Baniwa of Guainía

{{Short description|Arawakan language spoken in Brazil and Venezuela}} {{distinguish|Warekena Velha language|Baniwa of Içana}} {{Expand Portuguese|Língua baniva de Maroa|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox language | name = Baniwa of Guainía | altname = Baniwa of Maroa | nativename = | states = Brazil, Venezuela | speakers = {{circa|210}} | date = 1999 | ref = <ref name=":2" /> | speakers2 = | familycolor = arawakan | fam1 = Arawakan | fam2 = Northern | fam3 = Upper Amazon | fam4 = Orinoco | dia1 = Warekena do rio Xié | iso3 = gae |iso3comment={{efn|also applies to Warekena Velha}} | glotto = guar1293 | glottorefname = Baniva de Maroa | map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|Warekena is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''.}} | map = Warekena language map.svg | fam5 = Baniwa of Guainía–Yavitero }}

'''Baniwa of Guainía''', or '''Baniwa of Maroa''', is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name ''Baniwa/Baniva''. One of its primary dialects is '''Warekena''' (Guarequena), or more precisely '''Warekena of Xié'''.

== History == Baniwa of Guainia only recently appeared on the Xie River, displacing the original, or "old" Warekena language. Beginning in the early 20th century, most of the Warekena people migrated into Venezuela from the Xie River in Brazil. They then switched to a dialect of the Baniwa language of Guainía, but preserved their name and the history of their origins. A number of Baniwa of Guainía-speaking Warekena then moved back to the Xie River in the 1920s.<ref name=":0" />

== Classification == Baniwa of Guainía is classified by Alexandra Aikhenvald (1998) as a member of the Içana-Vaupes subgroup of Northern Arawakan, and is closest linguisticaly to Mandawaca, whereas Baniwa of Guainia is closer to Yavitero and Maipure. The two of them are only distantly related to each other and hardly intelligible with one another.<ref name=":0" /> Terrence Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian,<ref>{{Citation |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the world's languages |date=1994 |access-date= |place=London ; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-01925-5 |last2=Asher |first2=R. E. |last3=Tait |first3=Mary}}</ref> Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://ribeiro.wdfiles.com/local--files/temp%3A1/The_Amazonian_Languages__Cambridge_Language_Surveys.pdf |title=The Amazonian languages |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57021-3 |editor-last=Dixon |editor-first=Robert M. W. |series=Cambridge language surveys |location=Cambridge, UK ; New York |editor-last2=Aĭkhenvalʹd |editor-first2=A. I︠U︡}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants === Equivalents in the Baniwa of Guainía practical orthography are given below.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Baniwa of Guainía consonants<ref name=":1" /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Velar |- !med. !lat. |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive/ Affricate !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|ts}} | | |{{IPA link|k}} |- !voiced |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|dz}} | | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !voiceless | | |{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{Angle bracket|sr}} | | | |- !voiced | | |{{IPA link|ʐ}} {{Angle bracket|zr}} | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Rhotic !tap | | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} {{Angle bracket|r}} |{{IPA link|ɺ}} {{Angle bracket|l}} | | |- !trill | | |{{IPA link|r}} {{Angle bracket|rr}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |{{IPA link|w}} | | | |{{IPA link|j}} {{Angle bracket|y}} | |}  Unlike its relatives Baré and Baniwa of Içana, Baniwa of Guainía lacks aspirated stops. {{IPA|/g/}} is rare and "very unusual" for a Northern Arawakan language.<ref name=":0" />

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Front !Central !Back |- !High |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|e}} | | |- !Low | |{{IPA link|a}} | |} {{IPAslink|u}} has an allophone of {{IPAblink|o}},<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Socorro Sánchez |first=Marlene |year=2005 |title=Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva |degree=PhD |location=Maracaibo |publisher=Universidad de los Andes}}</ref> commonly encountered in rapid speech and also appearing in a number of loanwords. {{IPA|/a/}} may also be reduced to {{IPAblink|ə}} word-finally in syllables after a stressed syllable. Vowel length is phonemic, though has a low functional load, and long vowels are frequently shortened when the stress is shifted in phrases.<ref name=":0" />

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

==== Pronouns ==== Personal pronouns in Baniwa of Guainia are formed by adding an emphatic suffix ''-ya'' to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Aikhenvald |first=Alexandra Y. |date=1998 |chapter=Warekena |title=Handbook of Amazonian Languages |editor-first1=Desmond C. |editor-last1=Derbyshire |editor-first2=Geoffrey K. |editor-last2=Pullum |volume=4 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin |doi=10.1515/9783110822120 |pages=225–439}}</ref>

== Syntax == Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.<ref name=":0" />

{{interlinear | number = AVO: | abbreviations = PAUS: pausal|wa-hã waʃi yutʃia-hã ema|then-PAUS jaguar kill-PAUS tapir|"Then the jaguar killed the tapir" }}

{{interlinear | number = VSo: | abbreviations = PAUS: pausal|ʃupe-hẽ ʃiani-pe|many-PAUS child-PL|"Children are many" }}

{{interlinear | number = SaV:|peya nu-yaɺitua wiyua|one 1sg-brother die|"One of my brothers dies" }}

{{interlinear | number = SioV:|nu-yue mawali|1sg-for hungry|"I am hungry" }}

Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Languages of Brazil Category:Languages of Venezuela Category:Arawakan languages