Banausos

'''Banausos''' (Ancient Greek: βάναυσος, plural βάναυσοι, ''banausoi'') is a pejorative term from Ancient Greece applied to the class of manual laborers or artisans, such as blacksmiths, potters, or carpenters. The related abstract noun βαναυσία (''banausia''), defined by Hesychius as "every craft (τέχνη) [conducted] by means of fire," reflects a folk etymology linking it to "furnace" (βαῦνος, ''baunos'') and "to dry" (αὔω, ''auō''), though its true origins are unknown and it appears only in Attic-Ionic texts from the 5th century BC onward.<ref name="Pierre">''Banausie''. In: Heinrich August Pierer, Julius Löbe (in German): ''Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit.'' Fourth ed., vol. 2; Altenburg 1857, page 264 (Online bei zeno.org)</ref> In contrast, epic heroes in Greek literature called their smiths δημιουργοί (''dēmiourgoi''), a term for skilled public workers, highlighting a cultural distinction.

The term has been adapted into English as the rare word '''banausic''', appearing around 1845{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} with the Victorian revival of classical learning. According to Dagobert D. Runes’ ''Dictionary of Philosophy'', it means "vulgar and illiberal," especially for arts or occupations thought to "deform the body or the mind."<ref>{{cite web |author=Dagobert D. Runes (ed.) |year=1942 |title=(Words beginning with) B |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/b.html |accessdate=2010-11-19 |work=Dictionary of Philosophy}}</ref>

In Wilhelmine Germany and later, ''banausisch'' became an insult tied to the Kultur-movement, alongside myths that the German soul was Greek, ancient Greeks were blond, and modern Greeks were unrelated to them—ideas accepted by scholars like Edith Hamilton in her early career but challenged after World War II. Today, in German, ''Banause'' means an uncouth person indifferent to high culture, akin to the English "philistine."

In 1935, a colleague of Gilbert Murray extended the term beyond Greek usage, calling journalists, lawyers, or businessmen focused on profit rather than virtue "banausoi rather than men."<ref>{{cite book |last=Livingstone |first=Sir Richard Winn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWNXAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The%20aim%20of%20a%20journalist%20may%20either%20be%20to%20enlarge%20the%20circulation%20of%20a%20paper%20or%20to%20give%20his%20readers%20a%20true%20and%20intelligent%20picture%20of%20the%20world%22 |title=Greek Ideals and Modern Life |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1935 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=113}}</ref>

==Bibliography== *Chap II, "Opinions, Passions, and Interests", ''Republics, Ancient and Modern'', Vol. I, Paul A. Rahe, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1992. *''The People of Aristophanes'', Victor Ehrenberg, New York, 1962. pp 113–146. *''Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle'', Kenneth J. Dover, Oxford, 1974. pp 39–41; 172–174. *"L'idée de travail dans la Grèce archaïque", André Aymard, ''Journal de psychologie'' 41, 1948. pp 29–45. *"Hiérarchie du travail et autarcie individuelle", André Aymard, ''Études d'histoire ancienne'', Paris, 1967. pp 316–333. *"Work and Nature in Ancient Greece", Jean-Pierre Vernant, ''Myth and Thought among the Greeks'', London, 1983. pp 248–270.

;Commentary works *"Humanism in Politics and Economics", ''Greek Ideals and Modern Life'', Sir R. W. Livingstone, Martin Classical Lectures, Vol. V, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA., 1935.

==References== <references/>

==External links== {{wiktionary|banausic}} *[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/wordfreq?lang=greek&lookup=ba%2Fnausos Word frequency information for βάναυσος] from the Perseus Digital Library at the Classics Department of Tufts University

Category:Economy of ancient Greece Category:Social classes of ancient Athens

Banausos

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