Guthrie classification of Bantu languages

{{Short description|Linguistic classification}} {{see also|List of Bantu languages{{!}}Hammarström classification}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date = February 2019}}

The 250 or so "Narrow [[Bantu languages]]" are conventionally divided up into geographic zones first proposed by [[Malcolm Guthrie]] (1967–1971).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guthrie|first1=Malcolm|title=Comparative Bantu: an introduction to the comparative linguistics and prehistory of the Bantu languages|date=1967–1971|publisher=Gregg Press|location=Farnborough}}</ref> These were assigned letters A–S and divided into decades (groups A10, A20, etc.); individual languages were assigned unit numbers (A11, A12, etc.), and dialects further subdivided (A11a, A11b, etc.). This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was a practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of [[ISO 639-3]] coding, and it continues to be widely used. Only Guthrie's Zone S is (sometimes) considered to be a genealogical group. Since Guthrie's time a Zone J (made of languages formerly classified in groups D and E) has been set up as another possible genealogical group bordering the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]].

The list is first summarized, with links to articles on accepted groups of Bantu languages (bold decade headings). Following that is the complete 1948<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guthrie|first1=Malcolm|title=The classification of the Bantu languages|date=1948|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London}}</ref> list, as updated by Guthrie in 1971 and by J. F. Maho in 2009.

==Summary== The list below reflects Guthrie as updated by Maho (2009). Not included in detail are the ''Northeast Bantu'' languages characterized by [[Dahl's Law]], which is thought to be a genealogical group, cuts across the Guthrie system, and is covered at [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northeast Bantu]]. Other groups with dedicated articles, such as [[Southern Bantu languages|Southern Bantu]] (Zone S) are also only summarized here, so that the initial listing is only a summary and an index for other articles.

''[[Ethnologue]]'' made multiple changes to Guthrie in an attempt to make the classification more historically accurate. However, the changes are inconsistent, and ''Ethnologue'' has not been followed here, though it is publicly available online. Thus a code may mean different things depending on whether Guthrie or [[SIL International|SIL]] is being followed. (See [[#External links|link]] below for the SIL code assignments.) The updates in Maho (2009), on the other hand, are designed to be compatible with the original values of the codes.

Bantu has long been divided into [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northwest Bantu]] (Forest Bantu) and [[Bantu languages|Central Bantu]] (Savanna Bantu) branches based upon tone patterns, but there is little agreement as to which Guthrie zones (or which parts of zones) should be in either, the dichotomy is dubious, and they have not been followed here.

Accepted genealogical groups within the Guthrie zones are boldfaced.

===Zone A{{anchor|Zone A}}=== S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, N Gabon *A10 ''Lundu–Balong'' : [[Oroko language|Oroko]] (likely one of the [[Sawabantu languages]]); the other languages apart from A15 Manenguba (that is, [[Bonkeng language|Bonkeng]], [[Nkongho language|Nkongho]], [[Bafaw-Balong language|Bafaw-Balong]]) may be Sawabantu as well. **'''A15''' ''[[Manenguba language|Manenguba (Ngoe) languages]]'' *'''A20–30''' ''[[Sawabantu languages]]''; [[Bube language|Bube]] (in Mbam?) *'''A40a''' (reduced) ''[[Basaa languages]]'' *'''A50''' ''[[Bafia languages]]'' *'''A60+40b''' ''[[Mbam languages]]'' ([[Jarawan languages|Jarawan]] added after Guthrie) *'''A70''' ''[[Beti language]]'' *'''A80–90''' ''[[Makaa–Njem languages]]''

Zone A is sometimes considered Forest Bantu.

Guthrie's A60 and part of his A40 have been removed to the Southern Bantoid [[Mbam languages]]. Sawabantu may include some of the A10 languages apart from Manenguba, whereas Bube may belong in Mbam.

Southern Bantoid [[Jarawan languages|Jarawan]] was assigned to Zone A by Gerhardt (1982) and [[Roger Blench|Blench]] (ms 2006, 2011), specifically to A60, within Mbam.

According to several scholars, including Blench, there can be no coherent concept of Bantu as long as many of the Zone A and perhaps Zone B languages are included.

===Zone B{{anchor|Zone B}}=== S Gabon, W Congo, W DR-Congo *'''B20''' ''[[Kele languages]]'' (?[[Seki language|Seki]]) *'''B10–30''' ''[[Tsogo languages]]'' (?[[Myene language|Myene]]) *'''B40''' (with some H10) ''[[Sira languages]]'' *'''B50''' ''[[Nzebi languages]]'' *'''B60''' ''[[Mbete languages]]'' *'''B70''' (with some B80) ''[[Teke languages]]'' *'''B80''' (reduced) ''[[Boma–Dzing languages]]'' ([[Yansi language|Tsong/Songo]]?)

Zone B is sometimes considered Forest Bantu.

B10–30 may belong together as ''[[Kele–Tsogo languages|Kele–Tsogo]]'', B40 with ''Kongo–Yaka'' (H), and B50–70 with H24 [[Nsongo language|Songo]] as ''[[Teke–Mbede languages|Teke–Mbede]]''.

===Zone C{{anchor|Zone C}}=== NW DR-Congo, N Congo *'''C10''' (with some C30) ''[[Ngondi–Ngiri languages]]'' *'''C20''' ''[[Mboshi languages]]'' *'''C30''' (with Mongo, ''etc'') ''[[Bangi–Ntomba languages]]'' ([[Lingala]] et al.) *'''C37+41''' ''[[Buja–Ngombe languages]]'' *C42 [[Bwela language|Bwela]] *'''C40a''' ''[[Bati–Angba languages]] (Bwa)'' *'''C50–60''' ''[[Soko languages]]'' *'''C70''' ''[[Tetela languages]]'' *'''C80''' ''[[Bushoong languages]]''

Zone C is sometimes considered Forest Bantu, sometimes Savanna Bantu.

There are proposals for three larger clades, ''[[Mboshi–Buja languages|Mboshi–Buja]]'' covering C10–20 and C37+41, and ''Bangi–Tetela'' covering C30 with C50–80 (Motingea 1996), and C40a together with D20–30 in ''[[Boan languages|Boan]]''.

===Zone D{{anchor|Zone D}}=== NE DR-Congo *'''D10''' ''[[Mbole–Enya languages]]'' (?[[Lengola language|Lengola]]) *'''D20a''' ''[[Lega–Binja languages]]'' *'''D20–30''' ''[[Komo–Bira languages]]'', (with C40a) ''[[Boan languages|Boan]]'' *D28 [[Holoholo language|Holoholo]] (perhaps in [[Northeast Bantu languages|NE Bantu]]) *D30 (unclassified): [[Guru language|Guru]] (Boguru), [[Ngbinda language|Ngbinda]], [[Kari language|Kare]] (Kari), [[Nyanga-li language|Nyanga-li]] (Gbati-ri) *'''D33''' ''[[Nyali languages]]'' ([[Beeke language|Beeke]]?<!--apparently not in Nyali, going by lex %ages--> [[Ngbee language|Ngbee]]?, +[[Bodo language (Bantu)|Bodo]]?) *'''D43–55''' ''[[Nyanga–Buyi languages]]'' *D54 [[Bembe language (Ibembe)|Bembe]] (with Lega?)

D10, D30, and some of D20 and D40 are sometimes considered Forest Bantu, the others Savanna Bantu.

Most of D40–60 has been moved to [[Great Lakes Bantu languages]]. Lengola, Bodo, and Nyali may belong together as ''[[Lebonya languages|Lebonya]]'', and Beeke in ''[[Boan languages|Boan]]''.

===Zone E{{anchor|Zone E}}=== Kenya, apart from Swahili

The languages of Zone E have been reassigned: E10–E40 to [[Great Lakes Bantu languages]]; E50 ''Kikuyu–Kamba (Central Kenya Bantu)'' and E60 ''Chaga–Taita'' to [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northeast Bantu]]; E70 ''Nyika'' to Northeast Bantu, mostly in [[Sabaki languages|Sabaki]].

===Zone F{{anchor|Zone F}}=== W & C Tanzania.

*'''F10''' [[Tongwe language|Tongwe-Bende]] *'''F30''' (reduced) ''[[Mbugwe–Rangi languages]]'' *?[[Isanzu language|Isanzu]] Much of F20 and F30, including the major language [[Sukuma language|Sukuma]], have been reclassified as [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northeast Bantu]], with Bungu to [[Rukwa languages|Rukwa]] and Sumbwa as [[Great Lakes Bantu languages|Great Lakes]]. Mbugwe–Rangi, however, form a valid node by themselves.

Isanzu is sometimes classified as F30, as a variety of [[Iramba language|Nilamba]], and sometimes thought to be a remnant of the Bantu languages spoken in the area before F-zone languages arrived.

===Zone G{{anchor|Zone G}}=== E Tanzania, Comoros *'''G50''' (with Mbunga) ''[[Kilombero languages|Kilombero]]'' The languages of Zone G have been reclassified, G60 ''Bene–Kinga'' to [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northeast Bantu]], and the other branches more specifically to [[Northeast Coast Bantu languages]].

===Zone H{{anchor|Zone H}}=== NW Angola, W Congo

*'''H10''' (reduced) ''[[Kongo languages]]'' *'''H20''' ''[[Kimbundu languages]]'' (?[[Nsongo language|Songo]]) *'''H30–40''' (with Yanzi) ''[[Yaka languages]]''

H10 and H40 are sometimes considered Forest Bantu, the others Savanna Bantu.

H10 [[Kunyi language|Kunyi]], [[Suundi language|Suundi]], and [[Vili language|Vili]] have been split between B40 and L10. H40 is split between H30 and L10.

''Kongo–Yaka'' may form a family, perhaps with B40 ''Sira''.

===Zone J{{anchor|Zone J}}=== Uganda, Rwanda–Burundi, near lakes Kivu & Victoria

*'''J''' ''[[Great Lakes Bantu languages|Great Lakes]]'' (part of [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northeast Bantu]])

===Zone K{{anchor|Zone K}}=== E Angola, W Zambia

*'''K10''' ''[[Chokwe–Luchazi languages]]'' *'''K31''' [[Luyana language|Luyana]] *'''K30''' ''[[Kavango – Southwest Bantu languages|Kavango languages]]''? *'''K43''' [[Mbukushu language|Mbukushu]]

K20 ''[[Lozi language|Lozi]]'' is now classified as [[Southern Bantu languages|Southern Bantu]], specifically Sotho-Tswana. Some K30 languages have been reclassified as [[Kavango – Southwest Bantu languages|Kavango]], but Luyana is an independent lineage. K40 ''Subiya–Totela'' has been reclassified as [[Botatwe languages|Botatwe]], apart from Mbukushu, which appears to be an independent lineage.

===Zone L{{anchor|Zone L}}=== S DR-Congo, C Zambia

*'''L10''' (with some H) ''[[Pende languages]]'' *'''L20–40''' +L60 ''[[Luba languages]]'' ([[Luluwa language|Luluwa]]) *'''L50''' ''[[Lunda languages]]''

L20 ''Songe'' (apart perhaps from [[Lwalu language|Lwalu]]), L30 ''Luba'', L40 ''Kaonde'', and L60 ''Nkoya'' have been grouped as Luban.

===Zone M{{anchor|Zone M}}=== E Zambia, SE DR-Congo *'''M10–30''' (with Bungu) ''[[Rukwa languages]]'' *'''M40–50''' (with Senga) ''[[Sabi languages]]'' *'''M60''' (with K40 Subia) ''[[Botatwe languages]]''

''Sabi–Bobatwe'' may be related.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grollemund |first=Rebecca |last2=Schoenbrun |first2=David |last3=Vansina |first3=Jan |date=2023 |title=Moving Histories: Bantu Language Expansions, Eclectic Economies, and Mobilities |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/moving-histories-bantu-language-expansions-eclectic-economies-and-mobilities/F9F92F9C6A16A9633E75508E836C9C46 |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=13–37 |doi=10.1017/S0021853722000780 |issn=0021-8537|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Zone N{{anchor|Zone N}}=== Malawi and surrounding areas, C Mozambique, N. Zimbabwe, W. Zambia *'''N20–40''' ''[[Nyasa languages]]'' N10 ''Manda'' has been classified as [[Rufiji–Ruvuma languages|Rufiji–Ruvuma]], and the N20 Tumbuka 'dialect' Senga as [[Sabi languages|Sabi]].

===Zone P{{anchor|Zone P}}=== NE Mozambique, SE Tanzania

P10 ''Matuumbi'' and P20 ''Yao'' have been classified as [[Rufiji–Ruvuma languages|Rufiji–Ruvuma]], P15 ''Mbunga'' as [[Kilombero languages|Kilombero]], P30 ''[[Makua languages|Makhuwa]]'' as [[Southern Bantu]].

===Zone R{{anchor|Zone R}}=== SW Angola, N Namibia, N Botswana

*R11 ''[[Umbundu]] (South Mbundu)'' *'''R10–30''' ''[[Kavango – Southwest Bantu languages|Southwest Bantu languages]]'' *'''R40''' ''[[Yeyi language|Yeyi]]'' R20 ''Ovambo'', R30 ''Herero'', and R10 apart from Umbundu have been grouped together as [[Kavango – Southwest Bantu languages|Southwest Bantu]]. Yeyi forms its own lineage.

===Zone S{{anchor|Zone S}}=== South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S. Mozambique. *'''S10''' ''[[Shona languages]]'' *'''S20–60''' (with P30) ''[[Southern Bantu languages]]''

==Full list (1948/2009)== Following is the original list from Guthrie (1948), with all numerical assignments, as updated by Guthrie himself (1971) and J.F. Maho (2009). The groups are geographic, and do not necessarily imply a relationship between the languages within them. Words in parentheses are added for disambiguation. Numbers in brackets are changes made in Maho (2009); languages in brackets were added by Maho (2009). Languages of the proposed Zone J are included among zones D and E.

===Zone A=== :'''A10:''' A11[101] [[Londo language (Cameroon)|Londo]], A12[101] [[Oroko language|Barue]], A13 [[Bafaw-Balong language|Balong]], A14 [[Bonkeng language|Bonkeng]], A15 [[Manenguba language|Mbo]], [A141 [[Bafaw-Balong language|Bafo]], A151 [[Nkongho language|Nkongho]], multiple additions to A101 Oroko] :'''A20:''' A21 [[Kpwe language|Bomboko]], A22 [[Kpwe language|Baakpe]], A23 [[Suwu language|Su]], A24 [[Duala language|Duala]], A25 [[Duala language|Oli]], A26 [[Duala language|Pongo]], A27 [[Limba language (Cameroon)|Mulimba]], [A221 [[Bube language|Bubia]], A231 [[Kpwe language|Kole]], additions to A24–26 Duala] :'''A30:''' A31a [[North Bobe dialect|North Bobe]], A31b [[Southwest Bobe dialect|Southwest Bobe]], A31c [[Southeast Bobe dialect|Southeast Bobe]], A32a [[Noho language|Banoo]], A32b [[Noho language|Bapoko]], A33a [[Yasa language|Yasa]], A33b [[Kombe language|Kombe]], A34 [[Benga language|Benga]] :'''A40:''' A41 [[Rombi language|Lombi]], A42 [[Bankon language|Bankon]], A43a [[Basaa language|Mbene]], A43b [[Kogo language|North Kogo]], A43c [[South Kogo dialect|South Kogo]], A44 [[Nen language (Cameroon)|Banen]], A45 [[Nen language (Cameroon)|Nyokon]], A46 [[Mandi language|Mandi]], [A441 [[Nen language (Cameroon)|Aling'a]], A461 [[Tuotomb language|Bonek]], A462 [[Yambeta language|Yambeta]]] :'''A50:''' A51 [[Fa’ language|Fa’]], A52 [[Kaalong language|Kaalong]], A53 [[Bafia language (Cameroon)|Kpa]], A54 [[Tibea language|Ngayaba]], [A501 [[Hijuk language|Hijuk]]] :'''A60:''' A61[601] [[Ki language|Ngoro]], A62 [[Central Yambasa language|Yambasa]], A63 [[Mengisa language|Mangisa]], A64[601] [[Ki language|Bacenga]], A65 [[Bati language (Cameroon)|Bati]], [A621 [[Baca language|Baca]], A622 [[Gunu language|Gunu]], A623 [[Mbule language|Mbule]]] :'''A70:''' A71 [[Eton language|Eton]], A72a [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]], A72b [[Ewondo language|Mvele]], A72c [[Bakja dialect|Bakja]], A72d [[Ewondo language|Yangafek]], A73a [[Bebele language|Bëbëlë]], A73b [[Bebil language|Gbïgbïl]], A74 [[Bulu language|Bulu]], A75 [[Fang language|Fang]], [A751 [[Fang language|South-West Fang]]] :'''A80:''' A81 [[Kwasio language|Mvumbo]], A82 [[Swo language|So]], A83 [[Makaa language|Makaa]], A84 [[Njem language|Njem]], A85a [[Bekwil language|Konabem]], A85b [[Bekwil language|Bekwil]], A86a [[Mpumpong language|Medjime]], A86b [[Mpumpong language|Mpompo]], A86c [[Mpiemo language|Mpiemo]], A87 [[Bomwali language|Bomwali]], [A801 [[Kwasio language|Gyele]], A802 [[Ukhwejo language|Ukwedjo]], A803 [[Shiwe language|Shiwe]], A831 [[Byep language|Byep]], A832 [[Kol language (Cameroon)|Bekol]], A841 [[Nzime language|Bajue]], A842 [[Nzime language|Koonzime]]] :'''A90:''' A91 [[Kwakum language|Kwakum]], A92a [[Pol language|Pol]], A92b [[Pol language|Pomo]], A93 [[Kako language|Kako]]

===Zone B=== :'''B10:''' B11a [[Myene language|Mpongwe]], B11b [[Myene language|Rongo]], B11c [[Myene language|Galwa]], B11d [[Myene language|Dyumba]], B11e [[Myene language|Nkomi]] :'''B20:''' B21 [[Seki language|Sekiyani]], B22a [[Kele language (Gabon)|West Kele]], B22b [[Kele language (Gabon)|Ngom]], B22c [[Kele language (Gabon)|Bubi]], B23 [[Mbangwe language|Mbangwe]], B24 [[Wumbvu language|Wumbvu]], B25 [[Kota language (Gabon)|Kota]], [B201 [[Ndasa language|Ndasa]], B202 [[Sighu language|Sighu]], B203 [[Sama language (Gabon)|Sama]], B204 [[Ndambomo language|Ndambomo]], B205 [[Metombola language|Metombola]], B221 [[Lengue language|Molengue]], B251 [[Sake language|Shake]], B252 [[Mahongwe language|Mahongwe]]] :'''B30:''' B31 [[Tsogo language|Tsogo]], B32 [[Kande language|Kande]], [B301 [[Viya language|Viya]], B302 [[Himba language|Himbaka]], B303 [[Bongwe language|Bongwe]], B304 [[Pinji language|Pinzi]], B305 [[Vove language|Vove]]] :'''B40:''' B41 [[Shira language|Sira]], B42 [[Sangu language (Gabon)|Sangu]], B43 [[Punu language|Punu]], B44 [[Lumbu language|Lumbu]], [B401 [[Bwisi language|Bwisi]], B402 [[Barama language|Varama]], B403 [[Vumbu language|Vungu]], B404 [[Ngubi language|Ngubi]], B411 [[Shira language|Bwali]]] :'''B50:''' B51 [[Duma language|Duma]], B52 [[Njebi language|Nzebi]], B53 [[Tsaangi language|Tsaangi]], [B501 [[Wanzi language|Wanzi]], B502 [[Mwele language|Mwele]], B503 [[Ibhili language|Vili]]] :'''B60:''' B61 [[Mbere language|Mbete]], B62 [[Mbama language|Mbaama]], B63 [[Ndumu language|Nduumo]], [B602 [[Kaning'i language|Kaning'i]], B603 [[Yangho language|Yangho]]] :'''B70:''' B71a [[North Teke language|Tege-Kali]], B71b [[North Teke language|Njiningi]], B72a [[Central Teke language|Ngungwele]], B72b [[Central Teke language|Mpumpu]], B73a [[West Teke language|Tsaayi]], B73b [[West Teke language|Laali]], B73c [[West Teke language|Yaa]], B73d [[West Teke language|Kwe]], B74a [[Central Teke language|Ndzindziu]], B74b [[Central Teke language|Boma]], B75 [[East Teke language|Bali]] (Teke), B76a [[East Teke language|Musieno]], B76b [[East Teke language|Ngee]], B77a [[Kukuya language|Kukwa]], B77b [[Fuumu language|Fumu]], B78 [[Fuumu language|Wuumu]], [B701 [[Tsege language|Tsitsege]]] :'''B80:''' B81 [[Tiene language|Tiene]], B82 [[Boma language|Boma]], B83 [[Mfinu language|Mfinu]], B84a[84] [[Mpuono language|Mpuon]], B84b[84] [[Mpuono language|Mpuun]], B85a [[Yansi language|Mbiem]], B85b [[Yansi language|East Yans]], B85c [[Yansi language|Yeei]], B85d [[Yansi language|Ntsuo]], B85e [[Yansi language|Mpur]], B86 [[Ding language|Di]], B87[84] [[Mpuono language|Mbuun]], [B821 [[Boma language|Mpe]], B822 [[Boma language|Nunu]], B861 [[Ding language|Ngul]] (Ngwi), B862 [[Ding language|Lwel]], B863 [[Ding language|Mpiin]], B864 [[Ding language|West Ngongo]], B865 [[Nzadi language|Nzadi]]]

===Zone C=== :'''C10:''' C11 [[Ngondi language|Ngondi]], C12a [[Pande language|Pande]], C12b [[Pande language|Bogongo]], C13 [[Mbati language|Mbati]], C14 [[Bomitaba language|Mbomotaba]], C15 [[Bongili language|Bongili]], C16 [[Bala language|Lobala]], [C101 [[Bole language (Bantu)|Dibole]], C102 [[Ngando language (Central African Republic)|Ngando]], C103 [[Ngando language (Central African Republic)|Kota]], C104 [[Aka language|Yaka]] (Aka), C105 [[Mbenga language|Mbenga]] (?=Aka), C141 [[Bomitaba language|Enyele]], C142 [[Bomitaba language|Bondongo]], C143 [[Bomitaba language|Mbonzo]], C161 [[Bomboli language|Bomboli]], C162 [[Bozaba language|Bozaba]]] :'''C20:''' C21 [[Mboko language|Mboko]], C22 [[Akwa language|Akwa]], C23[21] [[Mboko language|Ngare]], C24 [[Koyo language (Congo)|Koyo]], C25 [[Mboshi language|Mbosi]], C26 [[Kwala language|Kwala]], C27 [[Kuba language|Kuba]], [C201 [[Bwenyi language|Bwenyi]]] :'''C30:''' C31a [[Ngiri language|Loi]], C31b [[Ngiri language|Ngiri]], C31c [[Ngiri language|Nunu]], C32 [[Bangi language|Bobangi]], C33 [[Sengele language|Sengele]], C34 [[Sakata language|Sakata]], C35a [[Ntomba-Bolia language|Ntomba]], C35b [[Ntomba-Bolia language|Bolia]], C36a [[Losengo language|Poto]], C36b [[Losengo language|Mpesa]], C36c [[Losengo language|Mbudza]], C36d [[Lingala|Mangala]],{{fix|text=Name of Bangi lingua franca}} C36e [[Loki dialect|Boloki]], C36f [[Losengo language|Kangana]], C36g [[Ndolo dialect|Ndolo]], C37 [[Budza language|Buja]], [C301 [[Doko language (Bantu)|Doko]], C302 [[Londo language|Bolondo]], C311 [[Ngiri language|Mabaale]], C312 [[Ngiri language|Ndoobo]], C313 [[Ngiri language|Litoka]], C314 [[Ngiri language|Balobo]], C315 [[Ngiri language|Enga]], C321 [[Binza language|Binza]], C322 [[Dzamba language|Dzamba]], C323 [[Mpama language|Mpama]], C371 [[Budza language|Tembo]], C372 [[Budza language|Kunda]], C373 [[Budza language|Gbuta]], C374 [[Budza language|Babale]]] :'''C40:''' C41 [[Ngombe language (Bantu)|Ngombe]], C42 [[Bwela language|Bwela]], C43 [[Bwa language|Bati]], C44 [[Bwa language|Boa]], C45 [[Ngelima language|Angba]], [C401 [[Pagibete language|Pagibete]], C403 [[Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)|Kango]], C411 [[Bomboma language|Bomboma]], C412 [[Bamwe language|Bamwe]], C413 [[Dzando language|Dzando]], C414 [[Gendza language|Ligendza]], C415 [[Kula language (Bantu)|Likula]], C441 [[Bango language|Bango]]] :'''C50:''' C51 [[Mbesa language|Mbesa]], C52 [[Soko language|So]], C53 [[Poke language|Poke]], C54 [[Lombo language|Lombo]], C55 [[Kele language (Congo)|Kele]], C56 [[Foma language|Foma]], [C501 [[Likile language|Likile]], C502 [[Linga language|Linga]]] :'''C60:''' C61a [[Mongo language|Northeast Mongo]], C61b [[Mongo language|Northwest Mongo]], C62 [[Lalia language|Lalia]], [C63 [[Ngando language|Ngando]], C611 [[Mongo language|Bafoto]]] :'''C70:''' C71 [[Tetela language|Tetela]], C72 [[Kusu language|Kusu]], C73 [[Nkutu language|Nkutu]], C74 [[Yela language|Yela]], C75 [[Kela language|Kela]], C76 [[Ombo language|Ombo]], [C701 [[Langa language|Langa]]] :'''C80:''' C81 [[Dengese language|Dengese]], C82 [[Hendo language|Songomeno]], C83 [[Bushong language|Busoong]], C84 [[Lele language (Bantu)|Lele]], C85 [[Wongo language|Wongo]]

===Zone D=== :'''D10:''' D11 [[Mbole language|Mbole]], D12 [[Lengola language|Lengola]], D13 [[Mituku language|Metoko]], D14 [[Enya language|Enya]], [D141 [[Enya language|Zura]]] :'''D20:''' D21 [[Baali language|Bali]], D22 [[Amba language (Bantu)|Amba]], D23 [[Komo language (Bantu)|Komo]], D24 [[Songola language|Songola]], D25 [[Lega language|Lega]], D26 [[Zimba language|Zimba]], D27 [[Bangubangu language|Bangubangu]], D28a [[Holoholo language|West Holoholo]], D28b [[Holoholo language|East Holoholo]], [D201 [[Lika language|Liko]], D211 [[Bila language|Kango]], D251 [[Lega language|Lega-Malinga]], D281 [[Holoholo language|Tumbwe]], D282 [[Holoholo language|Lumbwe]]] :'''D30:''' D31 [[Bhele language|Peri]], D32 [[Bira language|Bira]], D33 [[Nyali language|Nyali]], [D301 [[Kari language|Kari]], D302 [[Guru language|Guru]], D303 [[Ngbinda language|Ngbinda]], D304 †[[Homa language|Homa]], D305 [[Nyanga-li language|Nyanga-li]], D306 [[Nyanga-li language|Gbati-ri]], D307 [[Nyanga-li language|Mayeka]], D308 [[Bodo language (Bantu)|Bodo]] (CAR), D311 [[Bila language|Bila]], D312 [[Kaiku language|Kaiku]], D313 [[Bila language|Ibutu]], D331 [[Vanuma language|Bvanuma]], D332 [[Budu language|Budu]], D333 [[Ndaka language|Ndaaka]], D334 [[Mbo language (Congo)|Mbo]], D335 [[Beeke language|Beeke]], D336 [[Ngbee language|Ngbee]]] :'''D40:''' [J]D41 [[Konjo language (Bantu)|Konzo]], [J]D42 [[Nande language|Ndandi]], D43 [[Nyanga language|Nyanga]] :'''D50:''' [J]D51 [[Hunde language|Hunde]], [J]D52 [[Havu language|Haavu]], [J]D53 [[Shi language|Nyabungu]], D54 [[Bembe language (Ibembe)|Bembe]], D55 [[Buyu language|Buyi]], [J]D56 [[Kabwari language|Kabwari]], [JD501 [[Nyindu language|Nyindu]], JD502 [[Yaka language (Kivu)|Yaka]], JD531 [[Tembo (Kitembo) language|Tembo]]] :'''[J]D60:''' D61 [[Kinyarwanda|Ruanda]], D62 [[Kirundi|Rundi]], D63 [[Fuliiru language|Fuliiro]], D64 [[Subi language|Subi]], D65 [[Hangaza language|Hangaza]], D66 [[Ha language|Ha]], D67 [[Vinza language|Vinza]], [JD631 [[Fuliiru language|Vira]]]

===Zone E=== :'''[J]E10:''' E11 [[Nyoro language|Nyoro]], E12 [[Tooro language|Tooro]], E13 [[Nyankore language|Nyankore]], E14 [[Ciga language|Ciga]], E15 [[Ganda language|Ganda]], E16 [[Soga language|Soga]], E17 [[Gwere language|Gwere]], E18 [[Nyala language (Bantu)|Nyala]], [JE101 [[Gungu language|Gungu]], JE102 [[Talinga-Bwisi language|Talinga-Bwisi]], JE103 [[Ruli language|Ruli]], JE121 [[Hema language|Hema]]] :'''[J]E20:''' E21 [[Nyambo language|Nyambo]], E22 [[Ziba language|Ziba]], E23 [[Dzindza language|Dzindza]], E24 [[Kerebe language|Kerebe]], E25 [[Jita language|Jita]], [JE221 [[Rashi language|Rashi]], JE251 [[Kwaya language|Kwaya]], JE252 [[Kara language (Tanzania)|Kara]], JE253 [[Ruri language|Ruri]]] :'''[J]E30:''' E31a [[Gisu dialect|Gisu]], E31b [[Kisu dialect|Kisu]], E31c [[Bukusu dialect|Bukusu]], E32a [[Hanga dialect|Hanga]], E32b [[Tsotso dialect|Tsotso]], E33 [[Nyole language (Kenya)|Nyore]], E34 [[Saamia language|Saamia]], E35 [[Nyuli language|Nyuli]], [JE341 [[Xaayo language|Xaayo]], JE342 [[Marachi language|Marachi]], JE343 [[Songa language|Songa]]] :'''E40:''' [J]E41 [[Logooli language|Logooli]], [J]E42 [[Gusii language|Gusii]], [J]E43 [[Koria language|Koria]], [J]E44 [[Zanaki language|Zanaki]], [J]E45 [[Nata language|Nata]], E46 [[Sonjo language|Sonjo]], [JE401 [[Nguruimi language|Nguruimi]], JE402 [[Ikizu language|Ikizu]], JE403 [[Suba language|Suba]]/[[Suba-Simbiti language|Suba-Simbiti]], JE404 [[Shashi language|Shashi]], JE405 [[Kabwa language|Kabwa]], JE406 †[[Singa language|Singa]], JE407 †[[Ware language|Ware]], JE411 [[Idaxo language|Idaxo]], JE412 [[Isuxa language|Isuxa]], JE413 [[Tiriki language|Tiriki]], JE431 [[Simbiti language|Simbiti]], JE432 [[Hacha language|Hacha]], JE433 [[Surwa language|Surwa]], JE434 [[Sweta language|Sweta]]] :'''E50:''' E51 [[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]], E52 [[Embu language|Embu]], E53 [[Meru language|Meru]], E54 [[Saraka language|Saraka]], E55 [[Kamba language|Kamba]], E56 [[Daiso language|Daiso]], [E531 [[Mwimbi-Muthambi language|Mwimbi-Muthambi]], E541 [[Cuka language|Cuka]]] :'''E60:''' E61[621a] [[Rwo dialect|Rwo]], E62a[621b,622a] [[Hai dialect|Hai]], E62b[622c] [[Wunjo dialect|Wunjo]], E62c[623] [[Rombo dialect|Rombo]], E63 [[Rusa language|Rusa]], E64 [[Kahe language|Kahe]], E65 [[Gweno language|Gweno]] :'''E70:''' E71 [[Pokomo language|Pokomo]], E72a [[Gyriama dialect|Gyriama]], E72b [[Kauma dialect|Kauma]], E72c [[Conyi dialect|Conyi]], E72d [[Duruma dialect|Duruma]], E72e [[Rabai dialect|Rabai]], E73 [[Digo language|Digo]], E74a [[Dabida dialect|Dabida]], E74b[741] [[Sagala dialect|Sagala]], [E701 [[Elwana language|Elwana]], E731 [[Segeju language|Segeju]], E732 [[Degere language|Degere]], E74 [[Taita language|Taita]]]

===Zone F=== :'''F10:''' F11 [[Tongwe language|Tongwe]], F12 [[Bende language|Bende]] :'''F20:''' F21 [[Sukuma language|Sukuma]], F22 [[Nyamwezi language|Nyamwezi]], F23 [[Sumbwa language|Sumbwa]], F24 [[Kimbu language|Kimbu]], F25 [[Bungu language|Bungu]] :'''F30:''' F31 [[Nilamba language|Nilamba]], F32 [[Remi language|Remi]], F33 [[Langi language|Langi]], F34 [[Mbugwe language|Mbugwe]]

===Zone G=== :'''G10:''' G11 [[Gogo language|Gogo]], G12 [[Kaguru language|Kaguru]] :'''G20:''' G21 [E74a] [[Tubeta language|Tubeta]], G22 [[Asu language (Bantu)|Asu]], G23 [[Shambala language|Shambala]], G24 [[Bondei language|Bondei]], [G221 [[Mbugu language|Mbugu]] (Bantu register)] :'''G30:''' G31 [[Zigula language|Zigula]], G32 [[Ngwele language|Ngwele]], G33 [[Zaramo language|Zaramo]], G34 [[Ngulu language|Ngulu]], G35 [[Ruguru language|Ruguru]], G36 [[Kami language (Bantu)|Kami]], G37 [[Kutu language|Kutu]], G38 [[Vidunda language|Vidunda]], G39 [[Sagala language (Tanzania)|Sagala]], [G301 [[Doe language|Doe]], G311 [[Mushungulu language|Mushungulu]] (incl. Shanbara)] :'''G40:''' G41 [[Tikuu language|Tikuu]], G42a [[Amu dialect|Amu]], G42b [[Mvita dialect|Mvita]], G42c [[Mrima dialect|Mrima]], G42d [[Unguja dialect|Unguja]], G43a [[Phemba dialect|Phemba]], G43b [[Tumbatu dialect|Tumbatu]], G43c [[Hadimu dialect|Hadimu]], G44a [[Ngazija dialect|Ngazija]], G44b [[Njuani dialect|Njuani]], [G402 [[Makwe language|Makwe]], G403 [[Mwani language|Mwani]], G404 [[Sidi language|Sidi]] (India), G411 [[Socotra Swahili language|Socotra Swahili]], G412 [[Mwiini language|Mwiini]]] :'''G50:''' G51 [[Pogolo language|Pogolo]], G52 [[Ndamba language|Ndamba]] :'''G60:''' G61 [[Sango language (Bantu)|Sango]], G62 [[Hehe language|Hehe]], G63 [[Bena language|Bena]], G64 [[Pangwa language|Pangwa]], G65 [[Kinga language|Kinga]], G66 [[Wanji language|Wanji]], G67 [[Kisi language (Bantu)|Kisi]], [G651 [[Magoma language|Magoma]]]

===Zone H=== :'''H10:''' H11 [[Bembe language (Kibembe)|Beembe]], H12 [[Vili language|Vili]], H13 [[Kunyi language|Kunyi]], H14 [[Ndingi language|Ndingi]], H15 [[Mboka language|Mboka]], H16a [[South Kongo dialect|South Kongo]], H16b [[Central Kongo dialect|Central Kongo]], H16c [[Yombe dialect (Kongo)|Yombe]], H16d [[Fiote dialect|Fiote]], H16e [[Bwende dialect|Bwende]], H16f [[Laadi dialect|Laadi]], H16g [[East Kongo dialect|East Kongo]], H16h [[Southeast Kongo dialect|Southeast Kongo]], [H111 [[Hangala language|Hangala]], H112 [[Kamba language (Congo)|Kamba]]-[[Doondo language|Doondo]], H131 [[Suundi language|Suundi]]] :'''H20:''' H21a [[Kimbundu]], H21b [[Mbamba dialect|Mbamba]], H22 [[Sama language (Angola)|Sama]], H23 [[Bolo language|Bolo]], H24 [[Songo language|Songo]] :'''H30:''' H31 [[Yaka language (Democratic Republic of Congo)|Yaka]], H32 [[Suku language|Suku]], H33 [L12b] [[Hungu language|Hungu]], H34 [[Mbangala language|Mbangala]], H35 [[Sinji language|Sinji]], [H321 [[Soonde language|Soonde]]] :'''H40:''' H41 [[Mbala language|Mbala]], H42 [[Hunganna language|Hunganna]]

===Zone K=== :'''K10:''' K11 [[Ciokwe language|Ciokwe]], K12a [[Luimbi dialect|Luimbi]], K12b [[Ngangela dialect|Ngangela]], K13 [[Lucazi language|Lucazi]], K14 [[Lwena language|Lwena]], K15 [[Mbunda language|Mbunda]], K16 [[Nyengo language|Nyengo]], K17 [[Mbwela language|Mbwela]], K18 [[Nkangala language|Nkangala]] :'''K20:''' K21 [[Lozi language|Lozi]] :'''K30:''' K31 [[Luyana language|Luyana]], K32 [[Mbowe language|Mbowe]], K33 [[Kwangali language|Kwangali]], K34 [[Mashi language|Mashi]], K35 [[Simaa language|Simaa]], K36 [[Sanjo language|Sanjo]], K37 [[Kwangwa language|Kwangwa]], [K321 [[Mbume language|Mbume]], K322 [[Liyuwa language|Liyuwa]], K332 [[Manyo language|Manyo]], K333 [[Mbukushu language|Mbukushu]], K334 †[[Mbogedu language|Mbogedu]], K351 [[Mulonga language|Mulonga]], K352 [[Mwenyi language|Mwenyi]], K353 [[Koma language (Bantu)|Koma]], K354 [[Imilangu language|Imilangu]], K371 [[Kwandi language|Kwandi]]] :'''K40:''' K41 [[Totela language|Totela]], K42 [[Subiya language|Subiya]], [K402 [[Fwe language|Fwe]], K411 [[Totela language (Namibia)|Totela of Namibia]]]

===Zone L=== :'''L10:''' L11 [[Pende language|Pende]], L12 [[Samba dialect|Samba]] & [[Holu dialect|Holu]], L13 [[Kwese language|Kwese]], [L101 [[Sonde language (L101)|Sonde]]§] :'''L20:''' L21 [[Kete language|Kete]], L22 [[Binji language|Binji]] {{bracket|[[Mbagani language|Mbagani]], L23 [[Songe language|Songe]], L24 [[Luna language|Luna]], [L201 [[Budya language|Budya]], L202 [[Yazi language|Yazi]], L221 [[Lwalwa language|Lwalwa]], L231 [[Binji language|Binji]]}} :'''L30:''' L31a [[Luba-Kasai language|Luba-Kasai]], L31b [[Lulua dialect|Lulua]], L32 [[Kanyoka language|Kanyoka]], L33 [[Luba-Katanga language|Luba-Katanga]], L34 [[Hemba language|Hemba]], L35 [[Sanga language (Bantu)|Sanga]], [L301 [[Kebwe language|Kebwe]], L331 [[Zeela language|Zeela]]] :'''L40:''' L41 [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]] :'''L50:''' L51 [[Salampasu language|Salampasu]], L52 [[Lunda language|Lunda]], L53 [[Ruund language|Ruund]], [L511 [[Luntu language|Luntu]]] :'''L60:''' L61 [[Mbwera language|Mbwera]], L62 [[Nkoya language|Nkoya]], [L601 [[Kolwe language|Kolwe]], L602 [[Lushangi language|Lushangi]], L603 [[Shasha language|Shasha]]]

===Zone M=== :'''M10:''' M11 [[Pimbwe language|Pimbwe]], M12 [[Rungwa language|Rungwa]], M13 [[Fipa language|Fipa]], M14 [[Rungu language|Rungu]], M15 [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]], [M131 [[Kuulwe language|Kuulwe]]] :'''M20:''' M21 [[Wanda language|Wanda]], M22 [[Mwanga language|Mwanga]], M23 [[Nyiha language|Nyiha]], M24 [[Malila language|Malila]], M25 [[Safwa language|Safwa]], M26 [[Iwa language|Iwa]], M27 [[Tambo language|Tambo]], [M201 [[Lambya language|Lambya]], M202 [[Sukwa language|Sukwa]]] :'''M30:''' M31 [[Nyakyusa language|Nyakyusa]], [M301 [[Ndali language|Ndali]], M302 [[Penja language|Penja]]] :'''M40:''' M41 [[Taabwa language|Taabwa]], M42 [[Bemba language|Bemba]], [M401 [[Bwile language|Bwile]], M402 [[Aushi language|Aushi]]] :'''M50:''' M51 [[Biisa language|Biisa]], M52 [[Lala language (Zambia)|Lala]], M53 [[Swaka language|Swaka]], M54 [[Lamba language|Lamba]], M55 [[Seba language|Seba]], [M521 [[Ambo language (Zambia)|Ambo]], M522 [[Luano language|Luano]], M541 [[Lima language|Lima]], M542 [[Temba language|Temba]]] :'''M60:''' M61 [[Lenje language|Lenje]], M62 [[Soli language|Soli]], M63 [[Ila language|Ila]], M64 [[Tonga language (Zambia)|Tonga]], [M611 [[Lukanga Twa language|Lukanga Twa]], M631 [[Sala language|Sala]], M632 [[Lundwe language|Lundwe]], M633 [[Kafue Twa language|Kafue Twa]]]

===Zone N=== :'''N10:''' N11 [[Manda language (Bantu)|Manda]], N12 [[Ngoni language (Tanzania)|Ngoni]], N13 [[Matengo language|Matengo]], N14 [[Mpoto language|Mpoto]], N15 [[Tonga language (Malawi)|Tonga]], [N101 [[Ndendeule language|Ndendeule]], N102 [[Nindi language|Nindi]], N121 [[Ngoni language (Malawi)|Ngoni of Malawi]]§] :'''N20:''' N21 [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]], [N201 [[Mwera language (Mbamba Bay)|Mwera of Mbamba Bay]]] :'''N30:''' N31a [[Nyanja dialect|Nyanja]], N31b [[Cewa dialect|Cewa]], N31c [[Manganja dialect|Manganja]] :'''N40:''' N41 [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]], N42 [[Kunda language|Kunda]], N43 [[Nyungwe language|Nyungwe]], N44 [[Sena language|Sena]], N45[44] [[Rue language|Rue]], N46[44] [[Podzo language|Podzo]], [N441 [[Sena-Malawi language|Sena-Malawi]]]

===Zone P=== :'''P10:''' P11 [[Ndengereko language|Ndengereko]], P12 [[Ruihi language|Ruihi]], P13 [[Matumbi language|Matumbi]], P14 [[Ngindo language|Ngindo]], P15 [[Mbunga language|Mbunga]] :'''P20:''' P21 [[Yao language|Yao]], P22 [[Mwera language|Mwera]], P23 [[Makonde language|Makonde]], P24 [[Ndonde language|Ndonde]], P25 [[Mabiha language|Mabiha]] :'''P30:''' P31 [[Makua language|Makua]], P32 [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], P33 [[Ngulu dialect|Ngulu]], P34 [[Cuabo language|Cuabo]], [P311 [[Koti language|Koti]], P312 [[Sakati language|Sakati]], P331 [[Lomwe language (Malawi)|Lomwe of Malawi]], P341 [[Moniga language|Moniga]]]

===Zone R=== :'''R10:''' R11 [[Umbundu language|Umbundu]], R12 [[Ndombe language|Ndombe]], R13 [[Nyaneka language|Nyaneka]], R14 [[Khumbi language|Khumbi]], [R101 [[Kuvale language|Kuvale]], R102 †[[Kwisi language|Kwisi]], R103 [[Mbali language|Mbali]]] :'''R20:''' R21 [[Kwanyama language|Kwanyama]], R22 [[Ndonga language|Ndonga]], R23 [[Kwambi language|Kwambi]], R24 [[Ngandyera language|Ngandyera]], [R211 [[Kafima language|Kafima]], R212 [[Evale language|Evale]], R213 [[Mbandja language|Mbandja]], R214 [[Mbalanhu language|Mbalanhu]], R215 [[Ndongwena language|Ndongwena]], R216 [[Kwankwa language|Kwankwa]], R217 [[Dombondola language|Dombondola]], R218 [[Esinga language|Esinga]], R241 [[Kwaluudhi language|Kwaluudhi]], R242 [[Kolonkadhi-Eunda language|Kolonkadhi-Eunda]]] :'''R30:''' R31 [[Herero language|Herero]], [R311 [[North-West Herero language|North-West Herero]], R312 [[Herero language (Botswana)|Botswana Herero]]] :'''R40:''' R41 [[Yei language (Bantu)|Yei]]

===Zone S=== :'''S10:''' S11 [[Korekore language|Korekore]], S12 [[Zezuru language|Zezuru]], S13a [[Manyika dialect|Manyika]], S13b [[Tebe dialect|Tebe]], S14 [[Karanga language (Bantu)|Karanga]], S15 [[Ndau language|Ndau]], S16 [[Kalanga language|Kalanga]] :'''S20:''' S21 [[Venda language|Venda]] :'''S30:''' S31a [[Tswana language|Tswana]], S31b [[Kgatla dialect|Kgatla]], S31c [[Ngwatu dialect|Ngwatu]], S31d[311] [[Khalaxadi dialect|Khalaxadi]], S32a [[Pedi dialect|Pedi]], S32b [[Lobedu dialect|Lobedu]], S33 [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [S301 [[Phalaborwa language|Phalaborwa]], S302 [[Kutswe language|Kutswe]], S303 [[Pai language (Bantu)|Pai]], S304 [[Pulana language|Pulana]]] :'''S40:''' S41 [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], S42 [[Zulu language|Zulu]], S43 [[Swati language|Swati]], S44 [[Northern Ndebele language|(Northern) Ndebele]], [S401 †[[Old Mfengu language|Old Mfengu]], S402 [[Bhaca language|Bhaca]], S403 [[Hlubi language|Hlubi]], S404 [[Phuthi language|Phuthi]], S405 [[Nhlangwini language|Nhlangwini]], S406 †[[Lala language (South Africa)|Lala]], S407 [[South Ndebele language|South Ndebele]], S408 [[Sumayela Ndebele language|Sumayela Ndebele]]] :'''S50:''' S51 [[Tswa language|Tswa]], S52[53] [[Gwamba language|Gwamba]], S53 [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], S54 [[Ronga language|Ronga]], [S511 [[Hlengwe language|Hlengwe]]] :'''S60:''' S61 [[Copi language|Copi]], S62 [[Tonga language (Mozambique)|Tonga]], [S611 [[Lenge language|Lenge]]]

§: ''These languages do not have separate articles, though they might warrant them.''

===2009 appendix=== Besides the languages added within the existing framework above, Maho appends several creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages:

*Duala-based: A20A [[Duala language|Jo]] *Beti-based: A70A [[Ewondo Populaire]] *Bangi-based: C30A [[Bangala language|Bangala]], C30B [[Lingala]] *Shabunda-based: D20A [[Gengele creole|Gengele]] *Amba-based: D20B †[[Amba language (Bantu)|Vamba]] *Pare-based: G20A [[Mbugu language|Ma’a]] (mixed register) *[[Swahili language|Swahili]]-based: G40A [[Cutchi-Swahili|Asian Swahili]], G40B [[Cutchi-Swahili]], G40C [[Settler Swahili|Kisetla]], G40D [[Engsh]], G40E [[Sheng slang|Sheng]], G40F [[Swahili language|Shaba Swahili]], G40G [[Swahili language|Ngwana]] (Congo Swahili), G40H [[KiKAR]] *Kongo-based: H10A [[Kituba language|Kituba]], H10B [[Kituba language|Munukutuba]], H10C [[Habla Congo]] (in Cuba) *Nkore-Kiga-based: JE10A [[Runyakitara language|Runyakitara]] (artificial) *Luba-based: L30A [[Luba-Kasai language#Geographic distribution and dialects|Pidgin Chiluba]] *Bemba-based: M40A [[Town Bemba]] *Kunda-based: N40A †[[Kunda language|Pidgin Chikunda]] *Sotho-based: S30A [[Pretoria Sotho]] *Zulu-based: S40A [[Fanagalo]], S40B [[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Iscamtho]]§, S40C †[[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Shalambombo]]§ *Tsonga-based: S50A [[Tsonga language|Pretoria-Tsonga]]§

§: ''These languages did not have separate articles at the last review by a Wikipedia editor.''

==See also== *[[List of Bantu languages]]

==References== <references/>

==External links== *[http://www.bantu-languages.com/en/bantu_intro.html Guthrie's 1948 classification], in detail, with each language numbered *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf Maho 2009]. Guthrie 1971, in detail, with subsequent additions, corrections, and corresponding ISO codes as of ''Ethnologue'' 15. Coding conventions are explained in Nurse & Philippson (2003). They are (with invented examples): *:A capital letter is added for an additional dialect of an existing language. That is, A15C would be a dialect of language A15 in addition to Guthrie's dialects A15a and A15b. *:A third digit is added for an additional language. If its closest relative can be identified, the digit is added to that code. That is, A151 would be a non-Guthrie language closest to Guthrie's A15. *:If a close relative has not been identified, the digit is added to the decade code. That is, A101 would be a language geographically in group A10, but not particularly close to any of Guthrie's A10 languages, or not known well enough to further classify. *:Pidgins and creoles are indicated by adding a capital letter to the decade code. That is, A10A would be a pidgin or creole based on a language in group A10.

{{Narrow Bantu languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guthrie Classification Of Bantu Languages}} [[Category:Bantu languages| ]] [[Category:Classification of African languages]]