Banyak Islands

{{Short description|Island group in Indonesia}} [[File:Banyak Islands.jpg|thumb|Banyak Islands]] [[File:Palambak Island - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Palambak Island]]

The '''Banyak Islands''' (sometimes spelled '''Banjak Islands''') are a group of inhabited [[island]]s located between [[Simeulue]] and [[Nias]] off the western coast of [[Sumatra]] in [[Indonesia]]'s [[Aceh Province]]. Surveys of the area approximate around 71 islands and additional [[mangrove]] stands in shallow off-shore areas, although locals count 99 islands.<ref>Venegas, Rubén, and Lucia Morales 2009 Final Report: Assessment and Mapping of Underwater and Land Habitats of Pulau Banyak, Aceh, Singkil. Medan: Yayasan Pulau Banyak, Fundacion Keto.</ref> The largest island in the group is [[Tuangku]], with the principal village of Haloban on its north coast. Two other major islands located either side of Tuangku are Bangkaru (uninhabited) to the southwest, and [[Ujung Batu]] or Banjak Island to the northeast. Tuangku is separated from Bangkaru by a fault line.

==Geography==

With an area of 119 square miles (308.17 square km), the group lies north of Nias and 18 miles (29 km) west of Sumatra in the [[Indian Ocean]]. The islands have long been noted for the existence of substantial offshore coral reefs, though problems with [[overharvesting]], damage from explosives, and recent geological disturbances have threatened these underwater resources.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://dte.gn.apc.org/45CRC.htm |journal=Down to Earth |date=2000-05-01 |access-date=2009-12-16 |title=Coastal resources in crisis |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192039/http://dte.gn.apc.org/45CRC.htm |archive-date=2010-06-02 }}</ref>

The islands vary in their land cover; most are sandy with limited vegetation, while the larger islands have deep rainforests and are fringed by intertidal mangroves. The Pulau Banyak area contains many varieties of stony ''[[Heliopora]]'' and branching ''[[Acropora]]'' types of coral.<ref>Venegas and Morales (2009) Final Report: Assessment and Mapping of Underwater and Land Habitats of Pulau Banyak, Aceh, Singkil. Medan: Yayasan Pulau Banyak, Fundacion Keto</ref> However, [[crown-of-thorns starfish]] are a significant problem. The fringing coral reefs are habitat to diverse species, including green and leatherback sea turtles, pelagic and coral fish, and varieties of octopus, lobster, and other sea life. The weather is tropical; August to January are the rainy season, followed by a dry season from approximately February to July.

The island group had a population of 6,570 persons at the 2010 Census and 7,640 at the 2020 Census.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> The majority of the population resides in villages on the islands of ''Pulau Tuangku'', ''Pulau Baguk'' and ''Pulau Balai''.<ref name="acehsingkilkab.bps.go.id">Statistik Daerah Kecamatan Pulau Banyak 2015 https://acehsingkilkab.bps.go.id/Publikasi/view/id/76 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828174317/https://acehsingkilkab.bps.go.id/Publikasi/view/id/76 |date=2016-08-28 }}</ref><ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> Most of the dozens of small islands in the area have no permanent homes but are used instead for gardening and leisure, with small [[wiktionary:pondok|pondoks]] and bungalows constructed for temporary visits. The population is spread throughout the main islands, but divided administratively into villages, listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="acehsingkilkab.bps.go.id"/><ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and 2020 Census,<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakartra, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2022:<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023.</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" !Name of District (''kecamatan'') !Name of Village (''gampong'') !English name !Area (km2) !Pop'n 2010 census !Pop'n 2020 census !Pop'n estimate mid-2022

|- | Pulau Banyak | Pulau Baguk | Baguk Island | align="right" |10.0 | align="right" |1,358 | align="right" |1,545 | align="right" |1,933 |- | | Pulau Balai | Balai Island | align="right" |4.5 | align="right" |1,608 | align="right" |1,927 | align="right" |1,617 |- | | Teluk Nibung | Nibung Bay | align="right" |15.0 | align="right" |950 | align="right" |1,090 | align="right" |1,085 |- | Pulau Banyak Barat | Asantola | | align="right" |39.63 | align="right" |562 | align="right" |786 | align="right" |821 |- | | Ujung Sialit | Point Sialit | align="right" |9.21 | align="right" |1,093 | align="right" |1,152 | align="right" |1,176 |- | | Haloban | | align="right" |218.09 | align="right" |830 | align="right" |867 | align="right" |861 |- | | Suka Makmur | | align="right" |11.74 | align="right" |169 | align="right" |273 | align="right" |304 |- | '''Totals''' | | | align="right" |308.17 | align="right" |6,570 | align="right" |7,640 | align="right" |7,797 |}

==Administrative districts== The Banyak Islands lie within the [[Aceh Singkil Regency]] in [[Aceh]] Province, and are divided into two districts (''kecamatan''): Banjak Islands District (''Kecamatan Pulau Banyak'') and Western Banjak Islands District (''Kecamatan Pulau Banyak Barat'').<ref>aceh.bps.go.id</ref> The latter district was separated from the former district subsequent to the 2010 Census. Pulau Balai is the seat of the Pulau Banyak District, whose present area had 3,916 inhabitants at the 2010 Census and 4,562 at the 2020 Census, and Haloban is the seat of the Pulau Banyak Barat District, whose present area had 2,654 inhabitants at the 2010 Census and 3,078 at the 2020 Census.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/>

== Demography == The inhabitants of Pulau Banyak consist of 3 ethnicities namely [[Aneuk Jamee]] (in Pulau Balai, Pulau Baguk and Teluk Nibung), [[Haloban people|Haloban]] (in Haloban and Asantola village) and [[Nias people|Nias]] (in Ujung Sialit and Suka Makmur village). Nias people in Ujung Sialit are Christians while in Suka Makmur they are Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulau Balai, Pulau Banyak, Aceh Singkil |url=https://www.kepulauanbanyak.com/info211-pulau-balai-pulau-banyak-aceh-singkil.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Pulau Banyak Online |language=id}}</ref>

==Earthquakes and tsunamis==

The island group was significantly affected by the deadly [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and subsequent tsunami. The quake's [[epicenter]] was located only a few hundred kilometres north of the island group. Along with Simeulue and Nias, the Banyak Islands absorbed the shock waves and shielded a lot of damage from the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The eastern islands were affected the most due to the poor construction of buildings, as many structures contained timber instead of concrete. As many as 300 residents of the island group died as a result of the tsunami.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2897|journal=Asia News|title=Hundreds of quake victims on Banyak Islands|date=2005-03-30|access-date=2009-12-16}}</ref>

Occurring just three months later, the [[2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake]] was located slightly east of Bangkaru, which was the closest island to the epicenter. The island was hit by a second tsunami that caused additional flooding and damage to structures. The level of the islands also dropped by as much as a meter in places, plunging coastal areas underwater and making them permanently uninhabitable. There were no reported deaths, but over 3,000 people were reportedly displaced from their homes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050414060229/http://www.who.int/hac/crises/idn/sitreps/2005/earthquake_07/en/ WHO Situation Report 7]</ref> Due to the split between Tuangku and Bangkaru, the earthquake caused Bangkaru to rise and Tuangku to drop. Wells became contaminated by saltwater following the meter-high surge that hit the villages, and the tsunami flowed 100–200 meters into the dense jungle. Fresh sand carried by the tsunami adhered on the seaward side of tree trunks as high as one meter above ground level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/news/reportsleg1.html|publisher=United States Geological Survey|title=USGS Scientists in Sumatra Studying Recent Tsunamis|date=2005-04-29|access-date=2009-12-16|archive-date=2011-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716044717/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/news/reportsleg1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Economy== The area is popular among tourists on [[surfing]] holidays with some of the better waves being witnessed at Bangkaru due to the larger [[Fetch (geography)|fetch]]. Another major sector of the local economy is [[fishing]], which is based on individual small boats, particularly the multi-hulled [[proa]]. The islands support limited farming, though this is insufficient to supply the needs of islanders, and a significant quantity of fresh food is brought in from Singkil.<ref name="Norman van’t Hoff">{{cite web|title=A Preliminary Assessment of Damage, Losses, Needs, Dangers, Opportunities, and Local Aspirations – Pulau Banyak (Banyak Islands |author=Norman van’t Hoff |url=http://know.brr.go.id/dc/assessment/20050706_Preliminary_Assessment_Pulau_Banyak.pdf |date=2005-07-05 |access-date=2009-12-16 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Infrastructure projects have worked to restore the harbors and piers of the islands that were damaged in the 2005 tsunami events

== Environmental conservation and management == The island of Bangkaru is a protected area, designated by the Governor of Aceh in 1996 as a "Taman Wisata Alam" (Nature Park). This designation limits fishing and other use of resources around the island, with limited use for research, tourism, and cultural activities. Beaches on Bangkaru are significant turtle rookeries, where green, leatherback, and other sea turtles come to nest and lay eggs. In the past, local people have collected turtle eggs for consumption and sale, and turtles have also been caught by poachers from [[Sibolga]], but this practice is now illegal within the protected area. Turtles are also sometimes hunted for the lucrative export market in turtle meat.<ref name="Sumatra Ecotourism">{{cite web|url=http://www.sumatraecotourism.com/pulaubanyak/environmentalissues.html|author=Sumatra Ecotourism|date=2009-01-01|access-date=2009-12-16|title=Pulau Banyak – Environmental issues|archive-date=2016-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811221730/http://www.sumatraecotourism.com/pulaubanyak/environmentalissues.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other species in danger from [[overharvesting]] include the [[giant clam]] and the [[dugong]].<ref name="Sumatra Ecotourism"/> Environmental hazards created by climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing and unsustainable practices remain concerns for the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of climate change on coral reef fish fisheries in Sabang Waters, Aceh, Indonesia |url=http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/P/P0101/P010129.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119054417/http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/P/P0101/P010129.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>

==See also== {{portal|Islands}} *[[List of islands of Indonesia]]

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

*[http://www.banyak-islands.com/ Banyak-Islands website] *[http://cais.gsi.go.jp/Research/topics/topic041226/niase.html Coastal change to islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720170523/http://cais.gsi.go.jp/Research/topics/topic041226/niase.html |date=2006-07-20 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090519025222/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/asia_near_east/tsunami/quake_032805.html US Aid] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050508055821/http://www.who.int/hac/crises/idn/sitreps/2005/earthquake_07/en/index.html World Health Organization] *[http://www.wavescape.co.za/top_bar/tidings/Oneoffs/Tsunami04/tsunami04_nias_simuelue.htm Wavescape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216202703/http://www.wavescape.co.za/top_bar/tidings/Oneoffs/Tsunami04/tsunami04_nias_simuelue.htm |date=2007-12-16 }} *''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083516/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=2897 Hundreds of quake victims on Banyak Islands]'' – Asia News.it (30 March 2005) *[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/SODA-6AY5LB?OpenDocument&rc=3&cc=idn Relief Web] {{div col end}}

[[Category:Archipelagoes of Indonesia]] [[Category:Islands of Aceh]] [[Category:Islands of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Populated places in Indonesia]]