Barnabas Bidwell

{{Short description|Politician and lawyer of Massachusetts and Upper Canada}} {{More footnotes needed|date=March 2024}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Barnabas Bidwell | image = BarnabasBidwellByJohnBrewsterJr.jpg | image_size = 144px | caption = Portrait by [[John Brewster, Jr.]] | alt = black and white miniature head and shoulders painting of fair-skinned man, dark hair, in early 19th century dress suit, large lace neckcloth  | state = [[Massachusetts]] | district = [[Massachusetts's 12th congressional district|12th]] | term_start = March 4, 1805 | term_end = July 13, 1807 | preceded = [[Simon Larned]] | succeeded = [[Ezekiel Bacon]]  | office2 = [[Attorney General of Massachusetts]] | term_start2 = June 15, 1807 | term_end2 = August 30, 1810 | governor2 = [[James Sullivan (governor)|James Sullivan]] [[Levi Lincoln Sr.]] [[Christopher Gore]] [[Elbridge Gerry]] | predecessor2 = [[James Sullivan (governor)|James Sullivan]] | successor2 = [[Perez Morton]]  | office3 = Member of the [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts State Senate]] | term_start3 = 1801 | term_end3 = 1804 | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | order3 =  | office4 = Member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] | term_start4 = 1805 | term_end4 = 1807 | predecessor4 = | successor4 =  | office5 = Treasurer of [[Berkshire County, Massachusetts]] | term_start5 = September, 1791 | term_end5 = August, 1810 | predecessor5 = | successor5 =  | birth_date = August 23, 1763 | birth_place = [[Monterey, Massachusetts|Township No. 1]] (now [[Monterey, Massachusetts]]), Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America | death_date = {{Death date and age|1833|7|27|1763|8|23}} | death_place = [[Bath, Ontario|Bath]], [[Upper Canada]] | resting_place = [[Cataraqui Cemetery]], [[Kingston, Ontario]], Canada | party = [[Democratic-Republican]] | relations = | children = [[Marshall Spring Bidwell]] | alma_mater = [[Yale College]] class of 1785, [[Brown University]] | occupation = | profession = [[Attorney at law|Attorney]] | signature = | footnotes = }}

'''Barnabas Bidwell''' (August 23, 1763 – July 27, 1833) was an author, teacher and politician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, active in [[Massachusetts]] and [[Upper Canada]] (now [[Ontario]]). Educated at [[Yale College|Yale]], he practised law in western Massachusetts and served as treasurer of [[Berkshire County, Massachusetts|Berkshire County]]. He served in the [[Massachusetts General Court|state legislature]] as representative and senator, as well as in the [[United States Congress]] as spokesman for the administration of [[Thomas Jefferson]]. He was effective in defending the administration's positions and passing important legislation. He resigned his seat in Congress in July 1807.

He was the [[Massachusetts Attorney General]] from 1807 to 1810, when exaggerated press accounts of irregularities in the Berkshire County books halted his political career and prompted his flight to Upper Canada. Bidwell later paid the $63.18, plus fines, which he attributed to an error by a Berkshire County clerk while Bidwell had been away on duties in Boston. Nonetheless, the controversy, exaggerated in the press by his [[Federalist Party]] enemies, effectively scuppered his potential appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court.

In Upper Canada, he won a seat in the provincial [[Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada|Legislative Assembly]] but his political opponents managed to expel him on charges of having his American citizenship, being a fugitive and having immoral character. He remained in Upper Canada for the rest of his life.

==Early life== Bidwell was son of [[American Revolutionary War]] Patriot [[Adonijah Bidwell]], Yale 1740, and Jemima Devotion in [[Monterey, Massachusetts|Township No. 1]] (now [[Monterey, Massachusetts]]), and he graduated from [[Yale College]] in 1785. Through his mother, he was descended from John Haynes, 5th Governor of Massachusetts and 1st Governor of Connecticut, and George Wyllys, 4th Governor of Connecticut. He later attended the college in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now known as [[Brown University]]) in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. He studied law under judge Theodore Sedgwick of [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts]]. Sedgwick, a prominent member of the House of Representatives and later a senator, was an important spokesman for the [[Federalist Party]]. Bidwell was admitted to the [[Massachusetts]] state bar in 1805 and commenced practice in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts]].

Barnabas was married to Mary Gray Bidwell and lived a very happy life with his wife. While he was traveling the couple kept in touch and sent each other very meaningful and extensive letters. Mary died around the age of 43 due to an illness.

== US political career ==

Bidwell was a [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts state senator]] from 1801 to 1804 and a member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] from 1805 to 1807. Bidwell was also elected to the federal [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in 1805 as a [[Democratic-Republican]]. He served in the [[9th United States Congress|Ninth]] and [[10th United States Congress|Tenth Congresses]], resigning his seat in 1807.<ref>{{Citation | last= Dexter|first= Franklin Bowditch| title = Biographical sketches of the graduates of Yale college with annals of the College History Volume IV| page = 388 | publisher = Henry Holt and Company | location = New York, NY | year = 1907}}</ref>

Bidwell broke with the Federalists and became the leading spokesman of the Democratic-Republican administration of President [[Thomas Jefferson]] in the [[US Congress]]. In the House of Representatives, Bidwell displaced [[John Randolph of Roanoke]], as administration leader and become the leading spokesman of Jefferson. He successfully defended the president's policy of imposing economic sanctions in response to British violations of neutral rights at sea. He also directed the campaign to purchase Florida and was the leading advocate for passage of the bill that abolished the slave trade in the US, which took effect in 1808. He was [[Attorney General of Massachusetts]] from 1807 to 1810, when his political opponents found a minor discrepancy in the Berkshire County books and made exaggerated allegations of corruption.

Accused of embezzling money while he was Berkshire County treasurer, he and his family fled to [[Upper Canada]] (now [[Ontario]]) in 1810 and settled in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] until an investigation could determine what if any liability he held. The charge was advanced by his political enemies in the Federalist Party, apparently to halt his rise as a Democratic-Republican and trusted confidant of Jefferson. At the time, he had been under consideration by President [[James Madison]] for a position on the [[US Supreme Court]]. The final judgment of the Berkshire court against him, which he paid in 1817, amounted to $330.64 damages and $63.18 costs. Since Bidwell was promptly able to pay both amounts, it was not because of the judgment that he fled. There is little reason, moreover, to doubt his assertion that because his public offices required his presence elsewhere in the United States, he employed clerks to handle his duties in Berkshire, one of whom, who had died by the time of financial exposure, had been responsible. He fled, he claimed, out of fear of his political enemies, who were exaggerating his personal responsibility and indebtedness.

==Exile==

Bidwell won a seat in the [[Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada]] for [[Lennox and Addington]] but was unable to take his seat. His political opponents in Upper Canada brought an [[election petition]] challenging his election on the grounds that he was a fugitive from justice, he had an immoral character, and he had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States.<ref>{{Citation | last= McMullen|first= John Mercier| title = The history of Canada: from its first discovery to the present time, Volume 1| page = 450 | publisher = McMullen & Co. | location = Brockville, Ont. | year = 1891}}</ref> [[John Beverley Robinson]] and [[Henry John Boulton]] paid for an investigation into Bidwell's career in the United States to discredit Bidwell's character. The investigation was published in ''[[The Kingston Chronicle]]'' and Bidwell proved that all the charges against him in the United States had been settled.<ref name="Raible 97">{{Cite book |last=Raible |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqN5AAAAMAAJ |title=Muddy York Mud: Scandal & Scurrility in Upper Canada |publisher=Curiosity House |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-9696418-0-3 |location=Toronto |pages=97}}</ref> After an unusually long debate, Bidwell was expelled from the House by a vote of 17–16.<ref>{{Citation | last= McMullen|first= John Mercier| title = The History of Canada: from its first discovery to the present time, Volume 1| page = 451 | publisher = McMullen & Co. | location = Brockville, Ont. | year = 1891}}</ref> Bidwell remained in Upper Canada until his death at [[Bath, Ontario|Bath]]. His remains are interred in Kingston's [[Cataraqui Cemetery]].

==Legacy==

His son, [[Marshall Spring Bidwell]], successfully sat in the same seat from 1824 to 1836. Marshall Spring Bidwell later left for the [[United States]]. Bidwell's sister, Theodosia Bidwell Brewer, was the grandmother of U.S. Supreme Court Justice David J. Brewer, who sat on the court from 1889 to 1910 with his uncle, Stephen J. Field.

==Footnotes== {{reflist|2}}

== External links == * {{CongBio|B000446}} * [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2754 Biography at ''the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] *[https://aims.archives.gov.on.ca/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/DESCRIPTION_WEB/WEB_DESC_DET?SESSIONSEARCH&exp=sisn%20145 Marshall Spring Bidwell family fonds], Archives of Ontario

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidwell, Barnabas}} [[Category:1763 births]] [[Category:1833 deaths]] [[Category:American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario]] [[Category:County treasurers in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States representatives from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Immigrants to Upper Canada]] [[Category:Massachusetts attorneys general]] [[Category:Massachusetts state senators]] [[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada]] [[Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]] [[Category:People from Berkshire County, Massachusetts]] [[Category:People from Lennox and Addington County]] [[Category:People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Yale College alumni]] [[Category:19th-century members of the Massachusetts General Court]] [[Category:19th-century United States representatives]]