrants have been recorded beyond it.<ref name=BAFF-BOW/>

===Feeding===

The barred forest falcon feeds on lizards, small birds, mammals (mainly rodents and marsupials such as the Brazilian slender opossum, ''Marmosops paulensis''), bats, snakes, and frogs.<ref name=BAFF-BOW/><ref name=olmosetal2006>Olmos, Fábio; Pacheco, José Fernando & Silveira, Luís Fábio (2006): Notas sobre aves de rapina (Cathartidae, Acciptridae e Falconidae) brasileiras [Notes on Brazilian birds of prey]. ''Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia'' '''14'''(4): 401–404 [Portuguese with English abstract]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217160250/http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/artigos/Volume144/ara144not1.pdf PDF fulltext]</ref> Like ''Accipiter'' hawks, they often hunt prey by sitting quietly on tree branches and waiting for their victims to appear. When the prey arrives, the forest falcons quickly ambush them, attempting to catch them with a brief, flying pursuit. However, forest falcons also use other techniques to hunt prey, such as chasing prey on foot, following army ant swarms, flushing prey from cover, and nest robbing.<ref name=BAFF-BOW/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Neotropical Birds of Prey: Biology and Ecology of a Forest Raptor Community|last=Whitacre|first=David F.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8014-6611-3|pages=235–254}}</ref> The species has also been recorded to snatch animals from traps or cages, for example during mark-recapture studies.<ref name=olmosetal2006/>

===Breeding===

The barred forest falcon's breeding season in Guatemala is from mid-April to early August. The season is not well known elsewhere but includes early June in Amazonian Brazil and October in Colombia. Almost all of the data on its breeding biology were collected in Guatemala during the Peregrine Fund's Maya Project.<ref name=Maya>{{cite web |url=https://original.globalraptors.org/grin/SpeciesResults.asp?specID=8065 |title=Species account: Barred Forest Falcon ''Micrastur ruficollis'' |author= |date=2023 |website=Global Raptor Information Network |publisher=The Peregrine Fund |access-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref> The species nests in tree cavities, almost always natural ones but sometimes those excavated by woodpeckers. Estimated heights were {{convert|10|to|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground. Both nest territory and mate fidelity are high. The clutch size is two to six eggs and the female alone incubates. The incubation period is 33 to 35 days and time to fledging averages 38 days. Both parents provision the nestlings but the male provides about 2/3 of the effort.<ref name=BAFF-BOW/><ref name=Maya/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Micrastur-ruficollis |species=barred forest falcon}} ===Vocalization===

The barred forest falcon's "advertising call" is "a somewhat dog-like, monotonous yapping, "keyak", "ark" or similar". Another call is a "bouncing-ball series..."cah cah cah-cah-cah", or similar". Neighboring males spar when one gives "a rapid, swelling chitter and the other a rapid clucking".<ref name=BAFF-BOW/>

==Status==

The IUCN has assessed the barred forest falcon as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals, though the latter is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{cite book | last1 =Ferguson-Lees | first1 =James | last2 =Christie | first2 =David A. | author-link =James Ferguson-Lees | title =Raptors of the World | publisher =Houghton Mifflin | date =2001 | location =New York | pages =813–815 | language =en | isbn =0-618-12762-3 }}

barred forest falcon barred forest falcon Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest Category:Birds of Bolivia Category:Birds of Brazil Category:Birds of Colombia Category:Birds of Central America Category:Birds of Ecuador Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield Category:Birds of Paraguay Category:Birds of Venezuela barred forest falcon Category:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot